Thisguideline is a part of the English Wikipedia'sManual of Style. Editors should generally follow it, thoughexceptions may apply.Substantive edits to this page should reflectconsensus. When in doubt, discuss first onthis guideline's talk page.

Shortcuts MOS:IMAGES MOS:IMG

This page provides an overview of how images are used on Wikipedia. For detailed guidelines, see theImage use policy. For instructions on uploading and including images, seeHelp:Files.

Images must be significant and relevant in the topic's context, not primarily decorative. Each image in an article should have a clear and unique illustrative purpose and serve as an importantillustrative aid to understanding. When possible, find better images and improve captions rather than simply removing poor or inappropriate ones, especially on pages with few visuals. However, not every article needs images, and too many can be distracting: usually,less is more.

See alsoWikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons § Encyclopedic purpose (MOS:DECOR) on misuse of icons and other elements for decorative intent.

Images shouldlook like what they are meant to illustrate, regardless of whether they are authentic. For example, a painting of a cupcake may be an acceptable image forCupcake, but a real cupcake that has been decorated to look like something else entirely is less appropriate. Similarly, an image of a generic-looking cell under alight microscope might be useful on multiple articles, as long as there are novisible differences between the cell in the image and the typical appearance of the cell being illustrated.

Strive for variety. For example, in an article with numerous images of persons (e.g.Running), seek to depict a variety of ages, genders, and ethnicities. If an article on a military officer already shows its subject in uniform, then two more formal in-uniform portraits would add little interest or information, but a map of an important battle and an image of its aftermath would be more informative. Resist the temptation to overwhelm an article with images of marginal value simply because many images are available. Prioritize quality over quantity.

Articles about ethnic groups or similarly large human populations should not be illustrated by aphotomontage orgallery of images of group members.^[a] This does not apply to articles about things such as body parts or haircuts.^[b]

Use the best quality images available. Poor-quality images—dark or blurry; showing the subject too small, hidden in clutter, or ambiguous; and so on—should not be used unless absolutely necessary. Think carefully about which images best illustrate the subject matter. For example:

• An image of awhite-tailed eagle is useless if the bird appears as a speck in the sky.
• A biography should lead with aportrait photograph of the subject alone, not with other people.
• A suitable picture of ahammerhead shark would show its distinctive hammer-like head, to distinguish it from other sharks.
• A map ofMoldova should show its frontiers withRomania andUkraine, so people may know where the country is located in relation to its neighbors.
• Rice is best represented with an image of plainrice, notfried rice.
• Intangible concepts can be illustrated; for example, two boars butting heads portraysaggression.

Pages using seals, flags, banners, logos, or other symbols to represent governments, organizations, and institutions should use the version prescribed by that entity when available. These are preferable to amateur creations of similar quality, including photographs of physical representations of emblems.

An image sometimes includes a familiar object to communicate scale. Suchfiducial markers should be as culturally universal and standardized as possible:rulers,matches,batteries,pens/pencils,footballs (soccer balls), people and their body parts, vehicles, and famous structures such as theEiffel Tower are good choices, but many others are possible. Such objects as coins, banknotes, and sheets of paper are less satisfactory because they are specific to given locales, but may be better than none at all since at least the general scale is still communicated.

Quantitative data, if available, should still be given in the caption or the article.

Wikipedia is not censored: its mission is to present information, including information which some may find offensive. However, a potentially offensive image—one that would be considered vulgar, horrifying, or obscene by typical Wikipedia readers^{[nb 1]}—should be included only if it is treated in an encyclopedic manner, i.e. only if its omission would cause the article to be less informative, relevant, or accurate, and no equally suitable alternative is available. Images should respect conventional expectations of readers for a given topic as much as is possible without sacrificing the quality of the article. Avoid images that contain irrelevant or extraneous elements that might seem offensive or harassing to readers; for example, photographs taken in a pornographic context would normally be inappropriate for articles abouthuman anatomy.

It is common for an article's lead or infobox to carry a representative image—such as of a person or place, a book or album cover—to give readers visual confirmation that they've arrived at the right page.

For some topics, selecting the lead image can be difficult. While Wikipedia is not censored, lead images should be selected with care(see§ Offensive images, above). The lead image is perhaps the first thing to catch the reader's eye, so avoid lead images that readers would not expect to see there. Unlike other content beyond the lead, the lead image should be chosen with these considerations in mind.

