Luis Taruc | |
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| Member of theRegular Batasang Pambansa fromAgricultural sector | |
| In office June 30, 1984 – March 25, 1986 | |
| Member of theInterim Batasang Pambansa fromAgricultural sector | |
| In office June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984 | |
| Member of thePhilippine House of Representatives fromPampanga's2nd district | |
| In office December 30, 1969[1] – September 23, 1972[2] | |
| Preceded by | Ángel Macapagal |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished Position next held by Emigdio Lingad |
| In office May 25, 1946 – June 1, 1946[3] | |
| Preceded by | José Fausto |
| Succeeded by | Artemio Macalino |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Luis Mangalus Taruc June 21, 1913 San Luis,Pampanga,Philippine Islands |
| Died | May 4, 2005(2005-05-04) (aged 91) Quezon City, Philippines |
| Political party | Independent (1969–2005) Democratic Alliance (1945–1949) |
| Other political affiliations | Socialist Party of the Philippines (1938–1954) |
| Spouse(s) | Feliciana Bernabe (d. 1938) Enna Cura (d. 1946) Gregoria Calma (d. 1952) |
| Relations | Francesca Taruc (granddaughter) |
| Children | 1 |
| Alma mater | University of Manila |
| Known for | Leader of theHukbalahap |
| Nickname | Ka Luis[4] |
| Rebel career | |
| Allegiance |  Hukbalahap Philippines (until 1946) |
| Years of service | 1942–1954 |
| Battles / wars | World War II Hukbalahap rebellion |
Luis Mangalus Taruc (Tagalog pronunciation:[luˈistɐˈɾuk]; June 21, 1913 – May 4, 2005) was aFilipinopolitical figure and rebel during the agrarian unrest of the 1930s until the end of theCold War. He was the leader of theHukbalahap group (fromHukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) between 1942 and 1950.[5]: 73 His involvement with the movement came after his initiation to the problems of agrarian Filipinos when he was a student in the early 1930s. DuringWorld War II, Taruc led the Hukbalahap inguerrilla operations against theJapanese occupants of the Philippines.
Influenced by his socialist idolPedro Abad Santos ofSan Fernando, and inspired by earlier Katipunan revolutionaries such as Felipe Salvador, Taruc joined theAguman ding Maldang Tala-pagobra (AMT, Kapampangan for 'Union of Peasant Workers') and in 1938, thePartido Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (Socialist Party of the Philippines). The latter merged with the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas as part of the Common Front strategy, and Taruc assumed the role of Commander-in-Chief of the military wing created to fight the Japanese.
After the war against Japan, the Hukbalahap continued their demands for agrarian reform. Taruc and seven colleagues were elected to theHouse of Representatives, but the government ofManuel Roxas did not allow them to take their seats in Congress. The Taruc faction opposed the parity rights that the U.S. required from post-independence Philippines as a condition for rehabilitation funding. In the next five years, Taruc would give up on the parliamentary struggle and once more take up arms. At the height of its popularity, the Hukbalahap reached a fighting strength estimated at between 10,000 and 30,000. In 2017, theNational Historical Commission of the Philippines declared Taruc a hero for being a "nationalist and defender of the rights of farmers and workers".[6]
Luis Mangalus Taruc was born of peasant stock in the barrio of Santa Monica, township ofSan Luis, Pampanga on 21 June 1913.[5]: 9 Luis states, "In my youth, the Christian faith dominated my spiritual life. But the landlord dominated the material life I knew."[5]: 9 At age eight, Luis attended public school inSan Miguel, Bulacan.[5]: 10 At fifteen, he attended high school inTarlac City.[5]: 11 He attended to theUniversity of Manila for two years (June 1932–December 1934),[7] studying medicine and law, but no longer able to afford the expenses,[5]: 11–12 returned to Batasan without getting a degree to set up a tailor shop with his brother.[5]: 13 As a teen he was inspired by the stories of the Katipuneros who had fought for independence and for agrarian reform against Spain. Certain people within his home village and province came to regard him as the incarnation of the prominent Katipunan leader Felipe Salvador.[8] He was influenced byPedro Abad Santos, aMarxist, whom Luis regarded as a truesocialist.[5]: 13 In June 1935, he married Feliciana Bernabe, and his son Romeo was born in March 1936.[5]: 14–15 Before the end of 1935, he joined Santos as a full-time organizer of theSocialist Party of the Philippines, which numbered a few hundred members and several thousand sympathizers.[5]: 14 His wife died in Dec. 1938, suffering fromgoiter andanemia.[5]: 15 He then married Enna Cura on 4 June 1939. Luis would serve time in prison three times before the war, in his struggle for the militant workers' and peasants' unions.[5]: 15 Enna died ofsepsis anddiabetes on 8 March 1946.[5]: 63 Luis later married Gregoria Calma (Liza).[5]: 65–66, 84 She was killed by government soldiers on 11 April 1952.[5]: 113, 120–123
