Avant, avant, Lion le melhor (oldFranco-Provençal for "Forward, forward, Lyon the best")[a] Virtute duce, comite fortuna ("With virtue as guide and fortune as companion")[b]
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Lyon[c] (Franco-Provençal:Liyon) is a city inFrance. It is located at the confluence of the riversRhône andSaône, to the northwest of theFrench Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north ofMarseille, and 113 km (70 mi) southwest ofGeneva, Switzerland.
The City of Lyon is thethird-largest city in France[14] with a population of 520,774 at the January 2022 census within its small municipal territory of 48 km2 (19 sq mi),[15] but together with its suburbs andexurbs the Lyonmetropolitan area had a population of 2,327,861 that same year,[7] thesecond largest in France. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 theMetropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,433,613 in 2022.[16] Lyon is theprefecture of theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpesregion and seat of theDepartmental Council ofRhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no longer extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015).
The capital of theGauls during theRoman Empire, Lyon is the seat of anarchbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls. Lyon became a major economic hub during theRenaissance. The city is recognised for itscuisine andgastronomy, as well as historical and architectural landmarks; as such, the districts ofOld Lyon, theFourvière hill, thePresqu'île and the slopes of theCroix-Rousse are inscribed on theUNESCOWorld Heritage List. Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. Lyon played a significant role in thehistory of cinema sinceAuguste and Louis Lumière invented thecinematograph there. The city is also known for its light festival, theFête des lumières, which begins every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of "Capital of Lights".
Economically, Lyon is a major centre for banking,chemical,pharmaceutical andbiotech industries. The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games; in recent years it has fostered a growing local start-up sector.[17] The home of renowned universities and higher education schools, Lyon is the second-largest student city in France, with a university population of nearly 200,000 students within the Metropolis of Lyon.[18] Lyon hosts the international headquarters ofInterpol, theInternational Agency for Research on Cancer, as well asEuronews. According to theGlobalization and World Rankings Research Institute, Lyon is considered aBeta city, as of 2018[update].[19] It ranked second in France and 40th globally in Mercer's 2019liveability rankings.[20]
The name of the city has taken the formsLugdon,Luon, and since the 13th century,Lyon. The GallicLugdun orLugdunon that was Latinized in Roman asLugdunum is composed of two words. The first may be the name of the Celtic godLug (in charge of order and law), or the derived wordlugon, meaning "crow" (the crow being the messenger of Lug), but might also be another wordlug, meaning "light". The second isdunos ('fortress', 'hill'). The name thus may designate thehill of Fourvière, on which the ancient city of Lyon is founded, but could mean "hill of the god Lug", "hill of the crows" or "shining hill".[21][22]
AlternativelyJulius Pokorny associates the first part of the word with the Indo-European radical *lūg ('dark, black, swamp'), the basis of the toponymsLudza in Latvia,Lusatia in Germany (fromSorbianŁužica), and several places in the Czech Republic named Lužice;[23] it could then also be compared toLuze in Franche-Comté and various hydronyms such asLouge.
Further down, in the current Saint-Vincent district, was the Gallic village of Condate, probably a simple hamlet of sailors or fishermen living on the banks of the Saône.Condate is a Gallic word meaning "confluence", from which the Confluence district gets its name.
InRoman times the city was calledCaput Galliae, meaning "capital of the Gauls". As an homage to this title, theArchbishop of Lyon is still called the Primate of Gaul.
During the revolutionary period, Lyon was renamedCommune-Affranchie ("EmancipatedCommune") on 12 October 1793 by a decree of theConvention Nationale. It resumed its name in 1794, after the end ofthe Terror.
According to the historianDio Cassius, in 43 BC, theRoman Senate ordered the creation of a settlement for Roman refugees of war with theAllobroges. These refugees had been expelled fromVienne and were now encamped at the confluence of theSaône andRhône rivers. The foundation was built on Fourvière hill and officially calledColonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity and the blessing of the gods. The city became increasingly referred to asLugdunum (and occasionallyLugudunum[25]).[26] The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as "Desired Mountain" is offered by the 9th-centuryEndlicher Glossary.[27] In contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lug[o]dunon, after theCeltic godLugus (cognate withOld IrishLugh, Modern IrishLú), anddúnon (hill-fort).
The Romans recognised that Lugdunum's strategic location at the convergence of two navigable rivers made it a natural communications hub. The city became the starting point of mainRoman roads in the area, and it quickly became the capital of the province,Gallia Lugdunensis. Two Emperors were born in this city:Claudius, whose speech is preserved in theLyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic Senators, andCaracalla.
