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Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle

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Imperial circle of the Holy Roman Empire
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The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle during the mid 16th century (after theBurgundian treaty of 1548)
Historical map of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of 1710 byPeter Schenk the Elder

TheLower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (German:Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis,Dutch:Nederrijns-Westfaalse Kreits) was animperial circle of theHoly Roman Empire. It comprised territories of the former Duchy ofLower Lotharingia,Frisia and theWestphalian part of the formerDuchy of Saxony. The circle was made up of numerous small states, however the CountsDe la Marck were able to collect a significant amount of territories, theUnited Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 on. The Empire's largest ecclesiastical territory was held by thePrince-Bishops of Münster.

Composition

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The circle was made up of the following states:

NameType of entityComments
ArenbergPrincipalityAttainedimperial immediacy in 1549 underJean de Ligne,Principality from 1576, raised toDuchy in 1644 gaining the 81th seat to theReichstag
Aachen AachenImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by EmperorFrederick I Barbarossa in 1166
AnholtCounty18th Westfalian County, formerly to theUtrecht bishops,reichsfrei since the 14th century, held by the Lords ofGemen, fell toSalm-Salm in 1641
BeilsteinLordshipFief ofTrier since 1488, held by theFreiherren von Metternich from 1635,Reichsgrafen from 1679
BentheimCountyRecognized as an imperial county in 1486.
BergDuchyRaised to duchy by KingWenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1380, part ofJülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 to 1614, withJülich toPalatinate-Neuburg according to theTreaty of Xanten
Blankenheim-GerolsteinCountyInherited byManderscheid in 1468
BouillonDuchy(Beulen) A protectorate ofFrance by the 1679Peace of Nijmegen but not annexed until 1795
BrakelImperial CityStatus challenged by thePrince-Bishopric of Paderborn
CambrayImperial City(Kamerich) Status challenged by the Cambrai bishops, declared to a duchy by EmperorMaximilian I of Habsburg in 1510
CambrésisPrince-Bishopric(Kammerich) Diocese established in the 6th century,Reichsfreiheit granted by KingHenry II in 1007, archbishopric from 1559, fell toFrance by the 1679Peace of Nijmegen
ClevesDuchy(Kleve) Part of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 to 1614, withMark andRavensberg toBrandenburg according to the Treaty of Xanten
 CologneImperial City(Köln) Status acknowledged by EmperorFrederick III of Habsburg in 1475
CorveyPrince-AbbacyEstablished in 815 by KingLouis the Pious; 69th seat to theReichstag
DelmenhorstCountyEstablished by a junior branch of theHouse of Oldenburg, held byOldenburg since 1436
DiepholzCounty11th Westfalian County. Established about 1160, toBrunswick-Lüneburg in 1585
 DortmundImperial CityStatus confirmed by EmperorFrederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1236
 DuisburgImperial CityGiven in pawn to Cleves by KingRudolph of Habsburg in 1290, finally divested of the Imperial title by ElectorFrederick William I of Brandenburg in 1674
DürenImperial CityStatus confirmed by EmperorOtto III in 1000, given in pawn toJülich by Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1241
DyckLordship30th Westfalian County, to theSalm-Reifferscheid
East FrisiaPrincely County(Ostfriesland) Raised toPrincipality 1662, fell toPrussia in 1744
EchternachPrince-AbbacyEstablished about 698 by SaintWillibrord, immediacy granted by KingPepin the Short in 751, annexed byFrance in 1794
EssenAbbacyEstablished in 845 by SaintAltfrid, immediacy probably granted by KingConrad I (911-918), 10th Prelatess of the Rhine,secularised toPrussia in 1803
FagnolleLordshipHeld by theHouse of Ligne, raised to county in 1770
GemenLordshipHeld by the Counts ofHolstein-Schauenburg, fell to theHouse of Limburg-Stirum in 1640
GimbornLordshipHeld by theHouse of Schwarzenberg,Reichsfreiheit granted by EmperorFerdinand II of Habsburg in 1631, raised to county in 1698, sold toJohann Ludwig von Wallmoden in 1782
GronsveldLordshipReichsfreiheit granted by EmperorMaximilian I of Habsburg in 1498, raised to county about 1588, annexed by France in 1794
HallermundCountyFief ofBrunswick-Calenberg aroundSpringe, raised to Imperial county in 1706
HerfordImperial AbbacyNunnery established in 789, immediate abbacy since 1147, confirmed by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1152, 13th Prelature of the Rhine
HerfordImperial CityReichsfreiheit derived from Herford Abbey, challenged byJülich-Cleves-Berg from 1547, annexed by BrandenburgianRavensberg in 1652
HolzappelCountyFormer Esterau possession ofNassau, granted by EmperorFerdinand III of Habsburg to his field marshalPeter Melander in 1643, toAnhalt-Bernburg in 1676
HoyaCounty10th Westfalian County. Fief ofBrunswick-Lüneburg from 1519, line extinct in 1582
JülichDuchyReichsfreiheit confirmed by EmperorLouis IV of Wittelsbach in 1328, raised to duchy by EmperorCharles IV of Luxembourg in 1356, part ofJülich-Cleves-Berg 1521 to 1614, with Berg to Palatinate-Neuburg according to the Treaty of Xanten
Kerpen and LommersumLordshipAnnexed byBrabant fromCologne after the 1288Battle of Worringen, inherited byBurgundy in 1406 and theHouse of Habsburg in 1482, fell to Jülich in 1710, raised to county in 1712, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1786
KornelimünsterPrince-AbbacyEstablished in 814 by SaintBenedict of Aniane
LemgoImperial CityEstablished about 1190 by LordBernard II ofLippe,Reichsfreiheit ascertained by theImperial Chamber Court
LiègePrince-Bishopric(Lüttich) Established about 315 by SaintMaternus of Cologne atTongeren; 47th seat to theReichstag
LingenCountyEmerged fromTecklenburg in 1493, seized as a reverted fief by EmperorCharles V of Habsburg in 1547, with theBurgundian Netherlands to KingPhilip II of Spain in 1555, conquered by PrinceMaurice of Nassau in 1597, inherited byPrussia in 1702
LippeLordshipLordship established about 1123, raised to county in 1528, split offLippe-Alverdissen in 1613 (Schaumburg-Lippe from 1643), raised toprincipality in 1789
ManderscheidCountyHeldSchleiden since 1445, raised to Imperial county by Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg in 1457, inherited Blankenheim-Gerolstein in 1468, Sternberg-Manderscheid from 1780, annexed by France in 1794
MarkCountyEstablished about 1160, acquired Cleves in 1368, part of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 to 1614, with Cleves andRavensberg to Brandenburg according to the Treaty of Xanten
MyllendonkLordshipRegainedReichsfreiheit in 1700, held by the Counts of Ostein from 1732
MindenPrincipalityFormerBishopric of Minden secularised toBrandenburg by the 1648Peace of Westphalia
MoersCountyFirst documented in 1186, held byWied since 1493, to the Counts ofNeuenahr in 1519, inherited byAdolf van Nieuwenaar in 1578, byMaurice of Nassau in 1594, toPrussia as principality in 1702
MünsterPrince-BishopricBishopric established by SaintLudger about 805,reichsfrei territory emerged in 1180 from theDuchy of Saxony, held inpersonal union by theWittelsbach Prince-Bishops ofCologne 1612–1650, 1683–1688 and 1723–1801; 43th seat to theReichstag
Nassau-DiezCountyFormer County ofDiez, inherited by Nassau-Dillenburg in 1386, emerged from Nassau-Dillenburg in 1606, principality 1654, inheritedOrange in 1702, name changed toOrange-Nassau
Nassau-DillenburgPrincipalityEmerged fromNassau in 1303, split offOrange in 1559, principality in 1654, inherited by Orange-Nassau in 1739, 87th seat to theReichstag
Nassau-HadamarPrincipalityEmerged from Nassau-Dillenburg in 1606, Principality 1650, line extinct in 1711, inherited by Orange-Nassau in 1743, 86th seat to theReichstag
OldenburgDuchyEstablished inSaxony after the deposition ofHenry the Lion in 1180,personal union withDenmark 1667–1773, raised to duchy ruled byHolstein-Gottorp in 1774
OsnabrückPrince-Bishopric
PaderbornPrince-Bishopric29th seat to theReichstag
PyrmontCounty
RavensbergCountyEstablished about 1140 out of formerCounty of Calvelage, held by Berg since 1346, part of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 to 1614, with Cleves and Mark to Brandenburg according to the Treaty of Xanten
Reckheim [de]County
Reichenstein [de]Lordship
RietbergCounty
Sayn-AltenkirchenCounty1st Rhenish County, halfSayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, from 1742 to thePrincipality of Ansbach
Sayn-HachenburgCounty2nd Rhenish County, halfSayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, from 1714 to the Margrave ofKirchberg [de]
SchaumburgCounty
Schaumburg-HesseCounty
Schaumburg-LippeCounty
SchleidenCounty
SoestImperial City
Spiegelberg [de]County12th Westphalian County. From 1557 afief ofCalenberg. Fief held byNassau-Dietz (and its successors) from 1583 until 1819, when it returned to theKingdom of Hanover.
Stavelot-MalmedyPrince-Abbacy(Stablo-Malmedy) 67th seat to theReichstag
SteinfurtCountyReichsfreiheit granted by EmperorFrederick III of Habsburg in 1486, County of Steinfurt in 1495
TecklenburgCountyBentheim-Tecklenburg from 1557
ThornPrincess-Abbacy
VerdenDuchyPrince-Bishopric of Verden secularized to the King ofSweden from 1648; 46th seat to theReichstag
VerdenImperial Citystatus unclear and abolished
VirneburgCounty
WarburgImperial City
WerdenPrince-Abbacy
WeselImperial Citystatus unclear
WickrathCounty
WiedCounty
WinneburgLordship
Wittem [de]LordshipRaised to a county in 1732.
Transfers
TheDuchy of Guelders passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548
TheDuchy of Luxembourg passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1512
TheCounty of Drenthe passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548
TheLordship of Groningen passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548
TheLordship of Overijssel passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548
TheBishopric of Utrecht passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548
TheCounty of Zutphen passed to theBurgundian Circle in 1548

References

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External links

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Prince-bishops
Map of a large region (in white) including all the territory of modern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, plus parts of most neighbouring countries, including most of Northern Italy. Some of the northwest part region is highlighted in color, including Münster, most of the Netherlands and parts of modern Belgium.
The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (red) within the Holy Roman Empire (white) after 1548
Prince-abbots
Secular
Counts /Lords
From 1500
From 1792
Status
uncertain
Cities
1 from 1648   2 until 1648   3 without seat inImperial Diet   ? status uncertain

Circles est. 1500:Bavarian,Swabian,Upper Rhenish,Lower Rhenish–Westphalian,Franconian,(Lower) Saxon

Created in 1500
The ten Reichskreise
Created in 1512
and
International
National
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