| MAS-36 | |
|---|---|
 MAS-36 rifle produced post World War II. From theSwedish Army Museum. | |
| Type | Bolt-action rifle |
| Place of origin | France |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1936–1967 (France) 1936–Present |
| Used by | SeeUsers |
| Wars | World War II First Indochina War Vietnam War Algerian War Suez Crisis Ifni War 1958 Lebanon Crisis Laotian Civil War Chadian Civil War Nigerian Civil War Portuguese Colonial War Cambodian Civil War Western Sahara War Lebanese Civil War Chadian–Libyan conflict Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) Syrian Civil War Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present) |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1927–1936 |
| Manufacturer | Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne |
| Produced | 1937–1952 |
| No. built | 1,100,000 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 3.72 kg (8.2 lb) unloaded |
| Length | 1,020 mm (40.16 in) |
| Barrel length | 575 mm (22.64 in) |
| Cartridge | 7.5×54mm French |
| Action | Bolt action |
| Muzzle velocity | 850 m/s (2,789 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 400 m (440 yd) with iron sights |
| Feed system | 5-round internalbox magazine, loaded with 5-roundstripper clips |
| Sights | Iron sights |
TheMAS Modèle 36 (also known as theFusil à répétition 7 mm 5 M. 36[1]) is a militarybolt-actionrifle. First adopted in 1936 by France and intended to replace theBerthier andLebel series ofservice rifles, it saw service long past theWorld War II period. It was manufactured from late 1937 onward by Manufacture d'Armes de Saint-Étienne (MAS), one of several government-owned arms factories in France. Only 250,000 MAS-36 rifles were available to equip the Frenchinfantry during theBattle of France in 1940. Mass production finally caught up after World War II and MAS-36 rifles became widely used in service during theFirst Indochina War, theAlgerian War, and theSuez Crisis. Altogether, about 1.1 million MAS-36 rifles had been manufactured when production ceased in 1952.
The MAS-36 is a short carbine-style rifle with a two-piece stock and slab-sided receiver. It is chambered for the modern rimless7.5×54mm French cartridge; a shortened version of the7.5×57mm MAS mod. 1924 cartridge that had been introduced in 1924 (then modified in 1929), for France'sFM 24/29 light machine gun. The rifle was developed based on French experience in World War I and combines various features of other rifles like the two rear locking lugs of the BritishSMLE rifle (easy to clean and resistant to dirt), thedog leg shaped bolt handle of the BritishP14/U.S.M1917 Enfield rifle that places the bolt knob at a favorable ergonomic position in relation to the trigger andpeep sight, bolt disassembly similar to the JapaneseArisakaType 38, and the five-round box magazine (claw extractor) of the GermanGewehr 98 which stored 5 rounds in a staggered column and fed by 5-roundstripper clips), to produce an "ugly, roughly made, but immensely strong and reliable" service rifle.[2]
There are just five user removable parts: a Lebel-type cruciform bayonet inserted into a guard tube under the barrel (taken out by the stopper and turned by snap-fastening the stopper in the tube to fix), the bolt body, the bolt rear cap, the firing pin and the spring of the firing pin. The metal parts of the rifle were black baked in an oven.
The MAS-36 bolt handle was bent forward in an "awkward fashion" to bring it into a convenient position for the soldier's hand. Some have since been found bent backwards into a facing-downwards position like that of many other bolt-action rifles.[3] The MAS-36 had a relatively short barrel and was fitted with large aperture (rear) and post (front) sights designed for typical combat ranges. Typical for French rifles of the period, the MAS-36 had no manualsafety.[4]
The rifle was designed with aniron sight line consisting of a rear tangent-type aperture sight element that was calibrated for 7.5×54mm French mle1929 C ammunition for 100–1,200 m (109–1,312 yd) in 100 metres (109 yd) increments. The original front sighting element was milled and consisted of a front post that was protected by two open 'ears'.There were 25 rear aperture elements available for the sight line to optimize it horizontally and laterally in 2.32MOA increments during assembly at the arsenal. These arsenal mounted rear aperture elements shifted to point of aim 13.5 or 27 cm (5.3 or 10.6 in) left or right or up or down at a range of 200 metres (219 yd).It is worth noting that the front stock fittings are a major component of setting the sights on a MAS-36. To discourage disassembling the front stock non-standard screws with a spanner head were used on the barrel band and nose caps. Only armorers were issued with the appropriate screw drivers to remove the front stock. If removed the front stock will probably face quite a bit of trial and error in getting the screws set back to their exact positions again.