Advice on selecting a lead image includes:

• Lead images should be natural^[c] and appropriate representations of the topic; they should not only illustrate the topic specifically, but also be the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works, and therefore what our readers will expect to see. Lead images are not required, and not having a lead image may be the best solution if there is no easy representation of the topic.
• Shortcuts

  • MOS:SHOCK
  • MOS:SHOCKVALUE
  Lead images should be of least shock value; an alternative image that accurately represents the topic without shock value should always be preferred. For example, using an image of deportees being subjected to selection as the lead image atthis version ofThe Holocaust is far preferable to the appropriate images that appear later in the article that show the treatment of the prisoners or corpses from the camps.
• Sometimes it is impossible to avoid using a lead image with perceived shock value, for example in articles on human genitalia. Editors may assume, perWikipedia:Content disclaimer, that readers are aware that such articles may contain such images.
• Articles about ethnic groups or similarly large human populations should not be illustrated by aphotomontage orgallery of images of group members.^[a] This does not apply to articles about things such as body parts or haircuts.^[b]
• On some mobile platforms an article's first image may be displayed at the top of the article, even if it appears well into the article in the desktop view. When placing images consider whether this phenomenon may mislead or confuse readers using mobile devices.

Basic example (producing the image at right):

[[File:Siberian Husky pho.jpg|thumb|alt=A white dog in a harness playfully nuzzles a young boy.|A[[Siberian Husky]] used as a pack animal]]

• File:Siberian Husky pho.jpg The file (image) name must be exact (including capitalization, punctuation and spacing) and must include.jpg,.png or other extension. (Image: andFile: work the same.) If Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons both have an image with the specified name, the Wikipedia version is the one that will appear in the article.
• thumb is required in most cases
• alt=A white dog in a harness playfully nuzzles a young boy. Alt text is meant for those who cannot see the image; unlike the caption, it summarizes the image'sappearance. It should comport withWikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images and should name famous events, people and things.
• A[[Siberian Husky]] used as a pack animal Thecaption comes last, and gives the meaning or significance of the image.

SeeWP:Extended image syntax for further features and options. If the image does not display after you have carefully checked the syntax, it may have beenblacklisted.

To displayVR photographs (aka 360-degree panoramas or photospheres), use{{PanoViewer}}.

• Images adjacent to textshould use the|thumb (thumbnail) or|frameless parameter, typically sized differently from the original.^[d] The default image width then becomes 220 pixels (px), whichregistered (logged-in) users can change viaPreferences.^{[nb 2]} The Siberian Husky image above is displayed at whateveryour base width is.

• An image's size is controlled by changing its width – after which software automatically adjusts height in proportion. (Most references to an image's "size" really mean its width.)
• Except with very good reason, a fixed width in pixels (e.g.17px) should not be specified, because it ignores the user's base width setting. Thusupright=scaling factor is preferred when it is desired to present an image at other than the default width.^{[nb 3]} As a general rule, images should not be set to a larger fixed width than 220px (the initial base width), and if an exception to this general rule is warranted, the resulting image should usually be no more than 400px wide (300px for lead images) and 500px tall, for comfortable display on the smallest devices "in common use" (though this may still cause viewing difficulties on some unusual displays).
• To convert apx value toupright, divide it by 220 and round the result as desired. For example,|150px is roughly equivalent to|upright=0.7 because150 / 220 ≃ 0.682 .
  • Cases where fixed sizes may be used include for standardization of size via templates (such aswithin infobox templates or thedisplay of country flag icons), for displaying reduced images sizes where space is constrained (such as images used in theIn the News andDid You Know sections on theWP:Main Page, or within larger tables such asList of Nobel Peace Prize laureates), or if it is necessary to align images in columns or rows. Templates like{{multiple image}} can automatically match the height or width of images with different aspect ratios, though this height or width must be hard coded to a set number of pixels because it cannot scale images to respect users' preferences.
• Where a smaller or larger image is appropriate, use|upright=scaling factor, which expands or contracts the image by a factorrelative to the user's base width.
  • For example:
    • upright=1.3 might be used for an image with fine detail (e.g. a map or diagram) to render it "30% larger than this user generally wants". (For a reader with the usual base width setting of 220px, this is 285px.)
    • upright=0.6 might be used for an image with little detail (e.g. a simple drawing or flag) which can be adequately displayed "40% smaller than this user generally wants". (For a reader with the usual base width setting of 220px, this is 130px.)
  • Short, wide images often call forupright of 1 or greater; tall, narrow images may look best withupright of 1 or less.
  • When specifyingupright= values greater than 1, take care to balance the need to reveal detail against the danger of overwhelming surrounding article text.
    • Images in which a small region of detail is important (but cropping to that region is unacceptable) may need to be larger than normal, butupright=1.8 should usually be the largest value for images floated beside text.
    • Lead images should usually useupright=1.35 at most.
  • Images within an article, especially those near one another and on the same side, may be more appealing if presented at the same width.
  • Ifupright is completely absent, that's equivalent toupright=1. Butuprightalone, with no=scaling factor (e.g.[[File:Dog.jpg|thumb|upright|A big dog]]) is equivalent toupright=0.75; this usage is confusing and therefore deprecated. Historically, "upright" was intended for upright (portrait) images, which look better at a narrower width. Later, the parameter was expanded to support any scaling factor, but the original name remained.
• To present images larger than the guidelines above (e.g. panoramas), use|thumb|center or|thumb|none, so that the image stands alone; or use{{wide image}} or{{tall image}} to present a very large image in a scrollable box.