Burgundians fleeing the destruction ofWorms by theHuns in 437 were re-settled in eastern Gaul. In 443 the Romans established the Kingdom of the Burgundians, and Lugdunum became its capital in 461. In 843, under theTreaty of Verdun, Lyon went to theHoly Roman EmperorLothair I. It later was made part of the Kingdom of Arles which was incorporated into theHoly Roman Empire in 1033. Lyon did not come under French control until the 14th century.
Fernand Braudel remarked, "Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development...from the late Middle Ages to theIndustrial Revolution".[31] In the late 15th century, thefairs introduced by Italian merchants made Lyon the economiccounting house of France. Even theBourse (treasury), built in 1749, resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. When international banking moved toGenoa, thenAmsterdam, Lyon remained the banking centre of France.
During theRenaissance, the city's development was driven by thesilk trade, which strengthened its ties to Italy. Italian influence on Lyon's architecture is still visible among historic buildings.[32] In the late 1400s and 1500s Lyon was also a key centre of literary activity and book publishing, both of French writers (such asMaurice Scève,Antoine Heroet, andLouise Labé) and of Italians in exile (such asLuigi Alamanni andGian Giorgio Trissino).
In 1572, Lyon was a scene of mass violence by Catholics against ProtestantHuguenots in theSt. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Two centuries later, Lyon was again convulsed by violence during theFrench Revolution, when the citizenry rose up against the National Convention and supported theGirondins. The city was besieged by Revolutionary armies for over two months before it surrendered in October 1793. Many buildings were destroyed, especially around thePlace Bellecour, andJean-Marie Collot d'Herbois andJoseph Fouché administered the execution of more than 2,000 people. The Convention ordered that its name be changed to "Liberated City", and a plaque was erected that proclaimed "Lyon made war on Liberty; Lyon no longer exists". A decade later,Napoleon ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during that period.
The convention was not the only target within Lyon during the French Revolution. After the Convention faded into history, theFrench Directory appeared and days after the 4 September 1797Coup of 18 Fructidor, a Directory's commissioner was assassinated in Lyon.
The Rhône and Saône converge to the south of the historic city centre, forming a peninsula – the "Presqu'île" – bounded by two large hills to the west and north and a large plain eastward. Place Bellecour is located on the Presqu'île between the two rivers and is the third-largest public square in France. The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour.
The northern hill isLa Croix-Rousse, known as "the hill that works" because it is traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city has long been renowned.[39]
The western hill is Fourvière, known as "the hill that prays" because it is the location forBasilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, several convents, andArchbishop's residence. The district,Vieux Lyon, also hosts theTour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of theEiffel Tower) and one of the city's railways.[40] Fourvière, along with portions of the Presqu'île and much of La Croix-Rousse, is designated as aUNESCO World Heritage Site.[41]
Lyon has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen:Cfa), bordering anoceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb,Trewartha:Do).[42] The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month is 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). Precipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in); the winter months are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13 August 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22 December 1938.[43]
Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
Like Paris andMarseille, thecommune (municipality) of Lyon is divided into a number ofmunicipal arrondissements, each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when threeneighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between 1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th – and, to date, final – arrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisablequartiers or neighbourhoods are:
Geographically, Lyon's two main rivers, the Saône and the Rhône, divide the arrondissements into three groups:
To the west of the Saône, the fifth arrondissement covers the old city of Vieux Lyon, Fourvière hill and the plateau beyond. The 9th is immediately to the north, and stretches from Gorge de Loup, through Vaise to the neighbouring suburbs of Écully, Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or and Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or.
Between the two rivers, on the Presqu'île, are the second, first, and fourth arrondissements. The second includes most of the city centre, Bellecour and Perrache railway station, and reaches as far as the confluence of the two rivers. The first is directly to the north of the second and covers part of the city centre (including theHôtel de Ville) and the slopes of La Croix-Rousse. To the north of the Boulevard is the fourth arrondissement, which covers the Plateau of La Croix-Rousse, up to its boundary with the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire.
To the east of the Rhône, are the third, sixth, seventh, and eighth arrondissements.
