Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Lullubi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2300–675 BC Ancient Near Eastern group of tribes
Lullubi Kingdom
𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠
3100 BC–675 BC
Territory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area.
Territory of the Lullubi in the Mesopotamia area.
Common languagesUnclassified (Lullubian?)
Akkadian (inscriptions)
Religion
Mesopotamian religions
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
3100 BC
• Disestablished
675 BC
Succeeded by
Zamua
Today part ofIraq
Iran

Lullubi,Lulubi (Akkadian:𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠,romanized: Lu-lu-biki,lit. 'Country of the Lullubi'), more commonly known asLullu,[1][2][3][4] were a group ofBronze Age tribes ofHurrian origin who existed and disappeared during the 3rd millennium BC. They were from a region known asLulubum, now theSharazor plain of theZagros Mountains of modern-daySulaymaniyah Governorate inKurdistan Region,Iraq. Lullubi was a neighbour and sometimes ally with theHurrianSimurrum kingdom and came into conflict with the SemiticAkkadian Empire andAssyria.[5] Frayne (1990) identified their cityLulubuna orLuluban with the region's modern town ofHalabja.

Historical references

[edit]

Legends

[edit]

The early Sumerian legendLugalbanda and the Anzud Bird, set in the reign ofEnmerkar ofUruk, alludes to the "mountains of Lulubi" as being where the character ofLugalbanda encounters the giganticAnzû bird while searching for the rest of Enmerkar's army en route to siegeAratta.

Akkadian Empire and Gutian dynasty

[edit]
TheVictory Stele of Naram-Sin (circa 2250 BC), commemorating the victory ofAkkadian Empire kingNaram-Sin (standing left) over Lullubi mountain tribe and their kingSatuni.Musée du Louvre.
Relief of the LulubianTardunni, known as the Darband-i Belula, the Darband-i Hurin or Sheikhan relief, Kurdistan, Iraq

Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the landsSargon the Great subjugated within hisAkkadian Empire, along with the neighboring province ofGutium, which was possibly of the sameHurrian origin as the Lullubi. Sargon's grandsonNaram Sin defeated the Lullubi and their kingSatuni, and had his famous victorystele made in commemoration:

"Naram-Sin the powerful ... . Sidur and Sutuni, princes of the Lulubi, gathered together and they made war against me."

— Akkadian inscription on theVictory Stele of Naram-Sin.[6]

After the Akkadian Empire fell to theGutians, the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian kingErridupizir, according to Mesopotamian inscriptions:

Ka-Nisba, king ofSimurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi] ... made the land [rebel] ... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him ... In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.

— Inscription R2:226-7 ofErridupizir.[7]

Neo-Sumerian Empire

[edit]
This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(September 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the King and his victories on the Lullubi people, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

Following the short lived Gutian period, theNeo-Sumerian Empire (Ur-III) rulerShulgi is said to[weasel words] have raided Lullubi at least 9 times; by the time ofAmar-Sin, Lullubians formed a contingent in the military of Ur, suggesting that the region was then under Neo-Sumerian control.[citation needed]

Lullubi-ki ("Country of the Lullubi") on theAnubanini rock relief

Another famousrock relief depicting the Lullubian kingAnubanini with the Assyrian-Babylonian goddessIshtar, captives in tow, is now thought to date to the Ur-III period; however, a later Assyrian- Babylonian legendary retelling of the exploits of Sargon the Great mentions Anubanini as one of his opponents.[citation needed]

Babylonian and Assyrian interactions

[edit]
This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(September 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

In the following (second) millennium BC, the term "Lullubi" or "Lullu" seems to have become a generic Babylonian/Assyrian term for "highlander" without reference to any single ethnic group, while the original region of Lullubi became theHurrian inhabitedZamua. However, the "land of Lullubi" makes a reappearance in the late 12th century BC, when bothNebuchadnezzar I of Babylon (in c. 1120 BC) andTiglath-Pileser I of Assyria (in 1113 BC) subdued it. Neo-Assyrian kings of the following centuries also recorded campaigns and conquests in the area of Lullubum. Most notably,Ashurnasirpal II had to suppress a revolt among the Zamuan chiefs in 881 BC, during which they constructed a wall in the Bazian pass between modernKirkuk (the Assyrian city ofArrapha) andSulaymaniyah in a failed attempt to keep the Assyrians out.

They were said to have had 19 walled cities in their land, as well as a large supply of horses, cattle, metals, textiles and wine, which were carried off by Ashurnasirpal. Local chiefs or governors of the Zamua region continued to be mentioned down to the end ofEsarhaddon's reign (669 BC) after which they disappear from history.