Most images should be on the right side of the page, which is the default placement.^{[nb 4]} Left-aligned images may disturb the layout of bulleted lists and similar structures that depend on visual uniformity, e.g. by pushing some items on such lists further inward. Hence, avoid left-aligned images near such structures. If an exception to the general rule is warranted, specify|left in the image link:[[File:Siberian Husky pho.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A white dog in a harness playfully nuzzles a young boy |A [[Siberian Husky]] used as a pack animal]].

An image should generally be placed in themost relevant article section; if this is not possible, try not to place an image too early, i.e., far ahead of the text discussing what the image illustrates, if this could puzzle the reader. The first image of a section should be placed below any hatnote (typically anavigational hatnote in the form of{{Main}},{{Further}} and{{See also}} templates). Do not place an image at the end of the previous section as this will not be visible in the appropriate section on mobile devices. An image causes a paragraph break (i.e., the current paragraph ends and a new one begins) so it is not possible to place an imagewithin a paragraph. This applies tothumb images; small inline images are an exception (seeInline images).

Mul­ti­ple im­ages can be stag­gered right and left. How­ever, a­void sand­wich­ing text be­tween two im­ages hor­i­zon­tally op­po­site each other; or be­tween an im­age and an in­fo­box, nav­i­ga­tion tem­plate, or sim­i­lar. As an al­ter­na­tive, con­sid­er us­ing the{{multiple image}} tem­plate, which pla­ces two im­ag­es to­geth­er on the right (but which, how­ev­er, ig­noreslogged-in us­ers' se­lect­ed im­age siz­es). If the sec­tion has mul­tiple rele­vant para­graphs, you can also move one image to an­other place in the sec­tion.(SeeWP:GALLERY for in­form­ation on the u­se of multip­le im­ages.) Sandwiching of text can also occur when image size is set too high (seeWP:IMAGESIZE for recommendations).

It is often preferable to place a portrait (image or representation of a person) so that they "look" toward the text, but do not achieve this by reversing the image, which creates a false presentation. (Faces are never truly symmetric even in the absence of scars or other features.)

Image placement varies with platform and screen size, especially mobile platforms, and is meaningless to screen readers. As such, article text should not refer to image positions, especially with terms such as left, right, above, or below. Instead, use captions to identify images.

• Substitutingframeless forthumb produces an "inline" image. For example,
     This [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|frameless|x20px]] is an inline image.
  produces
     This is an inline image.
• A one-pixel border may be added via|border. For example,
     This [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|frameless|x20px|border]] is an inline image with a border.
  produces
     This is an inline image with a border.
• Inline images do not have captions
• Note the syntaxx20px: whereas20px specifies a 20-pixelwidth,x20px specifies a 20-pixelheight. Heights betweenx18px andx22px will usually match surrounding text well. (upright is not usually used with inline images.)

All images used on Wikipedia must be uploaded to Wikipedia itself orWikimedia Commons. That is,hotlinking is not supported.

Images uploaded to Wikipedia are automatically placed into theFile namespace (formerly known as theImage namespace), i.e., the names ofimage pages start with the prefixFile:.

All images must comply withWikipedia's image use policy: in general, they must be free for reuse, including commercial use and use after alteration, though some "fair use" of non-free content is allowed in limited circumstances—seeWikipedia:Non-free content.