Map of theMetropolis of Lyon and its 59 communes (the commune of Lyon is in red.)Map showing the 14 electoral wards of the Metropolis of Lyon
Since 2015, the commune of Lyon (48 km2; 19 sq mi in land area) and 58 suburban communes have formed the Metropolis of Lyon (534 km2; 206 sq mi in land area), a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues. The Metropolis of Lyon is the only metropolitan authority in France which is aterritorial collectivity, on par with French communes anddepartments. Its metropolitan council was for the first time directly elected byuniversal suffrage in 2020 within 14 electoral wards, the only directly elected metropolitan council in France.
The 14 electoral wards are the following (see map for location):
Lônes et coteaux
Lyon-Centre (Lyon-Centre)
Lyon-Est (Lyon-East)
Lyon-Nord (Lyon-North)
Lyon-Ouest
Lyon-Sud
Lyon-Sud-Est
Ouest
Plateau Nord-Caluire
Porte des Alpes
Portes du Sud
Rhône Amont
Val de Saône
Villeurbanne
The six wards with names starting with "Lyon" are all located within the commune of Lyon. TheVilleurbanne ward is coterminous with the namesake commune. All other seven wards each group various suburban communes.
The division of the Metropolis of Lyon in large electoral wards often grouping various communes and dividing the commune of Lyon into six wards was criticized by the suburban mayors, as it ended the rule of 'one commune, one metropolitan councilor'. The goal of this electoral division of the metropolis was to focus metropolitan elections more on metropolitan issues than parochial communal issues, and ensure the 'one person, one vote' rule be respected, by creating electoral wards of more homogeneous population sizes. Opponents said it diluted the voice of the small suburban communes, which are now part of large electoral wards and do not each possess a representative in the metropolitan council anymore.
The two first presidents of the Metropolis of Lyon's metropolitan council were chosen by indirectly elected metropolitan councilors. The current president since July 2020 was elected by new metropolitan councilors following their election by universal suffrage in March (1st round) and June (2nd round) 2020, the first direct election of a metropolitan council in France.
The Roman ruins on the hillside near the Fourvière Basilica, with the Ancient Theatre of Fourvière, theOdeon of Lyon and the accompanyingGallo-Roman museum
Cathedral of St. John, a medieval church with architectural elements of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, also the principal religious structure in the city and the seat of theArchbishop of Lyon
Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon houses the "Musée des Hospices Civils", a permanent exhibit tracing the history and practice of medicine from the Middle Ages to modern times
Parc de la Tête d'or, aka Golden Head Park, in central Lyon is the largest urban park in France at 117 hectares (290 acres). Located in the 6th arrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place during the summer months.
Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares; 20 acres), included in the Parc de la Tête d'Or, is a municipal botanical garden and is open weekdays without charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to earlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as France's largest municipal botanical garden.
Parc de Gerland, in the south of the city (80 hectares; 200 acres)
La Part-Dieu, the city's central business district
The GDP of Lyon was 124 billion US dollars in 2019,[d][50] making it the second richest city in France after Paris. Lyon and its regionRhône-Alpes represent one of the most important economies in Europe and, according to Loughborough University, can be compared to Philadelphia, Mumbai or Athens with regard to its international position. The city of Lyon is working in partnership to more easily enable the establishment of new headquarters in the territory (ADERLY,Chambre du commerce et d'industrie,Grand Lyon...). High-tech industries such as biotechnology, software development, video game (Arkane Studios,Ivory Tower,Eden Games,EA France, Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe), and internet services are also growing. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Lyon is home to the P4-Inserm–ean Merieux Laboratory which conducts top-level vaccine research.[51]
The city is home to the headquarters of many large companies such asGroupe SEB,Sanofi Pasteur,Renault Trucks,Norbert Dentressangle,LCL S.A.,Descours & Cabaud,Merial,Point S,BioMérieux,Iveco Bus,Compagnie Nationale du Rhône,GL Events,April Group,Boiron, Feu Vert,Panzani,Babolat,Lyon Airports, LVL Medical, and inter-governmental agenciesIARC and Interpol. The specialisation of some sectors of activities has led to the creation of many main business centres: La Part-Dieu, located in the 3rd arrondissement is the second biggest business quarter afterLa Défense in Paris with over 1,600,000 m2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs.[52]Cité Internationale, created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district ofConfluence, in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.
Tourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006 provided by non-residents.[citation needed] Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure.[citation needed] In January 2009, Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business.[citation needed] The festivals most important for attracting tourists are theFête des lumières, theNuits de Fourvière every summer, theBiennale d'art contemporain and theNuits Sonores.
Guignol, created in the early 19th century, associated with the silk-workers
Since the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of Franco-Provençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However some "frenchified" Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls "gones" and "fenottes" for example.[53]
TheLumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. TheInstitut Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artifacts.
