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Luna (rocket)

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Model of carrier rocket

Luna (8K727)
Size
Block E upper stage, with Luna payload
Function	Small-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer	OKB-1
Country of origin	Soviet Union
Mass	277,000 kg (611,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload toLEO
Mass	4,000 kg (8,800 lb)

Associated rockets
Family	R-7
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	Baikonur,Site 1/5
Total launches	9
Failure	5
Partial failure	1
First flight	23 September 1958
Last flight	16 April 1960
Carries passengers or cargo	Luna probes

Boosters (First stage) – Block B, V, G & D^[a]
No. boosters	4
Powered by	1 × RD-107-8D74-1959
Maximum thrust	990 kN (220,000 lb_f)
Total thrust	3,960 kN (890,000 lb_f)
Burn time	120 seconds
Propellant	LOX / Kerosene
Second stage (core) – Block A
Powered by	1 × RD-108-8D75-1959
Maximum thrust	936.5 kN (210,500 lb_f)
Burn time	320 seconds
Propellant	LOX / Kerosene
Third stage – Block E^[b]
Powered by	1 × RD-0105
Maximum thrust	49 kN (11,000 lb_f)
Burn time	316 seconds
Propellant	LOX / Kerosene

[edit on Wikidata]

TheLuna 8K72 vehicles werecarrier rockets used by theSoviet Union for ninespace probe launch attempts in theLuna programme between 23 September 1958 and 16 April 1960.^[1] Like many other Soviet launchers of that era, the Luna 8K72 vehicles were derived from theR-7 Semyorka design, part of theR-7 rocket family, which was also the basis for theVostok and modernSoyuz rockets.

The 8K72 was the first R-7 variant explicitly designed as a carrier rocket and it incorporated a few features that became standard on all later R-7 carrier rockets including thicker tank walls to support the weight of upper stages and the AVD malfunction detection system, which wouldterminate engine thrust if the booster's operating parameters (engine performance, electrical power, or flight trajectory) deviated from normal.

Launches

[edit]

Luna 8K72 was launched nine times fromBaikonur LC-1/5:^[2]

Launch Date	Serial No.	LS	Payload	Result
23 September 1958	B1-3	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-1 No.1	Failure
11 October 1958	B1-4	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-1 No.2	Failure
4 December 1958	B1-5	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-1 No.3	Failure
2 January 1959	B1-6	Ba LC-1/5	Luna 1	Success
18 June 1959	I1-7	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-1A No.1	Failure
12 September 1959	I1-7B	Ba LC-1/5	Luna 2	Success
4 October 1959	I1-8	Ba LC-1/5	Luna 3	Success
15 April 1960	L1-9	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-3 No.1	Partial Failure
16 April 1960	L1-9A	Ba LC-1/5	Luna E-3 No.2	Failure

The first flight of a Luna 8K72 (September 1958), which was to launch theLuna E-1 No.1 probe, ended 92 seconds after launch when the rocket broke up from longitudinal ("pogo") oscillations, causing the strap-ons to separate from the vehicle, which then crashed downrange.^[3]

The second flight of a Luna 8K72 (October 1958), which was to launch theLuna E-1 No.2 probe, ended 104 seconds after launch when the rocket again disintegrated from vibration.

The third flight of a Luna 8K72 (December 1958), which was to launch theLuna E-1 No.3 probe, ended 245 seconds after launch when the Blok A core stage shut down from loss of engine lubricant.

Theresonant vibration problem suffered by the 8K72 booster was the cause of a major argument between the Korolev and Glushko design bureaus. It was believed that the vibrations developed as a consequence of adding the Blok E upper stage to the R-7, shifting itscenter of mass.

The first probe launched by a Luna 8K72 to reach orbit wasLuna 1, launched on 2 January 1959, which was intended as a lunarimpactor mission.^[4] Luna 1 instead passed within 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) of the Moon's surface 4 January 1959, and then went into orbit around the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars.^[5]

The fifth flight of a Luna 8K72 (18 June 1959), which was to launch theLuna E-1A No.1 probe, ended 153 seconds after launch due to a guidance malfunction of the Blok A core stage, leading to engine shutdown.^[6]

Luna 2 was launched by a Luna 8K72 on 12 September 1959. It was the first spacecraft to impact the lunar surface.

The final successful launch of a Luna 8K72 took place on 4 October 1959. TheLuna 3 spacecraft took the first photographs of the far side of the Moon.

The eighth flight of a Luna 8K72 (March 1960), which was to launch theLuna E-3 No.1 probe, ended 435 seconds after launch when the Blok E upper stage developed insufficient thrust, causing the Luna probe to reenter the atmosphere and burn up.

The ninth flight of a Luna 8K72 (April 1960), which was to launch theLuna E-3 No.2 probe, failed when the Blok G strap-on booster developed only 75% thrust at liftoff, breaking away from the launch vehicle, which then disintegrated, the strap-ons flying in random directions and exploding as they impacted the ground. The Blok A core stage then crashed into a salt lake.

Notes

[edit]

^This is a transliteration of the second through fifth letters of the Cyrillic alphabet (Б, В, Г, Д). Asense-for-sense translation would correspond to the second through fifth letters of the Latin alphabet, 'Block B, C, D & E'.
^This is a transliteration of the sixth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet (E). Asense-for-sense translation would correspond to the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet, 'Block F'.

References

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^"Soyuz - Version: Luna 8K72".Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe original on 7 January 2010.
^"Vostok-L (8K72)".Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^"Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures". NASA NSSDC. 6 January 2005.
^"Soyuz - Soyuz Chronology".Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe original on 7 January 2010.
^"Luna 1 - NSSDC ID: 1959-012A". NASA.
^Reichl, Eugen (2017).Moskaus Mondprogramm. Paul Pietsch Verlage GmbH & Co (1. Auflage ed.). Stuttgart.ISBN 978-3-613-04027-4.OCLC 987572365.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

v t e Soviet andRussian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG 2.1v Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Eris^† Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H3 HANBIT-NANO^† Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 6C 7 7A 8 11 11H 12 12A LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C New Glenn Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB Spectrum^† SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2E 3
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Blue Whale 1 Ceres-2 Cyclone-4M Deca Eclipse Epsilon S Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kinetica 2 2H 3 KSLV-III Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 Miura 5 Neutron New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf RFA One SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIA H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 2-1v Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 RS1^† Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^† 2
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

R-7 rockets

Missiles

Launch systems

Sputnik Polyot Voskhod
Vostok	Luna Vostok-L Vostok-K Vostok-2 Vostok-2M
Molniya	Molniya Molniya-M
Soyuz	Soyuz/Vostok Soyuz Soyuz-L Soyuz-M Soyuz-U U2 Soyuz-FG
Soyuz 2	Soyuz 2.1a / 2.1b ST-A / ST-B Soyuz 2.1v

Launch sites

Launches

Engines