Representations

[edit]
Defeated Lullubis in Akkadian representations
Barbarian prisoner of theAkkadian Empire, nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard, long hair and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC,Louvre Museum.[8]
Lullubi victim with pointed beard and long braided hair. Rock relief at Darband-iGawr. The depiction of the vanquished Lullubis is also similar in theVictory Stele of Naram-Sin.[9]

In depictions of them, the Lullubi were represented as warlike mountain people.[10] The Lullubi are often shown bare-chested and wearing animal skins. They had short beards and their hair was long and worn in a thick braid, as can be seen on theVictory Stele of Naram-Sin.[9]

Rulers

[edit]
See also:List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

The following is a list of known rulers of the Lullubi kingdom.[11][12]

  1. Immashkush (c. 2400 BC)[13]
  2. Anubanini (c. 2350 BC) he ordered to make an inscription on the rock nearSar-e Pol-e Zahab.[14]
  3. Satuni (c. 2270 BC contemporary withNaram-Sin king ofAkkad andKhita king ofAwan)
  4. Irib (c. 2037 BC)
  5. Darianam (c. 2000 BC)
  6. Ikki (precise dates unknown)[14]
  7. Tar ... duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. His inscription is found not far from the inscription of Anubanini.[14]
  8. Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
  9. Zabini (c. 881 BC)
  10. Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
  11. Dada (c. 715 BC)
  12. Larkutla (c. 675 BC)

Lullubi rock reliefs

[edit]

Various Lullubian reliefs can be seen in the area ofSar-e Pol-e Zohab, the best preserved of which is theAnubanini rock relief. They all show a ruler trampling an enemy, and most also show a deity facing the ruler. Another relief can be found about 200 meters away, in a style similar to the Anubanini relief, but this time with a beardless ruler.[15] The attribution to a specific ruler remains uncertain.[15][16]

Anubanini rock relief

[edit]
Main article:Anubanini rock relief

Other Lullubi reliefs

[edit]
  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[18][17] This is possibly the son of Iddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum.[19]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[18][17] This is possibly the son ofIddin-Sin, a ruler of the Kingdom ofSimurrum.[19]
  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[17]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief III. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[17]
  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[17]
    Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV. Beardless warrior trampling a foe, facing a goddess.[17]
  • Relief of Tardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription in Akkadian.
    Relief ofTardunni, a possible Lullubi ruler, also holding weapons and trampling foes, with an inscription inAkkadian.
  • Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
    Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior. Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
  • Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE
    Detail, a dead or dying Lullubian warrior, Darband-i Gawr rock-relief, Mt. Qaradagh, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, 2200-2000 BCE

Language

[edit]
Lullubian
Native toLullubi Kingdom,Iran andIraq
RegionZagros Mountains
EthnicityLullibi
Extinct7th century BC
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
GlottologNone

The language of the Lullubi is regarded as anunclassified language[20] because it is unattested in written record. However, the termLullubi significantly appears to be ofHurrian origin rather thanSemitic orIndo-European, which had yet to arrive in the region, and the names of its known rulers have Hurrian or more rarely Semitic influence, with no trace of Indo-European influence such as Iranic or Indo-Aryan.[21]

