| Mảng | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam,China |
| Ethnicity | Mảng |
Native speakers | (4,900 (2007 – 2009 census)3,200 cited 1999 – 2007? census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zng |
| Glottolog | mang1378 |
| ELP | Mang |
Mảng (autonym:[maŋ35];Chinese:莽语;pinyin:Mǎngyǔ) is anAustroasiatic language of Vietnam, China, and Laos. It is spoken mainly inLai Châu Province,Vietnam and across the border inJinping County,China. It was first documented only in 1974.
In China, theMảng people are also called Chaman (岔满), Abi (阿比), Mengga (孟嘎), Bageran (巴格然), and Mo (莫).[2] They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Bulang (布朗族) (Jinping County Gazetteer 1994).
InLai Châu Province, Vietnam, Mảng is spoken by 2,200 people in the districts ofSìn Hồ,Mường Tè,Phong Thổ, and in other nearby areas,[2] including in Nậm Ban Township,Sìn Hồ District,Lai Châu Province.[3][4] In China, Mảng speakers numbered 606 people in 1999. The Mảng of China claim to have migrated from Vietnam in recent times. Gao's (2003) Mảng data is from Xinzhai (新寨), Nanke Village (南科村), and Jinshuihe Township (金水河镇[5]).
TheJinping County Gazetteer from theRepublic of China period lists 12 Mảng villages: Gongdaniu (公打牛[6]), Luowuzhai (落邬寨), Pinghe (坪河, in Xiazhai 下寨,[7] Zhongzhai 中寨,[8] Shangzhai 上寨), Hetouzhai (河头寨), Guanmuzhai (管木寨), Naxizhai (纳西寨), Bianjiezhai (边界寨), Longshuzhai (龙树寨), Caoguoping (草果坪), and Nanke (南科[9]).
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | short | rounded | unrounded | short | rounded | short | |
| Close | i | ĭ | y | ɨ | ɨ̆ | u | ŭ |
| Mid | e | ĕ | ø | ɤ | ɤ̆ | o | ŏ |
| Open | ɛ | ɛ̆ | œ | a | ă | ɔ | ɔ̆ |
| Diphthong | iə | ɯə | uə | ||||
Diphthongsiə andɯə are only found in closed syllables, whileua are more common in open syllables.[10]
| Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | θ | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | ʑ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ (ŋ̊) | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | (w) | ||||
Mang is described as having five tones distributed in unchecked sonorant-final syllables and another two tones in checked syllables.
The basic cardinal numbers from 1 to 1000 (transcribed in IPA) are:
| 1 | măk⁶ |
|---|---|
| 2 | ʑɯəi² |
| 3 | pe³ |
| 4 | pun² |
| 5 | hăn² |
| 6 | ʑɔ̆m² |
| 7 | tăm¹ py³ |
| 8 | tăm¹ ham² |
| 9 | tăm¹ θin² |
| 10 | ʑi³ mɛ⁴ |
| 100 | ran⁵~ʑan⁵ |
| 1000 | păn⁵ |
Comparison of some basic vocabulary words in Mảng with other branches of Austroasiatic:[11]
| Gloss | Mảng | proto-Waic /proto-Palaungic | Khmu | Bolyu | Bugan | proto-Vietic | Mon /Old Mon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘I’ | ʔuː⁴ | *ʔɨʔ / *ʔɔːʔ | ʔoʔ | ʔaːu⁵⁵ | ɔ³¹ | *soː | ʔoa / ʔɔj |
| ‘water’ | ʑum¹ | *rʔom / *ʔoːm | ʔom | nde⁵³ | nda²⁴ | *ɗaːk | dac / ɗaik |
| ‘two’ | ʑɨəj⁴ | *ləʔar / *ləʔaːr | baːr | mbi⁵⁵ | bi³¹ | *haːr | ba / ɓar |
| ‘fire’ | ɲɛ² | *ŋɒl / *ŋal | pʰrɨə | mat³³ | a̠u³¹ | *guːs | kəmot / – |
| ‘blood’ | haːm¹ | *hnam / *snaːm | maːm | saːm⁵³ | sa⁴⁴ | *ʔasaːmʔ | chim / chim |
| ‘five’ | han² | *phɒn / *pəsan | (Tay Hatsɔːŋ) | me³¹ | mi⁴⁴ | *ɗam | pəsɔn / sun |
| ‘eye’ | mat⁷ | *ʔŋaj / *ˀŋaːj | mat | mat⁵³ | mɛ̱³³ | *mat | mòt / mɔt |
Mảng is an analytic SVO language. However, unlike surroundingKra-Dai andHmong-Mien languages which are entirely absent of inflections, Mảng retains Austroasiaticderivational morphology and case-marking on nouns.[12]
ʔu
ʔo
give
lam
rice
ʔæŋ-ciəj
ʔu ʔo lam ʔæŋ-ciəj
1SG give rice DAT-chicken
"I give rice to the chicken."