Alysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is a chemical compound derived from aphosphatidylethanolamine, which is typical of cell membranes. LPE results from partialhydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of thefatty acid groups. The hydrolysis is generally the result of the enzymatic action ofphospholipase A2.[1] LPE can be used in agricultural use to regulate plant growth such as color increase, sugar content increase, plant health increase, and storability increase without side effect.
LPE is present as a minorphospholipid in thecell membrane. Actually, LPE was detected in human serum, and its level is reported to be about several hundred ng mL−1. Available sources of LPE areegg yolk lecithin (≤1.5%),[2]soybean lecithin (≤0.2%),[3][4][5] and otherlecithins.
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE also, lisophos ) is a minor constituent of cell membranes(natural compound). LPE plays a role in cell-mediatedcell signaling andactivation of otherenzymes.[6] The physiological significance of the plasma LPE remains unknown. However, LPE has antifungal and antibacterial activity in the housefly,and in certain mushrooms, it stimulates theMAPK cascade.[7]
Previous studies showed that LPE, a natural phospholipid, can accelerateripening and prolongshelf life oftomato fruit,[8] and retardsenescence in attached and detached leaves and fruit of tomato.[9] In other studies, LPE inhibited the activity ofphospholipase D (PLD), a membrane degrading enzyme, of which active is increased during senescence.[10] More recently, it is reported that LPE can also accelerate color development and promote shelf life ofcranberries,[11] and increase fruit qualities ofThompson seedless grapes, in such assoluble solids content (SSC),titratable acidity (TA), firmness, and size.[12] Along with these results show that LPE can accelerate ripening of fruit and also, have potential to protect senescence.[citation needed]
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Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is composed of anethanolamine head group andglycerophosphoric acid with a various fatty acid located sn-1 position. The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturatedacyl.[citation needed]
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is a minor membrane glycerolipid; however, it has been reported that it has useful physiological effects on fruit and vegetable crops. LPE was approved by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency for use on agricultural crops. It is used with tomatoes, peppers, grapes, cranberry, and oranges for increasing color, sugar contents and their storage life. In addition, it is reported that LPE can delay senescence in leaves and fruits, and mitigate stress ofethylene-induced process.[13]
SignaFresh, the brand name made of LPE, is helpful for crops to be valuable product. Preharvest application of SignaFresh leads ideal postharvest behaviors.[14]