See also

[edit]
Part ofa series on the
History ofIran
Median Empire 678–550 BC
Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC
Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC
Sogdiac. 6th century BC–11th century AD
Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC
Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD
Atropatenec. 323 BC–226 AD
Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD
Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC
Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC
Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Elymais 147 BC–224 AD
Characene 141 BC–222 AD
Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5
Paratarajas 125–300
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Zarmihrids 6th century–785
Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
CE / AD
Rashidun Caliphate 632–661
Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
Dabuyids 642–760
Bavandids 651–1349
Masmughans of Damavand 651–760
Baduspanids 665–1598
Justanids 791 – 11th century
Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century
Tahirid dynasty 821–873
Samanid Empire 819–999
Saffarid dynasty 861–1003
Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215
Sajid dynasty 889–929
Sallarid dynasty 919–1062
Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090
Ilyasids 932–968
Buyid dynasty 934–1062
Rawadid dynasty 955–1070
Hasanwayhids 959–1095
Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186
Annazids 990/1–1117
Kakuyids 1008–1141
Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236
Shabankara 1030–1355
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231
Nizari Ismaili state 1090–1257
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319
Salghurids 1148–1282
Hazaraspids 1155–1424
Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231
Khorshidi dynasty 1184–1597
Qutlugh-Khanids 1223–1306
Eshaqvand Dynasty c. mid-13th century–1592
Mihrabanids 1236–1537
Kurt dynasty 1244–1396
Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335
Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357
Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393
Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376
Sarbadars 1337–1376
Injuids 1335–1357
Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504
Mar'ashis 1359–1596
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592
Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
(Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Qajar Iran 1789–1925
Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Timeline
flagIran portal
History ofGreater Iran
Pre-Islamic
BCE / BC
Prehistory
Kura–Araxes culturec. 3400 – c. 2000
Helmand culture/Jiroft culture 3300-2200
Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800
Elamite dynasties 2800–550
Lullubi/Zamua 3100-675
Marhaši 2550-2020
Bactria–Margiana Complex 2400–1700
Gutian Dynasty 2141-2050
Avestan period c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th century
Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609
Urartu 860–590
Median Empire 728–550
Scythian Kingdom 652–625
Achaemenid Empire 550–330
Ancient kingdom of Armenia 331 BCE – 428 CE
Seleucid Empire 330–150
Caucasian Iberia c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250–125
Parthian Empire 248 BCE–224 CE
Caucasian Albania 2nd century BCE –
8th century CE
Roman Empire 27 BCE – 330 CE
CE / AD
Kushan Empire 30–275
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Afrighid dynasty 305–995
Hephthalite Empire 425–557
Kabul Shahi kingdom 565–879
Dabuyid dynasty 642–760
Bagratid Armenia 880s – 1045
Alania 8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
Kingdom of Georgia 1008–1490
Rashidun Caliphate 637–651
Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
Shirvanshah 799–1607
Tahirid dynasty 821–873
Dulafid dynasty 840–897
Zaydis of Tabaristan 864–928
Saffarid dynasty 861–1003
Samanid Empire 819–999
Sajid dynasty 889/90–929
Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043
Buyid dynasty 934–1055
Sallarid dynasty 941–1062
Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187
Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231
Sultanate of Rum 1077–1307
Salghurids 1148–1282
Ilkhanate 1256–1353
Kart dynasty 1231–1389
Ottoman Empire 1299–1923
Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393
Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357
Jalairid Sultanate 1339–1432
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508
Safavid Empire 1501–1722
Mughal Empire 1526–1857
Hotak dynasty 1722–1729
Afsharid Iran 1736–1750
Zand dynasty 1750–1794
Durrani Empire 1794–1826
Qajar Iran 1794–1925

References

[edit]
  1. ^Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen (1992).The Shemshāra Archives 2: The Administrative Texts. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 22,51–54.ISBN 978-87-7304-227-4.
  2. ^Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (2017-01-30).Mesopotamian Origins: The Basic Population of the Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-1-5128-1881-9.
  3. ^Campbell, Lyle (2017-10-03).Language Isolates. Routledge. p. 37.ISBN 978-1-317-61091-5.
  4. ^Potts, Daniel T. (2014).Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. p. 36.ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9.
  5. ^Hamblin, William J. (2006).Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116.ISBN 9781134520626.
  6. ^Babylonian & Oriental Record. 1895. p. 27.
  7. ^Hamblin, William J. (2006).Warfare in the Ancient Near East to1600BC. Routledge. pp. 115–116.ISBN 9781134520626 – via Google.
  8. ^"Louvre Museum Official Website".cartelen.louvre.fr.
  9. ^ab"The hair of the Lullubi is long and worn in a thick braid. They wear animal skins, while the Akkadian soldiers wear the proper attire for battle, helmets and military tunics." inBahrani, Zainab (2008).Rituals of War: The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia. Zone Books. p. 109.ISBN 9781890951849.
  10. ^Bury, John Bagnell; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank Ezra (1975).The Cambridge Ancient History: The Egyptian and Hittite empires to c. 1000 B.C. University Press. p. 505.ISBN 9780521086912.
  11. ^Qashqai, 2011.
  12. ^Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
  13. ^Cameron, George G. (1936).History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 35.
  14. ^abcCameron, George G. (1936).History of Early Iran(PDF). The University of Chicago Press. p. 41.
  15. ^abcdefghOsborne, James F. (2014).Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. p. 123.ISBN 9781438453255.
  16. ^Vanden Berghe, Louis.Relief Sculptures de Iran Ancien. pp. 19–21.
  17. ^abcdOsborne, James F. (2014).Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. pp. 123–124.ISBN 9781438453255.
  18. ^Osborne, James F. (2014).Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. SUNY Press. pp. 123–124.ISBN 9781438453255.
  19. ^Frayne, Douglas (1990).Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 707 ff.ISBN 9780802058737.
  20. ^Rubio, Gonzalo."The Languages of the Ancient Near East (in A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed., 2007)".
  21. ^Tischler 1977–2001: vol. 5/6: 70–71. On the Lullubeans in general, see Klengel 1987–1990; Eidem 1992: 50–4.

Sources

[edit]
Iran topics
Ancient
3400–539 BC
550 BC–AD 224
AD 224–651
Medieval and
early modern
632–1090
977–1432
1370–1925
Modern
1925–1979
Islamic Republic
1979–present
See also
General
Councils
Officials
General
Sectors
State-owned
companies
Places
Demographics
Languages
Peoples
Religion
Other
Culture
Music
Other topics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lullubi&oldid=1316712960"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp