Lucy Parsons | |
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.jpg) Parsons in 1886 | |
| Born | c. 1851 |
| Died | (1942-03-07)March 7, 1942 (agedc. 91) |
| Other names |
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| Occupations |
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| Years active | 1870s – 1940s |
| Movement | |
| Partners |
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| Children | 2 or 3 |
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Lucy E. Parsons (c. 1851 – March 7, 1942) was an Americansocial anarchist and lateranarcho-communist, well-known throughout her long life for her fiery speeches and writings. She was a founding member of theIndustrial Workers of the World. There are different versions of Parsons' early life: she herself said she was of mixed Mexican andNative American ancestry; historians believe she was born to anAfrican-American slave, possibly inVirginia, then perhaps married a blackfreedman inTexas. She met the activistAlbert Parsons inWaco, Texas, and claimed to have married him although no records have been found. They moved toChicago together in late 1873 and her left-wing ideology was shaped by the harsh repression of workers in theChicago railroad strike of 1877. She argued forlabor organization andclass struggle, writing polemical texts and speaking at events. She joined theWorkingmen's Party of the United States and later theKnights of Labor, and she set up the Chicago Working Women's Union with her friendLizzie Swank and other women.
Parsons had two children and worked in Chicago as aseamstress, later opening her own shop. After her husband was executed in 1887 following his conviction for being a ringleader in theHaymarket affair, she became internationally famous as an anarchist speaker, touring frequently across the United States and visiting England. She wrote articles and edited radical newspapers. She was helped financially by the Pioneer Aid and Support Association and wrote the biographyThe Life of Albert R. Parsons with her young lover Martin Lacher. In the decades following the 1917Russian Revolution, Parsons moved towardscommunism. TheChicago police regarded her as a dangerous political figure and attempted many times to stop her speaking publicly. She continued her activism as she grew older, clashing with the anarchistEmma Goldman over their differing attitudes tofree love and supporting challenges tomiscarriages of justice in the cases ofAngelo Herndon,Tom Mooney, and theScottsboro Boys. She died in a house fire on March 7, 1942. Her partner George Markstall returned to find the building on fire and was unable to rescue her; he died the following day. She was buried in theGerman Waldheim Cemetery, where theHaymarket Martyrs' Monument stands. After her death, Parsons was primarily referenced as the wife of Albert Parsons, until recent scholarship and two book-length biographies have commemorated her own achievements. TheChicago Park District named a park onBelmont Avenue after her in 2004.
Little is known for certain about Parsons' early life.[A] The historian Caroline Ashbaugh states in her biography of Parsons that she was born the daughter of a slave in 1849 and was possibly called Lucy Gathings; through her life Parsons also used the surnames Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez and Hull.[1]: 11, 12 There is confusion over Parsons' middle name; while historians such asPhilip S. Foner give it as Eldine, both the birth certificate of her daughter and her own death certificate supply the name Ella.[3]: 267 Parsons herself told different versions of her life history.[3]: 268 She denied being of African heritage and said that she had Mexican andNative American parents, alternating between which one was which. When later events made her famous, national newspapers tried to investigate her Texas heritage but were unable to do so.[8][9] One story she told was that she was born in Texas to Marie del Gather (who was of Spanish-Mexican ancestry) and John Waller who wasMuscogee.[10] Her entry in theAmerican National Biography suggests she may have been daughter to Pedro Diáz González and his wife Marie.[6] Contemporary reporters speculated about her background.[11][10]
In her biography of Parsons, thesocial historianJacqueline Jones states that she was born a slave inVirginia and in 1863 at the age of 12 was brought toMcLennan County,Texas, by her owner Thomas J. Taliaferro along with her mother and brother. On this account she was called Lucia; she then moved toWaco, Texas, where people were reinventing their identities as they moved on from their past lives as slaves or Confederate soldiers. She began living with (and possibly married) a blackfreedman called Oliver Benton, formerly known as Oliver Gathings because slaves were given the surnames of their owners. He was around 35 or 36 and she was about 16 or 17 years old. Benton paid $1.50 per month for her education at a local black school and they may have had a child together who died at a young age.[12] Ashbaugh suggests that Parsons was (like Benton) a former slave of the Gathings brothers, since Philip Gathings had a daughter named Lucy in 1849 and Parsons may have been named after her. While slave records do not preserve names, the Gathings brothers did each own two slave girls in 1860 who would have been around Parsons' age.[3]: 267