On November 7, 1938, the Philippine Socialist Party and theCommunist Party of the Philippines merged, forming a united front "to fight againstfascism and war", though each party retained its own organizations until 1941.[5]: 17–18 They pledged loyalty to the Philippine and United States government's anti-Japanese crusade in December 1941.[5]: 20 Following the Japanese invasion, Taruc formed the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon or the "People’s Army Against the Japanese" in English), along with Casto Alejandrino and other guerrillas, in central Luzon on March 29, 1942, became its commander-in-chief, and chairman of the Communist Party's Military Committee.[5]: 22 [9]: 21
He led a large people's army against the Japanese invaders, and their "puppet constabulary", as Supremo Luis Taruc,[5]: 22 or "Lu-Lu" ("the racing one"), then "Alipato" ("the flying spark that spreads a fire"). According to Luis, "There was a period when we had an American officer officially collaborating with our work."[5]: 24 Taruc credited his prominence through his "identification with the simple, sincere, and courageous peasants."[5]: 22 However, Luis noted, "...most of the time, the American authorities were suspicious of this unconventional army whose politics they suspected."[5]: 24 Yet, the Hukbalahap under Taruc did become an effective armed guerrilla force.[5]: 22
Taruc was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives in 1946 as a member of theDemocratic Alliance[5]: 25 (the party led bySergio Osmena). He and five other elected Democratic Alliance candidates opposed the constitutional amendment that would give American businessmen parity rights with Filipinos in exchange for US rehabilitation funding. In particular, Luis opposed theBell Trade Act, theParity Amendment to the Constitution, and theMilitary Bases Agreement.[5]: 26 To secure the majority necessarily to pass the amendment President Manuel Roxas arranged for Taruc and the other oppositional Democratic Alliance members to be ejected from office by the Commission on Elections on the grounds that they had been committing election fraud andterrorism.[5]: 26 [10]
Taruc went underground in late 1946, following failed negotiations with President Roxas, and the Huks soon numbered 10,000 armed fighters.[5]: 27 Subsequent negotiations with PresidentElpidio Quirino in June and August 1948 also failed.[5]: 28–32 By the presidential elections of 1949, the Huks had abandoned electoral politics in favor of armed insurgency.[5]: 45, 59 The Huks controlled most of centralLuzon, the “rice basket” of the Philippines, including two provincial capitals, by 1950.[7] Their motto, "a democratic peace, or martyrdom."[5]: 43 Luis states, "The peasants' hatred was founded on centuries of exploitation and oppression, feudal landlordism, and bad government. But the rich...were driven by fear of losing their power and their social privilege...this was naked class war."[5]: 57 In thePolitburo meeting of December 1949 to January 1950, the Huks were reorganized as the HMB, "Hukbo Mapagpalaya ng Bayan", or "People's Army of Liberation", with Luis as a Politburo Supervisor (PBS) for the Party's Regional Committee, Reco 2, in theZambales Mountains.[5]: 68–73, 78 By November 1950, Luis was removed from his post of command entirely.[5]: 86–87 By then, the Huks had 15,000 armed men, and the country was embroiled in a "miniature civil war", with ambushes on the major highways common.[5]: 88–89
