| Oligospermia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | oligozoospermia, low sperm count |
| Specialty | Urology  |
Termsoligospermia,oligozoospermia, andlow sperm count refer tosemen with a low concentration ofsperm[1] and is a common finding inmale infertility. Often semen with a decreased sperm concentration may also show significant abnormalities in sperm morphology and motility (technicallyoligoasthenoteratozoospermia). There has been interest in replacing the descriptive terms used in semen analysis with more quantitative information.[2]
The diagnosis of oligozoospermia is based on one low count in asemen analysis performed on two occasions. For many decades sperm concentrations of less than 20 million sperm/ml were considered low or oligospermic, recently, however, theWHO reassessed sperm criteria and established a lower reference point, less than 15 million sperm/ml, consistent with the 5th percentile for fertile men.[3] Sperm concentrations fluctuate daily and oligozoospermia may be temporary or permanent.
The diagnosis of oligozoospermia requires a work-up via semen analysis (listed inMale infertility).
There are many causes for oligospermia including:[4]
Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including:
Testicular factors refer to conditions where the testes produces semen of poor quality despite adequate hormonal support and include:
Mast cells releasing inflammatory mediators appear to directly suppresssperm motility in a potentially reversible manner, and may be a common pathophysiological mechanism for several of the above-mentioned factors.[10]
Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems inejaculation:
In about 30% of infertile men no causative factor is found for their decrease in sperm concentration or quality by common clinical, instrumental, or laboratory means, and the condition is termed "idiopathic" (unexplained).[11] A number of factors may be involved in the genesis of this condition, including age, infectious agents ( such asChlamydia trachomatis),Y chromosome microdeletions,mitochondrial changes, environmentalpollutants, and "subtle" hormonal changes.[11]
A review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia aresignificantly associated with beingoverweight (odds ratio 1.1),obese (odds ratio 1.3) and morbidly obese (odds ratio 2.0), but the cause of this is unknown.[12] It found no significant relation between oligospermia and beingunderweight.[12]
The human breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) is employed inhomologous recombinational repair ofDNA damages duringmeiosis. A commonsingle-nucleotide polymorphism of BRCA2 is associated with severe oligospermia.[13]
Men with mild oligospermia (semen concentration of 15 million to 20 millionsperm/ml) were studied for an association of sperm DNA damage with life style factors.[14] A significant association was found between sperm DNA damage and factors such asage,obesity andoccupational stress.
Treatment takes place within the context of infertility management and needs also to consider the fecundity of the female partner. Thus the choices can be complex.
In a number of situations direct medical or surgical intervention can improve the sperm concentration, examples are use of FSH in men with pituitaryhypogonadism, antibiotics in case of infections, or operative corrections of ahydrocele,varicocele, orvas deferens obstruction.
In most cases of oligospermia including its idiopathic form there is no direct medical or surgical intervention agreed to be effective. Empirically many medical approaches have been tried includingclomiphene citrate,tamoxifen,HMG,FSH,HCG,testosterone,Vitamin E,Vitamin C,anti-oxidants,carnitine,acetyl-L-carnitine,zinc,high-protein diets. In a number of pilot studies some positive results have been obtained. Clomiphene citrate has been used with modest success.[15] The combination of tamoxifen plus testosterone was reported to improve the sperm situation.[16]
The use ofcarnitine showed some promise in a controlled trial in selected cases of male infertility improving sperm quality and further studies are needed.[17]
In many situations,intrauterine inseminations are performed with success.[18] In more severe casesIVF, or IVF -ICSI is done[15] and is often the best option, specifically if time is a factor or fertility problems coexist on the female side.TheLow dose Estrogen Testosterone Combination Therapy may improve sperm count and motility in some men[19] including severe oligospermia.[20]
Achieving a pregnancy naturally may be a challenge if the male has a low sperm count. However, chances are good if the female partner is fertile; many couples with this problem have been successful. Prognosis is more limited if there is a combination of factors that include sperm dysfunction and reducedovarian reserve.