Whilst in Waco, Lucy metAlbert Parsons. He was awhite man who had fought in theAmerican Civil War on the losingConfederate side then after the war had become aRadical Republican agitating forblack civil rights; he was shot in the leg for helping black people to register to vote. It is doubtful they were ever married since no records have been found and there were at the timeanti-miscegenation laws.[3]: 13–14 They both claimed that they married inAustin in 1872 and she told theDictionary of American Biography for Albert's entry that they were married on June 10, 1871. The historian Lucie C. Price was unable to find any records either of the marriage certificate or of the official whom Parsons said had recorded the marriage.[1]: 12, 461 Ashbaugh asserts they would have found it difficult to form aninterracial marriage, yet the couple lived together as husband and wife, with Lucy taking the last name Parsons.[3]: 13–14
Lucy and Albert Parsons moved to Chicago at the end of 1873.[1]: 15 [3]: 15 The industrial city was growing rapidly.[13] The couple lived in poor working-classslum tenements around Larrabee Street and North Avenue on theNorth Side.[3]: 16 [13] Albert Parsons worked as acompositor for newspapers and Lucy Parsons earned money as aseamstress. The couple became involved in theSocial-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, later theWorkingmen's Party of the United States.[3]: 17 [13] Parsons also demonstrated her willingness to stand up for her rights by twice taking white people to court in 1875, over an unpaid bill and a neighbor disturbance, respectively.[13]
When theChicago railroad strike of 1877 occurred as part of theGreat Upheaval, Albert Parsons and fellow socialistsPhilip Van Patten andGeorge Schilling spoke to a crowd of 25,000 people.[3]: 20, 21 He was then fired from his job at theChicago Times andblacklisted; he had a gun put to his head by two unknown men when he went to theChicago Tribune to ask for work.[1]: 31, 32 [13] Lucy Parsons was forced to get a job to support her family and started a shop selling suits and dresses.[3]: 25 She expanded the business into Parsons & Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, opening a workspace at 306 Mohawk Street and employing her now blacklisted partner.[14]
Parsons' first writings to be published were letters to the editor ofThe Socialist concerning the hunger and poverty of the working class. She began to lecture after the birth of her son, Albert Parsons Jr., in September 1879 (on the birth certificate she wrote her maiden name as Carter and Virginia as her place of birth).[3]: 30 [14] Parsons' political perspective was evolving, and she determined that her personal problems were insignificant since only social movements could achieve change. She was more militant than her partner, campaigning against voting at a time when she did not have the right to do it herself.[3]: 32, 39 [15] Her observations of the 1877 strike had taught her that workers were powerful when united.[13] She developed hersocial anarchist approach, in which she condoned political violence, urged self-defense against racial violence and called forclass struggle against religion.[5]: 92, 96 [16] Alongside women such asElizabeth Chambers Morgan,Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers,Alzina Stevens andLizzie Swank she helped to set up the Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) and attended meetings while pregnant, at a time when child-bearing women were expected to stay at home. Swank became a good friend of Parsons and as soon as theKnights of Labor decided to admit women, they both joined up.[3]: 34 [14] The WWU encouraged women to unionize and promoted theeight-hour day.[17]