President Quirino assignedRamon Magsaysay, minister of national defense, to combat the Huk insurgency. On 18 October 1950, Magsaysay captured the Secretariat, including the general secretaryJosé Lava, following the earlier capture of the Politburo in Manila.[5]: 90 Magsaysay attracted peasant support by reforming the Army and Constabulary. After the 1951Central Committee meeting, a policy of "preservation and conservation of strength...for a long and bitter struggle" was adopted, and Luis departed with a group of ninety men and seven women, for theSierra Madre Mountains.[5]: 101–108 The latter part of 1952 was spent hiding in theMount Arayat area.[5]: 120 In January 1953, Luis was suspended from the Politburo and Secretariat for his "Call for Peace".[5]: 121, 132 On February 10, 1954,Manuel Manahan andBenigno Aquino Jr., appointed as PresidentRamon Magsaysay's representatives, met with Luis Taruc.[5]: 134 After four months of negotiations, Taruc surrendered unconditionally to the government on 17 May 1954,[11] effectively ending the Huk rebellion. On 15 June 1954, Luis met with President Magsaysay and Gen.Eulogio Balao atCamp Murphy, where Luis agreed to a trial.[5]: 139, 141
Taruc's trial started in August 1954, where he pleaded guilty to rebellion, "in the spirit of my agreement with the president", and sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment, plus a "huge fine".[5]: 143–144 From 1956 to 1958, Luis was put on trial for the execution of Feliciano Gardiner, Japanese occupation governor of Tarlac, for which he was found guilty and sentenced to four life sentences.[5]: 144–147 His petition to PresidentDiosdado Macapagal for executive clemency and amnesty to political prisoners in exchange for support for the President's social welfare program was ignored. Taruc was pardoned by PresidentFerdinand Marcos on September 11, 1968, and Marcos gained the former Huk leader's support.[12] After his release, he continued to work for agrarian reforms. His struggle on behalf of the poor farmers persuaded local and national leaders to strengthen the legal rights of farm workers and led to a more equitable distribution of farm land. In his later years Taruc claimed to have never been a real communist, but rather always advocatedChristian democratic socialism;[5]: 6 he supported land reform strengthening the rights of local, small farmers over corporations and hereditaryfeudal elite.
Taruc dictatedBorn of the People (1953) to American communist and ghost writerWilliam Pomeroy. Luis Taruc used Alipato, meaning "spark that spreads a fire", as his pseudonym.[13] "Born of the People" wasNelson Mandela's reference on peasant resistance and guerrilla warfare when he was the commander in chief of theuMkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation).[14]
While inNew Bilibid Prison, Taruc composedHe Who Rides the Tiger (1967).[5]: 3 Luis wrote, "I know now from experience, that the nationalism of the Communists is indeed opportunism, and that they use it for their own ends. Any nationalist who makes an ally of the Communist is going for a ride on a tiger."[5]: 21 Additionally, Luis wrote, "For ruthlessness and cruelty are alien to Christian thought, and when men in the Free World use such methods, they do so in defiance of their own morality and ideals. The atheist Communist, however, believes that the end justifies the means, or in Lenin's words, 'Morality is subordinate to the class struggle.' For this reason, the Communist can pursue a policy of terror and cruelty with a clear conscience."[5]: 52–53
In 1985, Taruc would tellF. Sionil Jose that one of the reasons for the failure of the insurgency was that dissenters were killed. He also said that dogmatic fundamentalism scared away many potential allies.[10] The Huk movement commanded an estimated 170,000 armed troops with a base of two million civilian supporters at the apex of their power in 1952.[15] In 2003, he explained to historian Keith Thor Carlson that he attributed the revolution's failure to the dogmatism of members of the politburo's Russian-trained elite, in particular José andJesus Lava, an accusation that runs contrary to the views of the Lavas and William Pomeroy who countered that Taruc suffered from a cult of personality.[16]
Several Huk veterans organizations dispute the credit heaped on Taruc for organizing the Hukbalahap during World War II. They contend that Taruc only joined the movement when several prominent Huk leaders were captured and executed by the Japanese, and that there were several Huk brigades operating in concert, under Castro Alejandrino, Eusebio Aquino, and Mariano Franco among others.[15]
On May 4, 2005, Luis Taruc died of a heart attack inSt. Luke's Medical Center inQuezon City at the age of 91, a month before his 92nd birthday. Many political figures went to Luis Taruc's wake to pay respect and give support to his family.[17]
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