It was normally carried with a loaded magazine and empty chamber until the soldier was engaged in combat, though the rifle's firing mechanism could be blocked by raising the bolt handle. The MAS-36 carried a 17-inch spikebayonet, reversed in a tube below the barrel. To use the bayonet, aspring plunger was pressed to release the bayonet. It was then free to be pulled out, turned around, and fitted back into its receptacle. The initial implementation of this bayonet design has a distinct (although, uncommonly[5] encountered) disadvantage: with a bayonet stored in one rifle and the other empty, the top of the stored bayonet could be locked into the empty bayonet tube of the second rifle. This obscures the release button on the bayonet and results in permanently (at least up to destructive disassembly) mated rifles. In post-war use the French updated the bayonet storage design by drilling a hole in the bayonet, which allowed the locking catch to be depressed through an already-drilled hole in the bayonet cap.[5] Like the Lebel model 1886 rifle, the MAS-36 featured a stacking hook offset to the right side of the barrel for standing a number of the rifles (usually a trio) upright.
The MAS-36 was intended as an economical, simple bolt-action rifle to serve with rear-echelon, colonial and reserve troops and meant to share machining and pave the way for a new standardsemi-automatic rifle before the next big conflict. The first Frenchsemi-automatic rifle evolved from the prototype MAS-38/39. A limited number of MAS-40 semi-automatic rifles entered trial service in March 1940. TheBattle of France and following German occupation of France prevented large scale introduction of semi-automatic service rifles amongst French front line troops. During the 1950s the French military adopted the semi-automaticMAS-49 rifle as their standard service rifle.
Though intended to replace theLebel Model 1886 and Berthier rifles as well asBerthier carbines, budget constraints limited MAS-36 production and it was used with the former rifles in many French army and colonial units. During World War II, the MAS-36 was used alongside the Lebel 1886 and Berthiers during the Battle of France. After theBattle of France, the Germans took over a large number of MAS-36s, which were given the designationGewehr 242(f) and put into service with their own garrison units based in occupied France and later theVolkssturm.[4]
Post World War II produced rifles feature production simplifications like stamped nose caps with a hooded front sight element, stamped magazine floor plates, a stamped front sling attachment featuring a ring, a protective measure to prevent dirt ingress in the trigger area and a side-mounted cam track and button to dial and lock the selected firing range on the rear sight element. The hooded front sight element reducedglare under unfavorable light conditions and added extra protection for the post. The bolt of post World War II produced rifles can not be closed on an empty chamber, indicating the rifle needs to be reloaded. Later post war batches featurephosphating/Parkerizing introduced as a more effective metal surface treatment against rust. The "second model" is the most produced version with its derivative, the MAS 36/51.
The MAS-36 was extensively used by French Army and colonial defense forces during France's postwar counter-insurgency operations in theFirst Indochina War and theAlgerian War,[6] as well as in theSuez Crisis.[7] During the Suez Crisis, French paratroop marksmen of the2ème RPC (Régiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux), employed telescope-sighted MAS-36 rifles to eliminate enemy snipers.[8] The MAS-36 remained in service into the early 1960s as an infantry rifle, often serving with indigenous colonial units. It was officially a substitute-standard rifle after France adopted the semi-automaticMAS-49 rifle series in 1949, though its bolt design lives on in a dedicated sniper version of the rifle, theFR F1 (now chambered in7.62×51mm NATO) and its successor theFR F2 sniper rifle.