On April 20, 1881, Parsons gave birth to her second child, Lulu Eda, who was to die oflymphedema at the age of eight.[1]: 451 [3]: 41 In 1883, theinsurrectionary anarchistJohann Most visited Chicago and met the Parsons family.[3]: 43 In November, Albert Parsons founded the American Group of Chicago as the local wing of theInternational Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy attended meetings, sometimes in her own home, developing her left-wing politics. When the IWPA published the radical newspaperThe Alarm in 1884, she was one of the main contributors, theorising that violence was inevitable in class struggle and that trade unions were the engine of the revolution. She wrote texts which included "Our civilization. Is it worth saving?", "The factory child. Their wrongs portrayed and their rescue demanded" and "The negro. Let him leave politics to the politician and prayers to the preacher".[1]: 99 [3]: 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 Her article "To tramps, the unemployed, the disinherited and miserable" was reprinted fromThe Alarm and sold more than 10,000 copies between May and November 1885.[1]: 135 The same year, Parsons published "Dynamite! The only voice the oppressors of the people can understand" in theDenver Labor Enquirer, inspired by Most's promotion ofpropaganda of the deed.[3]: 56 On April 28, 1885, Parsons and Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) led an IWPA march to protest outside a banquet at theBoard of Trade Building, which was newly constructed at a cost of $2 million.[3]: 59 [1]: 146 During this time period, Parsons and her partner would often address crowds of 1,000 to 5,000 people on Sundays at the shore ofLake Michigan. Labor organizerMother Jones attended and thought the speeches advocated too much violence.[3]: 60
On Saturday May 1, 1886, 300,000 workers went on strike across the US. In Chicago, the Parsons family led a peaceful demonstration of 80,000 people downMichigan Avenue, demanding theeight-hour day.[18][19] Two days later,Chicago Police and privatesecurity guards known asPinkertons attacked striking workers at theMcCormick Reaper factory, shooting at least one person dead.[3]: 73, 74 On May 4, Lucy Parsons organized a meeting to support striking sewing women and asked Albert Parsons to join her; on the same night, at the nearbyHaymarket Square 176 police officers had ordered a demonstration to disperse when a bomb was thrown from the crowd.[3]: 75–77 In what became known later as theHaymarket affair, the police opened fire, shooting at least seven workers dead, while one police officer died and six others succumbed to their injuries later; it is likely that in the chaos the officers were killed by police bullets.[3]: 79, 80 The Parsons family was at Zepf's Hall nearby and heard the blast;[B] Albert fled the city, first staying with Lizzie and William Holmes inGeneva, Illinois, then moving toWaukesha, Wisconsin where he worked as a laborer and resided withDaniel Hoan.[3]: 78 [18][20]
On May 5, the day after the bombing, Lucy Parsons was in the office of theArbeiter-Zeitung when it was raided by police officers without a search warrant. They arrested the entire staff including Parsons, whom an officer called "a black bitch"; she was released without charge since the police were hoping she would lead them to her partner. Over the next six months she was briefly detained several times.[1]: 226–227 [3]: 81 Other mass arrests and unlawful searches were made and Julius S. Grinnell, theIllinois Attorney General who would go on to prosecute the case, said "Make the raids first then look up the law afterwards".[3]: 84 [20] Lucy Parsons commented in theDenver Labor Enquirer the raids were extensive.[3]: 85 AGrand Jury announced charges against 31 men on May 27, including murder charges against ten, the most fervent advocates of propaganda by the deed (including Lucy Parsons and Lizzie Holmes) had not been charged.[3]: 83, 84, 87
The attitude of theUS labor movement towards those accused was mixed, with some militants voicing support and others concerned by the loss of life at the square.[3]: 88 [20] While Albert was in hiding, he wrote to Lucy Parsons asking her to talk to the lawyerWilliam P. Black and discuss the conditions of his surrender. Black encouraged her to bring him to court, believing there was little chance of conviction. His chief aide William A. Foster disagreed, thinking it best that Parsons remained free.[1]: 252, 254, 255 [3]: 90 On the first day of trial, Albert Parsons appeared after spending some hours with Lucy and surrendered to JudgeJoseph Gary.[3]: 90, 91 The mainstream media campaign against anarchists was intense, with theChicago Tribune calling for executions and Texas newspapers revisiting the presumed scandal of Parsons leaving her marriage with Oliver Benton for Albert. TheWaco Day headlined a story "Beast Parsons: the sneaking snarl from some moral morass in which he hides; miscegenationist, murderer, moral outlaw, for whom the gallows waits". In response, Parsons visited her partner in jail with a journalist from theTribune and he said he had been romantically attached to Benton's wife but that she was a different person to Lucy.[3]: 86, 87 [20]
Lucy Parsons attended every day of the trial and was there when her partner,George Engel,Samuel Fielden,Adolph Fischer,Louis Lingg,Michael Schwab andAugust Spies weresentenced to death. Afterwards, she made a seven-week lecture tour in order to raise funds for the defendants; she addressed more than 200,000 people in places such as Cincinnati, New York and Philadelphia.[1]: 297, 298 [3]: 105 [20][10] InNew Haven, Connecticut, she said "You may have expected me to belch forth great flames of dynamite and stand before you with bombs in my hands. If you are disappointed, you have only the capitalist press to thank for it".[3]: 108 She spoke with the socialistThomas J. Morgan at a rally inSheffield, Indiana, which was just across the state line from Illinois, so that the Chicago police were unable to stop the event.[1]: 306 InColumbus, Ohio, she was prevented from speaking and sent by the mayor toFranklin County Jail.[3]: 113 When not lecturing, Parsons would visit her partner in jail, taking the children with her. She stopped her tailoring shop and the family was forced to move out of their Indiana Street apartment to another on Milwaukee Avenue.[1]: 322 After his death sentence was announced, Albert Parsons wrote to his wife "I have one request to make of you: Commit no rash act to yourself when I am gone, but take up the great cause of Socialism where I am compelled to lay it down."[1]: 323 An Amnesty Association was founded and took action to save Albert Parsons and the six other men ondeath row; Lucy Parsons spent her time fundraising and collecting signatures on the street, and the campaign to commute the sentences was supported even by those such asMelville Elijah Stone, editor of theChicago Daily News, who had previously condemned the anarchists.[1]: 337, 338
On Thursday November 10, theGovernor of IllinoisRichard J. Oglesby announced that Parsons and three others would be executed the next day.[3]: 134 The next morning, Lucy Parsons took the children to see him for the last time, accompanied by Lizzie Holmes. She was prevented from entering the jail by a police cordon and when she attempted to cross it, the group was arrested and taken to the Chicago Avenue police station where they were strip-searched for explosives and detained until 15:00.[1]: 386, 387 The casket containing the corpse of Albert Parsons was taken to Lucy Parsons' shop, where over 10,000 people came to pay respects in one day.[3]: 138 A total of between 10,000 and 15,000 people attended the funeral on Sunday, November 13; Parsons walked behind the casket.[1]: 396 [3]: 138, 140 Twenty years later, she edited and publishedThe famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court which sold more than 10,000 copies in 18 months.[21]
Following the funeral of her partner, Parsons continued her political activism. The Pioneer Aid and Support Association gave her a stipend of $12 per week and in March 1888 she toured theEast Coast making speeches.[3]: 155 During the1887 Chicago mayoral election, Parsons supported the United Labor Party candidate against the eventual victor,RepublicanJohn A. Roche. Roche framed the contest as a battle between theUS flag and the flags ofanarchism andcommunism, later attempting to ban the use of red flags at left-wing meetings.[3]: 121 [11] Parsons began to work on the biography which she later published asThe Life of Albert R. Parsons. She was helped by Martin Lacher, a young German who lived with her from 1889 onwards and later became her lover.[3]: 156 [11] In October 1888, she travelled to London, where she met anarchistsPeter Kropotkin andWilliam Morris and visited theTower of London andWestminster Abbey withJane Morris. She addressed theSocialist League and disagreed withAnnie Besant, a leader of thematchgirls' strike, over the issue of violence.[3]: 159 [11] When she arrived back in New York City by boat, a reporter interviewed her and then claimed that she was getting married to the Germandemocratic socialistEduard Bernstein. Parsons' anarchist contemporaries such asJustus Schwab condemned the story and she denied it.[11]
After Parsons returned to Chicago in 1889, the newly renamed Albert R. Parsons Assembly of the Knights of Labor publicized a forthcoming lecture by her entitled Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Chicago police chief George W. Hubbard resolved to stop the event and on the day itself, Lacher and another man were arrested as they protested for Parsons' right to speak.[3]: 161, 162 Hubbard announced that "she simply can't speak in Chicago" and repeatedly stopped events occurring.[11] The same year, Parsons publishedThe Life of Albert R. Parsons with a foreword by George Schilling.[3]: 175 In November 1890, Johann Most, Parsons andHugh O. Pentecost were prevented from speaking inNewark, New Jersey when the police closed the hall. Parsons then attempted to speak on the street: she was arrested and charged withincitement to riot.[3]: 182 She editedFreedom an anarchist-communist monthly newspaper from 1891 onwards[1]: 449 [3]: 183 and built a house at 999 Hammond Avenue, later North Troy Street[C] inAvondale. She was helped financially by the Pioneer Aid and Support Association, but some members of the group began to resent her need for funds, alleging that she was still claiming a stipend to support her daughter, who had died. Her relationship with Lacher was controversial since he remained married to someone else.[11] Despite this the couple had begun to be seen together publicly until their relationship ended and they went to court. Parsons accused Lacher of attacking her household belongings with an axe. He admitted destroying the furniture but argued it was his and was fined $25 plus costs for disorderly conduct. He also alleged that he had written the majority of theLife of Albert R. Parsons.[3]: 178, 179 [11] Parsons used her position as editor ofFreedom to attack Lacher, claiming he had stolen money from a local group and was pursuing a vendetta against her.[11]
As Parsons grew older, there were events to mark the anniversary of the Haymarket affair and the police continued to stop her addressing these and other meetings.[1]: 412, 413 [3]: 198 When the anarchistAlexander Berkman attempted to assassinate the industrialistHenry Clay Frick in 1892, Parsons wrote inFreedom "For our part we have only the greatest admiration for a hero like Berkman" and she supported her friendsHenry Bauer andCarl Nold who were arrested on conspiracy charges despite not being involved. Berkman was handed a sentence of 22 years and Nold and Bauer each received five years.[3]: 184, 185 In 1893, Parsons negotiated with the mayor that she could speak on the condition that she did not denounce him, then took the stage and immediately said the mayor was no better than aczar.[3]: 192, 193 In August 1896, her house burned down and her stock of books was damaged, although she later sold fire-damaged copies ofAnarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis andThe Life of Albert R. Parsons.[3]: 197
Parsons was attracted to the activism of theSocial Democracy of America, led byEugene V. Debs, and metEmma Goldman through the group in 1897. While Goldman promotedfree love, emancipation for women and the freedom of the individual, Parsons (despite having extra-marital sex in her private life) publicly endorsedmonogamy, marriage and motherhood, and she still believed in the primacy of the struggle of the working class as a whole.[3]: 200, 201 At the time Goldman, Parsons andLouise Michel were amongst a small cohort of women who were internationally famous as anarchists and labor activists.[23] WhenOscar Rotter wrote about free love and the destruction of property relations in the anarchist newspaperFree Society, Parsons responded angrily in support of monogamy and this led to a long-lasting feud with Goldman,[3]: 203, 206 who complained that Parsons was living off her executed partner's legacy.[2]: 75 Parsons opposed both theSpanish–American War and thePhilippine–American War; after her son Albert Jr. attempted to enlist, she had him committed to theNorthern Illinois State Mental Hospital in 1899; he remained there for the rest of his life, dying in 1919 oftuberculosis.[1]: 451 [3]: 207, 208
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By 1900, Parsons was the Chicago correspondent forFree Society which had its printing press destroyed by the police following theassassination of President William McKinley.[3]: 210, 211 The same year, Parsons was visited by the anarchistErrico Malatesta and also made a speech alongsidetrade unionistJay Fox at a picnic onMemorial Day. In 1905, Parsons set up theIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW) with Eugene V. Debs,Bill Haywood and Mother Jones.[1]: 451, 452 She toured the US making speeches and selling pamphlets, at the same time editing the radical newspapersThe Liberator andThe Alarm. She was often prevented from speaking by the police, particularly in Chicago, yet she continued to lecture until the 1920s.[1]: 452, 453 In 1912, she hosted a meeting which set up theSyndicalist League of North America. It was led byWilliam Z. Foster, who was staying with Parsons at the time.[24][25]
After Parsons spoke at a January 1915hunger march in Chicago which ended in 1,500 unemployed people fighting with the police nearHull House onHalsted Street, she was arrested alongside Father Irwin St. John Tucker and 19 other people.[26] Following theRussian Revolution in 1917, Parsons moved towardscommunism. She later wrote to Carl Nold that the communists were "the only bunch who are making a vigorous protest against the present horrible conditions!" and lamented that "anarchism is a dead issue in American life today".[1]: 453 [3]: 254 She became involved with theInternational Labor Defense and in 1930, she spoke to thousands of people at the May Day (International Workers' Day) event atAshland Auditorium in Chicago, making a speech that was reprinted inHearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities in the US.[3]: 253 [27]: 55 In a continuance of their rivalry, Emma Goldman criticized her for jumping from one revolutionary cause to the next. Parsons finally joined theCommunist Party in 1939.[1]: 516 [3]: 261
Parsons suffered an attack ofpleurisy in 1932, recovering enough to visit theChicago World's Fair the following year.[3]: 254 She was despondent about the US anarchist movement, discussing its perceived decline with friends such as Nord, yet she continued her activism, supporting challenges tomiscarriage of justice in the cases regardingAngelo Herndon,Tom Mooney and theScottsboro Boys.[3]: 256–258 [28] She went blind, received a pension and lived in poverty inAvondale at North Troy Street with a library of around 3,000 books which featured the work of French socialists,Victor Hugo,Jack London,Marx and Engels,Rousseau,Leo Tolstoy andVoltaire.[1]: 453 [3]: 262
On her last May Day in 1941, Parsons accompanied theFarm Equipment Workers' Organizing Committee as guest of honor. At the age of around 91, she died in a house fire on March 7, 1942.[D] Her long-term partner George Markstall returned to find the building on fire and was unable to rescue her; he died of his injuries the next day.[3]: 263 Parsons had spoken toBen Reitman about her funeral and drawn up a will in 1938, leaving the house to Markstall and upon his death to the Pioneer Aid and Support Association. Her will was declared invalid, and the building was sold for $800 in 1943.[3]: 263, 265, 266 The fire had destroyed part of her library, but many books remained undamaged; when a friend went to the house to save the books, he discovered that only burnt copies remained. He asked the police where the library had gone and was told theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had taken it. The FBI denied any knowledge of the books and when Reitman asked the head of the ChicagoRed Squad, he was told the FBI had them; the books were not recovered.[3]: 263, 266 Years later, a signed copy ofWilliam Morris'The Signs of Change with the dedication "To Lucy E. Parsons, from William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888" was put up for sale, bearing stamps from theLibrary of Congress and the FBI.[7]
A memorial service for Parsons and Markstall was attended by 300 people on March 12. Reitman spoke, calling her "the last of the dinosaurs, that brave group of Chicago Anarchists."[7] Parsons was buried in theGerman Waldheim Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, next to theHaymarket Martyrs Monument where her husband is buried.Voltairine de Cleyre, Emma Goldman, and many other activists are also buried there.[30]: 283
Parsons' fellow activistElizabeth Gurley Flynn remembered her as a passionate speaker and revolutionary.[3]: 265 The philosopherRuth Kinna noted in her 2020 bookGreat Anarchists that Parsons has historically been referred to primarily as the wife of Albert Parsons, yet she was in fact a "talented writer, orator and organizer in her own right".[5]: 91 Until Ashbaugh's 1976 biography, Parsons was often only mentioned in footnotes: more recently coverage of her career has increased.[31] She has been claimed by various left-wing groups as a figurehead and aself-managed social center inBoston was named after her.[7][32]
Historians such as Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé andRobin Kelley have criticised Parsons' lack of interest in the struggles ofAfrican Americans, with her stance reflecting a belief in the need for the working class generally to rise up against its employers, rather than appealing to the need forracial equality. One explanation is that since she denied her own black heritage, she focused more on class struggle.[13][2]: 70 As a result, she did not work with the contemporaneous black Chicago activistIda Wells-Barnett, nor theNational Association of Colored Women and theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[33][34] Historians have also focused on the question of Parsons' specific political affiliations, while at the time labels were more fluid and Albert Parsons wrote: "We are called by some Communists, or Socialists, or Anarchists. We accept all three of the terms."[14]
A historical marker dedicated to Parsons and her husband was erected in 1997 by the City of Chicago at the location of their home, 1908 North Mohawk Street, in theOld Town neighborhood.[35] TheChicago Park District named a small area onBelmont Avenue the "Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons" park in 2004, a decision which was opposed by theFraternal Order of Police.[7][2]: 62 In 2022, a new housing development inLogan Square, Chicago with 100 percent affordable units was named the Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.[36]
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