Search for existing files through:

• Special:Search – Use the"Multimedia" setting to search for images and other files uploaded to the English Wikipedia by keyword or title. Most fair-use images are located here.
• commons:Special:Search – Go toWikimedia Commons to search for images and other media files by description, title, or category.
• If the article hasinterlanguage links to other Wikipedias, then click through to the non-English articles to see which images they are using.

You may upload photographs, drawings, or other graphics created with a camera, scanner, graphics software, and so on. When photographing or scanning potentially copyrighted works, or creating depictions of persons other than yourself, be sure to respect copyright and privacy restrictions. For further information seeWikipedia:Non-free content.

In order to maximize images' usefulness in all languages, avoid including text within them. Instead, add text, links, references, etc., to images usingTemplate:Annotated image orTemplate:Annotated image 4, which can also be used to expand the area around an image or crop and enlarge part of an image—all without the need for uploading a new, modified image.

An extensive list of free image resources by topic can be found at:Public domain image resources. In addition toWikimedia Commons, theWikimedia Toolserver has aFree Image Search Tool (FIST), which automatically culls free images from theWikimedia sister projects,Flickr and a few other sites. Several other useful, general purposeimage search engines include:Google Images,Picsearch andPixsta.Creative Commons licensed images withAttribution andAttribution-ShareAlike as their license may be used on Wikipedia.Images with any license restricting commercial use or the creation of derivative works may not be used on Wikipedia.

The Creative Commons site has asearch page that can be used as a starting point to find suitably licensed images; make sure you check both the checkboxes "use for commercial purposes" and "modify, adapt, or build upon".

If you find an image on the Internet that is not available freely, you can email the copyright owner and ask for their permission to release it under a suitable license, adapting theboilerplate request for permission. If you cannot find a suitable image, you may also list your request atWikipedia:Requested pictures, so that another contributor may find or create a suitable image.

See

An image's utility or quality may be improved by cropping (to focus on the relevant portion), cleaning up scanning artifacts, correcting color balance, removingred-eye effect, or other adjustments.

The caption of an image should mention such edits (e.g. introduction offalse color or pseudocolor) if a reader needs to know about them to properly interpret the image.

Edits that improve the presentation without materially altering the content need not be mentioned in the caption e.g. rotation to correct a slightly crooked image, improvement to the contrast of a scan, or blurring a background to make the main subject more prominent. (However, all changes to images taken from outside sources should be noted on theimage's description page. For images created by editors themselves, changes which could have been part of the image's original composition—such as rotation or minor cropping—need not be mentioned on the description page.)

Images should not be changed in ways that materially mislead the viewer. For example, images showing artworks, faces, identifiable places or buildings, or text should not be reversed (although those showing soap bubbles or bacteria might be). Do not change color integral to the subject, such as in images of animals. It is usually appropriate to de-speckle or remove scratches from images, though that might be inappropriate for historical photographs.

An image that was originally published as amonochrome image, such as black-and-white or sepia photographs, should not usually be colorized. Adding color to such an image constitutesoriginal research. Images that were colorized by their creator, an expert, or a reliable source may sometimes be acceptable.

AI upscaling software should generally not be used to increase the resolution or quality of an old or low-resolution image. Original historical images should always be used in place of AI upscaled versions. If an AI-upscaled image is used in an article, this fact should be noted in its caption.

For assistance in editing images, tryWP:Graphics Lab.

Logged in users withautoconfirmed accounts (meaning at least four days old and at least ten edits at the English Wikipedia) can upload media to the English Wikipedia.Onlyfree licensed media,notfair use media, may be uploaded toWikimedia Commons. Media on Wikimedia Commons can be linked to in the same way as media of the same name on Wikipedia. To upload media to the English Wikipedia, go tospecial:upload and for Wikimedia Commons, go tocommons:special:upload. For preferred file formats, see:Preparing images for upload.

Each image has a correspondingdescription page, which documents the image's source, author andcopyright status; descriptive (who, what, when, where, why) information; and technical (equipment, software, etc.) data useful to readers and later editors.

To maximize the utility and educational value of an image, please describe its contents as fully as possible on the image's description page. For example, photographs of artwork benefit from documentation of the artist, title, location, dates, museum identification numbers, and so on. Images that are described only in vague terms (for example, "a cuneiform tablet" or "a medieval manuscript") are often less useful for Wikipedia and less informative to our readers.