Gabon andCôte d'Ivoire continued to use the MAS-36 post independence; In 1968 and 1969 they suppliedBiafra with MAS-36 rifles during theNigerian Civil War.Haiti presented Biafra with 300 rifles as a gift late in the conflict.[9]
After the Second World War, civilian hunting rifle versions were made by MAS and by the gunsmith Jean Fournier. These half-stocked rifles were chambered for the7×54mm Fournier (common, 7.5x54mm necked down to 7mm),7×57mm Mauser (very rare),8×60mm S (less common), and10.75×68mm (rare). Hunting rifles in the two latter calibers had integral muzzle brakes. Also imported into the United States were a few military surplus MAS-36 rifles, converted to 7.62×51mm NATO from 7.5×54mm. These rifles were modified to chamber the NATO round and also had anSKS type trigger safety fitted to them.
InComoros, the French had a decent amount of MAS-36 rifles in storage during WWII and thePost-war era. When Comoros became in independent nation in 1975, the rifles were given to the newComoros Army. The MAS-36 was widely used during many of the coups and attempted coups that took place on the island nation from 1975 to 1989. After a reformation of the Comoros Army in 1990, the MAS-36 was replaced with newer firearms such as theAK-47.[10]
In 1941, Britain andFree France occupied Syria, bringing thousands of MAS-36 rifles with them. When French forces departed from Syria in 1946, the rifles were given to theSyrian Armed Forces in order to arm their ownarmy and militias, as the Syrian government at the time was perceived as pro-western. The MAS-36 was widely used by Syrian forces in the1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Israeli victory and later, a coup in Syria led to Syria's loyalty shifting towards theSoviet Union instead of western countries. After purchasing large quantities of Soviet weapons in the 1950s and 1960s, the MAS-36 became obsolete with thousands of units being sent into government storage facilities. In 2011 during theSyrian Civil War,Syrian opposition forces captured thousands of the stored rifles. With nearly all of the rifles being still operational, theFree Syrian Army widely used the MAS-36 from 2011 to 2015. From 2015 onward, the Free Syrian Army decreased the use of the MAS-36 due to scarcity of the rifle's needed 7.5mm ammunition.[10]
The FrenchFR F1 andFR F2 sniper rifles utilize the same basic bolt design as the MAS-36 infantry rifle. The MAS-36 bolt action was however extensively modified and strengthened to reduce accuracy inhibiting flex in these sniper rifles.
Algeria[10]
Benin[10]
Biafra[9]
Burkina Faso[10]
Cambodia[10][11]
Cameroon[10]
Central African Republic
Chad: governmental armies (Forces Armées Tchadiennes andForces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes) and rebels of theGUNT[10] andFROLINAT[14]
Comoros[10]
Congo-Brazzaville[10]
Djibouti[10]
France
Gabon[9][10]
Guinea[10]
Guinea-Bissau[10]
Haiti[9]
Ivory Coast[9][10]
Laos: Captured duringFirst Indochina War andVietnam War.[10][16]
Kingdom of Laos: Received from French government duringFirst Indochina War 1945–1954.[16]
Lebanon[10]
Madagascar[10]
Mali:People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad[17]
Mauritania[10]
Monaco[18][10]
Morocco:Royal Moroccan Armed Forces andMoroccan Army of Liberation[10]
Nazi Germany: DesignatedGewehr 242(f). Issued to occupation units in France[19] and toVolkssturm units.[15]
Niger[10]
Poland: Used by the some units of thePolish Army in France in 1940[20]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front)[21]
Senegal[10]
Syria[10]
Togo[22]
Vietnam[10]
South Vietnam[10]
| Preceded by | French Army rifle 1936–1951 | Succeeded by |
