 Ma'anyan women at Keang Ethnic Festival. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Approximately 85,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia: | |
| Central Kalimantan | 71,000 |
| South Kalimantan | 10,000 |
| Languages | |
| Ma'anyan language,Ngaju language,Banjar language,East Barito languages,Indonesian language | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Protestant &Roman Catholic) 86%,Kaharingan 9%,Islam (Sunni) 5%[1] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Dayak people,Malagasy people,Ot Danum people,Banjar people | |
Ma'anyan (colonial spellingMaanjan orMeanjan),Dayak Maanyan orEastern Barito Dayak people are an ethnic group of theDayak people indigenous toBorneo. They are also considered as part of the east BaritoDusun group with the nameDusun Ma'anyan. According to J. Mallinckrodt (1927), the Dusun people group is part of theOt Danum people cluster, although later that theory was disproved by A. B. Hudson (1967), who argues that the Ma'anyan people are a branch of the Barito family. The Ma'anyan people who are often referred to asDayak people are also referred to as Dayak Ma'anyan. The Dayak Ma'anyan people inhabit the east side ofCentral Kalimantan, especially in theEast Barito Regency and parts ofSouth Barito Regency which are grouped as Ma'anyan I. The Dayak Ma'anyan people also inhabit the northern parts ofSouth Kalimantan, especially inTabalong Regency which refers to the Dayak Warukin people. TheDayak Balangan people or Dusun Balangan people which are found in theBalangan Regency and theDayak Samihim people that are found in theKotabaru Regency are grouped together with the Dayak Ma'anyan people group. The Dayak Ma'anyan people in South Kalimantan are grouped as Ma'anyan II.
Administratively, the Ma'anyan people have just recently appeared in the 2000 census and made up 2.8% of the Central Kalimantan population; previously the Ma'anyan people were grouped together with the Dayak people in the 1930 census.[2]
The uniqueness of the Dusun Ma'anyan people among others are agriculture, elaborate funeral ceremonies, and having shaman to treat their disease.[3]
The independent state of Nansarunai, established by the Ma'anyan prior to the 12th century, flourished in southern Kalimantan.[4] The kingdom suffered two major attacks from theMajapahit forces that caused the decline and fall of the kingdom by the year 1389; the attacks are known asNansarunai Usak Jawa (meaning "the destruction of the Nansarunai by the Javanese") in the oral accounts of the Ma'anyan people. These attacks contributed to the migration of the Ma'anyans to the Central and South Borneo region.
Ma'anyan people (or other indigenous people of Kalimantan closely related to the Ma'anyans) were brought as labourer and slaves by Malay and Javanese in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD.[5][6][7] TheMalagasy language originated from the SoutheastBarito language, and theMa'anyan language is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords.[8][9]
In the oral literature of the Ma'anyan people, after the Nan Sarunai kingdom was attacked by theMajapahit kingdom, the Ma'anyan people broke up into several sub-group. Among the sub-groups, they are:-
According to the Ma'anyan people, before they had begun occupying the current regions, they came from the downstream ofSouth Kalimantan. Although today theEast Barito Regency is not part of theSouth Kalimantan province, that region in the past was the last region to be a part of theBanjar sultanate before it was annexed to theDutch Indies in 1860. It was a region of theBanjar sultanate that had shrunk and was land-locked as it was surrounded by otherDutch Indies territories.
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TheMa'anyan language shares many similarities with the languages inMadagascar. Examples of Ma'anyan words are:-
| Ma'anyan language | Malagasy language | English language |
|---|---|---|
| Hanyu | Ianao | You |
| Mandrus | Mandro | Bath |
| Manree | Mandry (to lay by ext. to sleep) | Sleep |
| Midi | Mividy | Buy |
| Tadi | Tady | Rope |
| Warik | Varika ('lemur') | Monkey |
| Kakau | Kakazo | Tree - piece of wood |
| Wurung | Vorona | Bird |
The organization of the Ma'anyan people is "Dusmala" which combines threeDayak people sub-group which areDusun people, Ma'anyan people andLawangan people.[10]
The Dayak Ma'anyan Warukin people whom are often referred as Dayak Warukin people are the sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people group living in villages such as Warukin, Haus and its surrounding inTabalong Regency,South Kalimantan.[15] The settlements of the Dayak Warukin are found in regions where its surroundings areBanjarese settlements. The Dayak Warukin in Warukin village inTanta District,Tabalong Regency are part of the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people. The Ma'anyan Banua Lima people are a sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people found in Banua Lima,East Barito Regency. The original name of the people was Ma'anyan Paju Lima. The word "Banua" (literally means, continent) came from theBanjar language. The funeral ceremony of the Dayak Warukin people according to theKaharingan religion is calledmambatur, ormarabia for the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people.
The similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with theBanjar language of Kuala Lupak are about 50%. While the similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with theBanjar language of Asam-Asam village are about 57%.
There are four regions ofDayak culture inTabalong Regency, where one of its region is of Dayak Ma'anyan culture, namely:-
Outside of the fourDayak cultural regions inTabalong Regency, there are alsoBanjar people who form as the majority of theTabalong Regency population and theseBanjar people are not bound byDayak customary laws.