Reliable sources, if any, may be listed on the image's description page. Generally, Wikipedia assumes in good faith that image creators are correctly identifying the contents of photographs they have taken. If such sources are available, it is helpful to provide them. This is particularly important for technical drawings, as someone may want to verify that the image is accurate.

Description pages for images are rediscovered by editors using thesearch engine and thecategories. To help editors find precise images, please remember to document the image description page accordingly. Well-categorized and well-described images are more likely to be used.

Images can greatly increase thebandwidth cost of viewing an article – a consideration for readers on slow or expensive connections. Articles carry reduced-sizethumbnails instead of full images (which the user can view by "clicking through" the thumbnail) but in some file types a thumbnail's reduced dimensions doesn't translate into a concomitant reduction in file size. (In most browsers you can see a thumbnail's size by right-clicking for its "Properties".)

If one image's file size is disproportionate to those of others in the same article, you may want to reduce it by selecting a different file format:

• GIF images with a frame size larger than 100 million pixels (measured as pixel height × pixel width × number of frames in the animation) cannot currently be displayed in thumbnail form in Wikipedia articles. A thumbnail of a GIF image can be considerably larger in kilobytes than the original image file.
• ThePNG format is useful for storing graphics that contain text, line art, or other images with sharp transitions. It can achieve the same graphical results as a GIF file, and in many cases do so with a higher rate offile compression. For this reason, PNG format files are usually preferred to the GIF format. For images with substantial editing, or for which further editing may be warranted, uploading a PNG as well as a JPEG is common (PNG is lossless compression, so repeatedly saving edits on a PNG will not result in loss of quality).
• AnimatedGIF images have a few additional restrictions. Images larger than 100 million pixels (measured as pixel height × pixel width × number of frames in the animation) currently will only show the first frame of the animation in a thumbnail. When not using a GIF animation at its original frame size, consider creating an OggTheora movie of the animation.
• Animated PNG images with a frame size larger than 12.5 million pixels cannot currently be displayed in thumbnail form in Wikipedia articles, a significantly lower limit than the GIF format, and is not fully supported on all browsers.
• AJPEG or other compressed image format can be much smaller than a comparable GIF or PNG format file. When there is no apparent difference in quality, such as with a photograph that has no sharp graphical transitions, a compressed image format such as JPEG may be preferable for reasons of download performance. Wikipedia is often able to achieve much better compression of JPEG photograph thumbnails than comparable PNG images, and with little perceptible loss of quality. Repeatedly loading and resaving an image as JPEG will result in loss of quality, however, as will using low settings for the JPEG; as such, if you've made edits, it can be helpful to save a PNG or TIFF copy before closing the image editor and upload that as well; this copy can then be used to generate a new JPEG after further editing.
• Where an image consists solely of line art, charts text and simple graphics, anSVG file can be significantly smaller than other graphics formats. This is because the data is encoded as a series of drawing commands, rather than asraster graphics. There areopen source applications available for rendering graphics in SVG format. However, SVG thumbnails are rendered as PNGs.
• Rather than including an image gallery on an article, which could add significantly to the download size, consider creating a gallery/category on the Wikimedia Commons instead.

• The guidelines on this page also generally apply to videos.
• Many readers will not be able to play videos, because of technical limitations of their web browser, because they are seeing article content on a different web site or app, or because they are using a different medium, such as paper or text-to-speech system. Some readers cannot see or find it difficult. Videos should be used as asupplement to article material, to concisely illustrate the subject in a way that a still image or text cannot do. Videos should not replace article text, and articles should remain coherent and comprehensive when video playback is not available.
• Similar toMOS:TEXTASIMAGES, for accessibility and file size reasons:
  • Videos that simply show text should be replaced with text.
  • Videos that simply show a sequence of still pictures should be replaced with an image gallery.
  • Videos that are just text being read aloud should be replaced with text - or if the sound of words is being demonstrated, audio files (with the text being read in the file caption or in closed captioning).
  • Videos that are just text with narration should be converted to article text.
• The copyright and other guidelines onWikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples also apply to video samples.
• The policies onWikipedia:Image use policy also generally apply to videos.
• Accessibility guidelines atMOS:ANIMATION apply.

• Wikipedia semi-protected project pages
• Pages using sidebar with the child parameter
• Wikipedia image help
• Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)