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Anabaptist Dominion of Münster Täuferreich von Münster | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1534–1535 | |||||||||
 The city of Münster under siege by prince bishopFranz von Waldeck in 1534. The picture shows the first attack at Pentecost. | |||||||||
| Capital | Münster | ||||||||
| Religion | Anabaptism | ||||||||
| Government | Communaltheocraticmonarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• 1534-1535 | John of Leiden | ||||||||
| Historical era | Protestant Reformation | ||||||||
• Established | February 1534 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | June 24, 1535 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Münster,North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany | ||||||||
TheMünster rebellion (German:Täuferreich von Münster, "Anabaptist dominion of Münster") was an attempt by radicalAnabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city ofMünster – then under the largePrince-Bishopric of Münster in theHoly Roman Empire.
The city was under Anabaptist rule from February 1534, when the city hall was seized andBernhard Knipperdolling installed as mayor, until its fall in June 1535. It wasMelchior Hoffman, who initiatedadult baptism inStrasbourg in 1530, and his line ofeschatological Anabaptism, that helped lay the foundations for the events of 1534–35 in Münster.
After theGerman Peasants' War (1524–1525), a forceful attempt to establish theocracy was made atMünster, inWestphalia (1532–1535). Here the Anabaptists had gained considerable influence, through the adhesion ofBernhard Rothmann, theLutheran pastor, and several prominent citizens and leaders, includingJan Matthys (also spelled Matthijs, Mathijsz, Matthyssen, Mathyszoon), a baker fromHaarlem, andJan Bockelson (or Beukelszoon), a tailor fromLeiden.Bernhard Rothmann was a tireless and vitriolic opponent of Catholicism and a writer of pamphlets that were published by his ally, the wealthy wool merchantBernhard Knipperdolling. The pamphlets at first denounced Catholicism from a radical Lutheran perspective, but soon started to proclaim that the Bible called for the absolute equality of man in all matters, including the distribution of wealth. The pamphlets, which were distributed throughout northern Germany, called upon the poor of the region to join the citizens of Münster to share the wealth of the town and benefit spiritually from beingthe elect of Heaven.
With so many Anabaptist adherents in the town, Rothmann and his allies had little difficulty obtaining possession of it at the elections for the magistracy and placing Bernhard Knipperdolling as the mayor, after deposing the mainly Lutheran magistrates, who, until then, had seen him as an ally in their own distrust of, and dislike for, Catholics. Matthys was a follower ofMelchior Hoffman, and after Hoffman's imprisonment at Strasbourg Matthys obtained a considerable following in theLow Countries, including Bockelson, who became known asJohn of Leiden. John of Leiden and Gerrit Boekbinder[1] had visited Münster, and returned with a report that Bernhard Rothmann was in Münster teaching doctrines similar to their own. Matthys identified Münster as the "New Jerusalem", and on January 5, 1534, a number of his disciples entered the city and introducedadult baptism. Rothmann apparently accepted "rebaptism" that day, and well over 1000 adults were soon baptised. Vigorous preparations were made not only to hold what had been gained but to spread their beliefs to other areas. The many Lutherans who left were outnumbered by the arriving Anabaptists. There was an orgy oficonoclasm in cathedrals and monasteries, and rebaptism became compulsory. The property of emigrants was shared out with the poor, and soon a proclamation was issued that all property was to be held in common.[2]
The city was besieged byFranz von Waldeck, its expelled bishop. In April 1534, onEaster Sunday, Matthys, who had prophesied God's judgment to come on the wicked on that day, led a procession from the city with twelve followers, as hebelieved himself the secondGideon. He and his followers were cut off and taken. Matthys was killed, his head placed on a pole for all in the city to see, and his genitals nailed to the city gate.
The 25-year-old John of Leiden was subsequently recognized as Matthys' religious and political successor, justifying his authority and actions by claiming visions from heaven. His authority grew until eventually he proclaimed himself the successor ofDavid and adopted royal regalia, honors, and absolute power in the new "Zion". There were now in the town at least three times as many women of marriageable age as men, so he madepolygamy compulsory,[3] and he himself took sixteen wives. (John is said to have beheadedElisabeth Wandscherer in the marketplace for refusing to marry him, though this act might have been falsely attributed to him after his death.) Meanwhile, most of the residents of Münster were starving as a result of the year-long siege.
After lengthy resistance, the city was taken by the besiegers on June 24, 1535, and John of Leiden and several other prominent Anabaptist leaders were captured and imprisoned. In January 1536, John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and one more prominent follower,Bernhard Krechting, were tortured and executed in the marketplace of Münster. Their bodies were exhibited in cages which hung from the steeple ofSt. Lambert's Church. The bones were removed later, but the cages hang there still.
According to a contemporary source, about 3,000 people died during the siege.[4]
The Münster Rebellion was a turning point for the Anabaptist movement. It never again had the opportunity of assuming political importance, as both Catholic and Lutheran civil powers adopted stringent measures to counter this. It is difficult to trace the subsequent history of the group as a religious body, through changes in the names used and beliefs held.
TheBatenburgers under Jan van Batenburg preserved the violentmillennialist stream of Anabaptism seen at Münster. They were polygamous and believed force was justified against anyone not in their sect. Their movement went underground after the suppression of the Münster Rebellion, with members posing as Catholics or Lutherans as necessary. Somenonresistant Anabaptists found leaders inMenno Simons and the brothersObbe andDirk Philips, Dutch Anabaptist leaders who repudiated the distinctive doctrines of the Münster Anabaptists. This group eventually became known as theMennonites after Simons. They rejected any use of violence and preached a faith based on compassion and love of enemy.
In August 1536, the leaders of Anabaptist groups influenced by Melchior Hoffman met inBocholt in an attempt to maintain unity. The meeting included followers of Batenburg, survivors of Münster,David Joris and his sympathisers, and the nonresistant Anabaptists.[5] At this meeting, the major areas of dispute between the sects were polygamous marriage and the use of force against non-believers. Joris proposed compromise by declaring the time had not yet come to fight against the authorities, and that it would be unwise to kill any non-Anabaptists. The gathered Anabaptists agreed to the compromise of no more force,[6] but the meeting did not prevent the fragmentation of Anabaptism.
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