8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to theVirgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles (luminions) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medievalCathédrale St-Jean.
The Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) is the home of theOpéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.
Lyon is also the French capital of "trompe l'œil" walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen around the city. This old tradition is now finding a contemporary expression, for example in the art of Guillaume Bottazzi.[54][55]
TheBrothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.
The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various individuals prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the centre of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town centre. The exhibition is largely a series of mini-biographies of those involved.
The historic site of Lyon was designated aUNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. In its designation, UNESCO cited the "exceptional testimony to the continuity of urban settlement over more than two millennia on a site of great commercial and strategic significance."[41] The specific regions comprising the historic site include the Roman district and Fourvière, theRenaissance district (Vieux Lyon), the silk district (slopes of Croix-Rousse), and the Presqu'île, which features architecture from the 12th century to modern times.[57]
Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow passageways (namedtraboules) that pass through buildings and link streets on either side. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been built in Lyon in the 4th century.[58] The traboules allowed the inhabitants to get from their homes to the Saône quickly and allowed the canuts on the Croix-Rousse hill to get from their workshops to the textile merchants at the foot of the hill.
Lyon has a long and chronicled culinary arts tradition. The noted food criticCurnonsky referred to the city as "the gastronomic capital of the world",[59] a claim repeated by later writers such asBill Buford.[60] Renowned 3-star Michelin chefs such asMarie Bourgeois[61] andEugénie Brazier[62] developed Lyonnaise cuisine into a national phenomenon favoured by the French elite; a tradition whichPaul Bocuse later turned into a worldwide success.[63] Thebouchon is a traditional Lyonnais restaurant that serves local fare such as sausages, duck pâté or roast pork, along with local wines. Two of France's best known wine-growing regions are located near the city: theBeaujolais region to the north and theCôtes du Rhône region to the south. Another Lyon tradition is a type ofbrunch food called "mâchons", made of localcharcuterie and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine. Mâchons were the customary meal of the canuts, the city's silk workers, who ate a late-morning meal after they finished their shifts in the factories.[64]
More recently,French tacos appears to have been invented in the early 2000s in the Lyon suburbVaulx-en-Velin, though it might plausibly have been invented in nearbyGrenoble. Thisstreet food became popular in the Lyon region and then across France; it is now famous worldwide.[65][66]
Lyon is home to thefootball clubOlympique Lyonnais (OL), whose men's team plays inLigue 1 and has won the championship of that competition seven times, all consecutively from 2002 to 2008.[67] OL played until December 2015 at the 43,000-seatStade de Gerland, which also hosted matches of the1998 FIFA World Cup. Since 2016, the team has played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a 59,000-seat stadium located in the eastern suburb ofDécines-Charpieu.[68] OL operates a women's team,OL Lyonnes, which competes in and dominatesDivision 1 Féminine. They won fourteen consecutive top-flight championships (2007–2020), and additionally claim the four titles won by the original incarnation of FC Lyon, a women's football club that merged into OL in 2004 (the current FC Lyon was founded in 2009). OL Lyonnes have also won theUEFA Women's Champions League eight times, including in five consecutive editions from 2016 to 2020, and hosted the2019 FIFA Women's World Cup semi-finals as well as theFinal on 7 July at Stade de Lyon.
Since 2000,Birdy Kids, a group of graffiti artists from the city, has decorated several random buildings and walls along the Lyon ring road. In 2012, the artist collective was chosen to represent the city as its cultural ambassadors.[70]
The population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 520,774 at the January 2022 census.[15] As of 2011, 14% of its population was born outside Metropolitan France.[71]
Population of Lyon (commune) (within 2020 borders)
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated byINSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille).[72] The 1906 figure is the one published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000. Source: EHESS[73] and INSEE[74]
The city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,433,613 in 2022.[16]
Population of Lyon (metropolis) (59 communes, within 2020 borders)
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are computed using the redressed figures for the commune of Lyon calculated byINSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille).[72] The 1906 figure is computed using the figure for the commune of Lyon published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000. Source: EHESS[75] and INSEE[76]
TheAssociation Pour le Développement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) is held in theMaison Berty Albrecht in Villeurbanne, near Lyon.[78] It was formed in 1987. It serves Japanese expatriate children who wish to continue their Japanese education whilst abroad.
Platform I,Lyon-Part-Dieu train stationT1 tramway on the Raymond Barre bridgeC3 trolleybus in the third districtC3 trolleybus in Old LyonVelo'v, Ennemond Fousseret square (Old Lyon)
Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport, located east of Lyon, serves as a base for domestic and international flights. It is a key transport facility for the entire Rhône-Alpes region, with coach links to other cities in the area. The in-house train station Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry connects the airport to the nationwideTGV network. TheRhônexpress tram monopoly links the airport with the business quarter ofLa Part Dieu in less than 30 minutes, and offers connections with Underground A & B, Tramway T1, T3 & T4, and bus lines. Lyon public transport Sytral offers a bus service, Route 47, that links the airport to Meyzieu[79] where passengers can change onto Tram T3. The regular price of public transport is €1.90, as opposed to €15 one way for the Rhonexpress. In the suburb ofBron, the smallerLyon-Bron Airport provides an alternative for domestic aviation.
Lyon has two major railway stations:Lyon-Part-Dieu, which was built to accommodate the TGV, andLyon-Perrache, an older station that now provides mostly regional service. Smaller railway stations includeLyon-Gorge-de-Loup,Lyon-Vaise,Lyon-Saint-Paul andLyon-Jean Macé. Lyon was the first city to be connected to Paris by the TGV in 1981.[80] Since that time the TGV train network has expanded and links Lyon directly to Perpignan, Toulouse, Nice, Marseille, Strasbourg, Nantes and Lille. International trains operate directly to Madrid, Barcelona, Milan, Turin, Geneva, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Brussels (formerly to London, now withdrawn).
The city is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of several highways:A6 to Paris,A7 Marseille,A42 toGeneva, andA43 toGrenoble. The city is now bypassed by theA46. A double motorway tunnel passes under Fourvière, connecting the A6 and the A7 autoroutes, both forming the "Autoroute du Soleil".
Lyon is served by theEurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal transportation hub for tramways, local and regional trains and buses, the terminus of Metro line A, of the Tramway T2, the bicycle service Vélo'v, and taxis.[81]
TheTransports en commun lyonnais (TCL), Lyon's public transit system, consisting of metro, tramways and buses, serves 62 communes of the Lyon metropolis.[82][83] The metro network has four lines (A,B,C andD), 42 stations, and runs with a frequency of up to a train every 2 minutes. There are eightLyon tram lines since november 2020: T1 fromDebourg in the south toIUT-Feyssine in the north, Tram T2 fromHôtel de région Montrochet toSaint-Priest in the south-east, Tram T3 from Part-Dieu toMeyzieu, Tram T4 from 'Hôptial Feyzin Venissieux' to La Doua Gaston Berger. Tram T5 from Grange Blanche, in the south-east to Eurexpo in the south-west. Tram T6 from Debourg, in the south to Hôpitaux Est-Pinel in the east. Tram T7 from Vaux-en-Velin la soie, in the north-east to Décines – OL Vallée in the east.[83] And Rhône Express tramline from Part-Dieu to Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport.[84][85] TheLyon bus network consists of theLyon trolleybus system,motorbuses, and coaches for areas outside the centre. There are also two funicular lines from Vieux Lyon to Saint-Just and Fourvière. The ticketing system is relatively simple as the city has only one public transport operator, the SYTRAL.
The public transit system was complemented in 2005 byVélo'v, a bicycle network providing a low-cost bicycle-hire service made up of 340 stations throughout the city. Borrowing a bicycle for less than 30 minutes is free. Free rental time can be extended for another 30 minutes at any station. Lyon was the first city in France to introduce this bicycle renting system. In 2011, theAuto'lib car rental service was introduced. It worked much the same way as the Velo'v but for cars. It closed in 2018.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lyon on a weekday is 45 minutes. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 17% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.7 km, while 4% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[86]
^Pokorny, Julius (1959).Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). French & European Publications, Inc.
^Stich, Domenico (2003).Dictionnaire francoprovençal-français et français-francoprovençal (in French). Le Carré. p. 189.ISBN978-2908150155.
^Cassius Dio,Roman History, Book 46:Lepidus and Lucius Plancus [...] founded the town called Lugudunum, now known as Lugdunum
^Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). "Lyon".Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project.hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.159.
^"Endlichers Glossar/Endlicher's Glossary".www.maryjones.us. n.d. Retrieved7 November 2021.Lugduno – desiderato monte: dunum enim montem Lugduno: "mountain of yearning"; dunum of course is mountain. www.maryjones.us/ctexts/endlicher_glossary.html
^Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds.France in the World: A New Global History (2019) pp 63-68.
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