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| M2 half-track | |
|---|---|
 US | |
| Type | Half-trackartillery tractor/reconnaissance vehicle |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | SeeFormer operators |
| Wars | World War II First Indochina War Cambodian Civil War Nicaraguan Revolution |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Firestone Defense Division |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 9 metric tons |
| Length | 5.96 m (19 ft 7 in) |
| Width | 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) |
| Height | 2.26 m (7 ft 5 in) |
| Crew | 2 |
| Passengers | 7 |
| Armor | 6–12 mm |
Main armament | 0.5 inchM2 Browning heavy machine gun |
Secondary armament | 14 mines, 10 hand grenades[1] |
| Engine | 386 cu in (6.33 L) White 160AXinline six[1] 148 hp (110 kW; 150 PS)[1] |
| Suspension | Wheeled front axle, rear track |
Operational range | 220 mi (350 km) (average)[1] |
| Maximum speed | 45 mph (72 km/h)[1] |
TheM2 half-track car was an armoredhalf-track produced by the United States duringWorld War II. Its design drew upon half-tracks imported from France in the 1930s, employing standard components supplied by U.S. truck manufacturers to speed production and reduce costs. The concept was designed, and the pilot models manufactured by theFirestone Tire and Rubber Company (before the prototype was officially labeled M2.)[2] Production by theWhite Motor Company began in 1940 and was expanded to includeAutocar.
The M2[3] was initially intended for use as anartillery tractor, but also found use with reconnaissance units.International Harvester Company built theM9 half-track, a variant of their M5 half track, to fulfill the same purpose. It saw wide use in World War II, chiefly by the United States, but also by its allies. A few legacy units were used in theNicaraguan Revolution.
The concept of a half-track vehicle had been evaluated by the US Army Ordnance Department usingCitroën-Kégresse vehicles.
The Cavalry branch of the US Army found that their wheeled armored scout cars had trouble in wet terrain due to their high ground pressure.
In 1938, theWhite Motor Company took the Timken rear bogie assembly from a T9 half-track truck and added it to anM3 scout car, creating the T7 half-track car.[4] This vehicle was significantly underpowered. When a further requirement came down from US Army artillery units in 1939 for a prime mover to be used as anartillery tractor, a vehicle with an uprated engine was developed, which was designated the half-track scout car T14.
By 1940, the vehicle had been standardized as the M2 half-track car. The M2 design was recognized as having the potential for use by mechanized infantry, which spawned the larger-bodiedM3 half-track. Both the M2 and M3 were ordered into production in late 1940, with M2 contracts let toAutocar, White and Diamond T. The first vehicles were received by the Army in 1941.
The M2 was supplied to armored artillery units as the prime mover and ammunition carrier for the105mm howitzer, and to armored infantry units for carrying machine gun squads. It was also issued to armored reconnaissance units[5] as an interim solution until more specialized vehicles could be fielded.
Between 1942 and 1943, both the M2 and M3 would receive a number of modifications to the drive train, engine, and stowage, among other upgrades.
Total production of M2 and derivatives by White was about 13,500 units. To meet the needs ofLend-Lease to the Allies, theInternational Harvester Company produced 3,500 units of theM9. The M9 was the same as the IH-produced M5 but with different internal stowage and apart from using IH mechanical components the M9 was longer than the M2.
The first M2s were fielded in 1941, and would be used in the Philippines,North Africa, and Europe by the U.S. Army, and around the Pacific by theMarines. About 800 M2 and M9 half-tracks were sent to theSoviet Union. Many remaining vehicles initially destined for Lend-Lease were transferred to other U.S. allies, primarily in South America. These vehicles often received a number of upgrades designed at extending service life. The NicaraguanNational Guard received 10 M2s in 1942, which saw heavy action during the 1978-79Nicaraguan Revolution. TheArgentine Army retired its last upgraded M9 in 2006 and donated them to Bolivia.
In 1947, the Finnish heavy vehicle producerVanajan Autotehdas bought 425 M2 half-track vehicles from the Western Allied surplus stocks located in France and Germany. The vehicles were delivered without armor.[6] Some 359 units were converted into field and forest clearing vehicles, some were scrapped for parts and 60 units were equipped with conventional rear axles and converted into 4×4 or 4×2 trucks. They were badged asVanaja VaWh. The last units were sold in 1952.[7]
Argentina[citation needed]
Belgium[citation needed]
Brazil[citation needed]
Cambodia[citation needed]
Chile[citation needed]
Czechoslovakia[citation needed]
Finland[citation needed]
France - used during theFirst Indochina War[8]
Greece[citation needed]
Israel[9]
Mexico[citation needed]
Netherlands[citation needed]
Nicaragua – 10 M2s in service with theNational Guard of Nicaragua in 1979.[citation needed]
Paraguay – 23 still in service.[citation needed]
Philippines[citation needed]
Poland[citation needed]
Portugal[citation needed]
South Vietnam[citation needed]
Soviet Union[citation needed]
United Kingdom[citation needed]
United States
