| Ludic | |
|---|---|
| lyydin kielʹ, lʹyydʹikielʹ | |
| Native to | Russia (Republic of Karelia) |
| Region | Near northwestern shore ofLake Onega |
Native speakers | 300 (2017)[1] |
| Latin (Karelian alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | lud |
| Glottolog | ludi1246 |
| ELP | Ludian |
 | |
 [image reference needed] Lude is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
Ludic,Ludian, orLudic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi orlüüdi), is aFinnic language in theUralic language family or a third supradialect ofKarelian. It is transitional between theOlonets Karelian language and theVeps language.[1] It is spoken by 300Karelians in theRepublic of Karelia in Russia, near the southwestern shore ofLake Onega, including a few children.[5]
In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,[6] while in the Russian research tradition it is, onethnographic grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.[7] Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of theProto-Finnic non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää >piä 'head', *soo >suo 'swamp', contrast Vepspä,so)[8] and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss ofconsonant gradation).[9] Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lostvowel harmony.
Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:[7]
The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kujärv dialect shares the most features with Veps.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | y | u | |
| Mid | e | ø | o | |
| Open | æ | ɑ | ||
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | (pʲ) | t | tʲ | k | ||
| voiced | b | (bʲ) | d | dʲ | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | (fʲ) | s | sʲ | ʃ | (x) | h |
| voiced | v | (vʲ) | z | zʲ | ʒ | |||
| Nasal | m | (mʲ) | n | nʲ | ||||
| Approximant | l | lʲ | j | |||||
| Rhotic | r | rʲ | ||||||
The modern development of Ludic as a written language began duringPerestroika in 1989, when thePetrozavodsk literary journalCarelia published the first poems in Ludic, based on the Kujärv dialect. At the same time, Lidia Potašova started teaching Ludic at the Kujärv school, using aLatin-based alphabet developed by Miikul Pahomov. The writing system was initially tested in literary texts before being applied to educational materials. In 1991, Potašova translated a Veps primer into Kujärv Ludic. Potašova and Pahomov later prepared the first proper Ludic primerABC-kird' Kujärven lüüdin kielel (2003), which also included a grammar sketch and a small Kujärv Ludic dictionary. This was followed by the readerTervheks! (2007) by Potašova and Pahomov.[10]
Subsequent publications have used two slightly different written norms. One is the Kujärv-based literary variety employed in primers, readers, and children's literature, while the other is a broader "general Ludic" standard that draws on central and northern Ludic dialects in an attempt to reduce dialectal differences. Pahomov himself experimented with this broader norm in works such asLüüdiland (2000),Ehtsluužb (2005), andUkon bembel (2010), where both orthographic tendencies are represented.[10]
In early Ludic publications the vowel /y/ was written either as Y, following the unifiedKarelian alphabet, or as Ü, by analogy with theVeps alphabet. This variation preceded the later standardization in primers and schoolbooks.
| Majuscule Forms (also calleduppercase orcapital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | Č | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | Z | Ž | T | U | V | Y (Ü) | Ä | Ö | ʹ |
| Minuscule Forms (also calledlowercase orsmall letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | č | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | z | ž | t | u | v | y (ü) | ä | ö | ʹ |
| Finnic | .png) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sámi |
| ||||||
| Mordvinic | |||||||
| Mari | |||||||
| Permic | |||||||
| Ugric |
| ||||||
| Samoyedic | |||||||
| Others | |||||||
| Reconstructed | |||||||
| |||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
