Lu 魯 | |
|---|---|
| c. 1042 BC–249 BC | |
 Lu was a state in the northeast, south of Qi | |
| Capital | Qufu |
| Religion | Chinese folk religion,ancestor worship,Taoism |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Duke | |
| History | |
• Established | c. 1042 BC |
• Annexed byChu | 249 BC |
| Lu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Lu" inseal script (top), traditional (middle), and simplified (bottom) characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 魯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 鲁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lu (Chinese:魯;c. 1042 – 249 BC) was a vassalstate during theZhou dynasty ofancient China located around modernShandong. Founded in the 11th century BC, its rulers were from acadet branch of theHouse of Ji (姬) that ruled the Zhou dynasty. The first duke wasBoqin, a son of theDuke of Zhou, who was brother ofKing Wu of Zhou and regent toKing Cheng of Zhou.[1]
Lu was the home state ofConfucius as well asMozi, and, as such, has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. TheAnnals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis. Another great work of Chinese history, theZuo Zhuan orCommentary of Zuo, was traditionally considered to have been written in Lu byZuo Qiuming.
The state's capital was inQufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is nowShandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state ofQi and to the south by the powerful state ofChu. The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state, facing the non-Zhou peoples in states such asLai andXu, was an important consideration in its foundation.
William H. Baxter (apudMatisoff, 1995) suggests a semantic connection between the toponym 魯Lǔ and its homophone 鹵lǔ "salty,rock salt" (< OC *C-rāʔ) since that region was asalt marsh in ancient times.[2]
Lu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty, in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital atZongzhou and power base in theGuanzhong region. Throughout Western Zhou times, it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern-day Shandong.
During the earlySpring and Autumn period, Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north. UnderDuke Yin andDuke Huan of Lu, Lu defeated both Qi andSong on several occasions. At the same time, it undertook expeditions against other minor states.
This changed by the middle of the period, as Lu's main rival, Qi, grew increasingly dominant. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in theBattle of Changshao in 684 BC, Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour. Meanwhile, the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫, Mengsun 孟孫, and Shusun 叔孫 (called theThree Huan because they were descendants ofDuke Huan of Lu). The domination of the Three Huan was such thatDuke Zhao of Lu, in attempting to regain power, was exiled by them and never returned. It would not be untilDuke Mu of Lu's reign, in the earlyWarring States period, that power eventually returned to the dukes again.
In 249 BCKing Kaolie of thestate of Chu invaded and annexed Lu. Duke Qing, the last ruler of Lu, became a commoner.[1][3]
The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu rulerBo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). TheDuke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士;五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[4][5]
東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese
Mencius was a descendent of Qingfu (慶父), one ofDuke Huan of Lu's sons. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[6][7][8]
List of Lu rulers based on theRecords of the Grand Historian bySima Qian:[1][3]
| Title | Given name | Reign | Relationship |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Tai | Boqin | c. 1042–997 BC | son ofDuke of Zhou |
| Duke Kao | You | 998–995 BC | son of Boqin |
| Duke Yang | Xi or Yi | 994–989 BC | brother of Duke Kao |
| Duke You | Zai or Yu | 988–975 BC | son of Duke Yang |
| Duke Wei | Fei | 974–925 BC | brother of Duke You |
| Duke Li | Zhuo or Di | 924–888 BC | son of Duke Wei |
| Duke Xian | Ju | 887–856 BC | brother of Duke Li |
| Duke Shen | Bi or Zhi | 855–826 BC | son of Duke Xian |
| Duke Wu | Ao | 825–816 BC | brother of Duke Shen |
| Duke Yi | Xi | 815–807 BC | son of Duke Wu |
| none | Boyu | 806–796 BC | nephew of Duke Yi |
| Duke Xiao | Cheng | 795–769 BC | brother of Duke Yi |
| Duke Hui | Fuhuang or Fusheng | 768–723 BC | son of Duke Xiao |
| Duke Yin | Xigu | 722–712 BC | son of Duke Hui |
| Duke Huan | Yun or Gui | 711–694 BC | brother of Duke Yin |
| Duke Zhuang | Tong | 693–662 BC | son of Duke Huan |
| Ziban | Ban | 662 BC | son of Duke Zhuang |
| Duke Min | Qi | 661–660 BC | son of Duke Zhuang |
| Duke Xi | Shen | 659–627 BC | son of Duke Zhuang |
| Duke Wen I | 626–609 BC | son of Duke Xi | |
| Duke Xuan | Tui or Wo | 608–591 BC | son of Duke Wen I |
| Duke Cheng | Heigong | 590–573 BC | son of Duke Xuan |
| Duke Xiang | Wu | 572–542 BC | son of Duke Cheng |
| Ziye | Ye | 542 BC | son of Duke Xiang |
| Duke Zhao | Chou | 541–510 BC | son of Duke Xiang |
| Duke Ding | Song | 509–495 BC | brother of Duke Zhao |
| Duke Ai | Jiang | 494–467 BC | son of Duke Ding |
| Duke Dao | Ning | 466–429 BC | son of Duke Ai |
| Duke Yuan | Jia | 428–408 BC | son of Duke Dao |
| Duke Mu | Xian | 407–377 BC | son of Duke Yuan |
| Duke Gong | Fen | 376–353 BC | son of Duke Mu |
| Duke Kang | Tun | 352–344 BC | son of Duke Gong |
| Duke Jing | Yan | 343–323 BC | son of Duke Kang |
| Duke Ping | Shu | 322–303 BC | son of Duke Jing |
| Duke Wen II | Jia | 302–278 BC | son of Duke Ping |
| Duke Qing | Chou | 277–249 BC | son of Duke Wen II |
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Media related toLu (state) at Wikimedia Commons