Low Mass (LatinMissa Privata)^[1] is aMass celebrated by a priest without the assistance of sacred ministers (deacon and subdeacon). Before the1969 reforms, a sub-distinction was also made between thesung Mass (Missa in cantu),^[2] when the celebrant still chants those parts which the rubrics require to be chanted, and thelow Mass (Missa lecta) where the liturgy is spoken.

In a low Mass, the priest may be assisted by altar boys (acolytes) rather than deacons, and use appropriately simplified rubrics.

A full sung Mass celebrated with the assistance of sacred ministers is a High orSolemn Mass.^[3]

The celebration of Low Mass occurred in the Roman Rite, prior to the 1969 reforms in theCatholicism, and continues inLutheranism, as well as parts of Anglicanism.^[4]

Low Mass originated in the earlyMiddle Ages as a shortened or simplified form ofSolemn Mass. In the early church, as in theEastern Orthodox church today, all services were chanted, and there was no equivalent to the Roman Low Mass or to the Anglican "said celebration".^[5]

Alongside the public solemn Masses, the practice developed from the 4th century onwards, of smaller private Masses for smaller groups of believers. These masses were often celebrated in thecatacombs, for the deceased or on a special anniversary. An example is provided bySaint Augustine:

Hesperius, of a tribunitian family, ... finding that his family, his cattle, and his servants were suffering from the malice of evil spirits, he asked our presbyters, during my absence, that one of them would go with him and banish the spirits by his prayers. One went, offered there the sacrifice of the body of Christ, praying with all his might that that vexation might cease. It did cease immediately, through God's mercy.

Christian practice had been that there was, at most, one Mass in a monastery or parish church each day. At Cluny in the 11th century a lay-brother (conversus) was summoned to serve any priest-monk who wanted to celebrate; rules and obligations, as the reading of a Sequence, during the celebration of the private Masses gradually fell, for reasons of convenience. This history of liturgy shows how "out of the private Mass grew the read Mass – the low Mass".^[6]

In the late Middle Ages, with a growing awareness of the infinite value of the Mass, came a growing desire to multiply its celebration. Spiritual, as well as material reasons were at hand. The most pronounced result of the multiplying of Masses was the increase in low Masses, since most of them were for private requests and had no public character. This trend to the private and the subjective, to an independence from the grand order of things was also displayed in another abuse, namely, setting aside the arrangement of the ecclesiastical year and confining oneself to Votive Masses either chosen at will or arranged according to the rules of the Mass series.^[7] Over time it became necessary for a variety of reasons to celebrate more than one on the same day. It also became customary for monasteries to ordain most of their monks, though originally monks were almost all laymen, and for everypriest to say a daily Mass. For a while,concelebration, whereby several priests took a full priestly part in offering Mass, provided all with the possibility to celebrate Mass each day, but this custom died out. Low Mass is considered to be a necessity that falls short of the ideal, which isSolemn Mass.

The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 describes the result as follows:

[…] concelebration was in the early Middle Ages replaced by separate private celebrations. No doubt the custom of offering each Mass for a special intention helped to bring about this change. The separate celebrations then involved the building of many altars in one church and the reduction of the ritual to the simplest possible form. The deacon and subdeacon were in this case dispensed with; the celebrant took their part as well as his own. One server took the part of the choir and of all the other ministers, everything was said instead of being sung, the incense and kiss of peace were omitted. So we have the well-known rite of low Mass (missa privata). This then reacted on high Mass (missa solemnis), so that at high Mass too the celebrant himself recites everything, even though it be also sung by the deacon, subdeacon, or choir.

By the end of the Middle Ages, critics had grown more numerous, and mystics, such asNicholas of Cusa, or bishops, attempted a spiritual and disciplinary reform, to avoid scandals of botched Masses and abuse ofstipends. A special work ofMartin Luther's deals with "the abomination of the low Mass called the canon" (Von dem Greuel der Stillmesse so man Canon nennet, 1524). His criticisms were such that priests, who had been living on Mass stipends, could no longer do so as easily, even in staunchly Catholic areas as theArchbishopric of Salzburg.^[8]

TheCouncil of Trent was concerned above all with the "Low Mass" (that is, with a liturgy that was recited and not sung), which had become the ordinary form of the Eucharistic celebration in the parishes. TheRoman Missal revised after the Council of Trent appears as a work that defines, above all, the rituals of "Low Mass" or the "private Mass". Some have argued that in giving priority to the "Low Mass", a practice developed of making the Eucharistic celebration an act of private devotion by the priest, whereas the faithful were simply invited to attend the Mass and to unite their prayers with it as sincerely as possible as a certain individualism developed alongside thedevotio moderna.^[9]

Those who during theCounter-Reformation attempted to rebuild religious life had to look for different ways and means to enable the faithful to participate in a devout manner. One of the ways was to encourage vocal prayer during Mass, to meditate on the mysteries of the life of Christ by praying theRosary, a practise which had existed locally since the Middle Ages, but which become popular under the influence of the popular missions organized by theJesuits.^[10] The GermanSingmesse, which added sung hymns to the Low Mass, gradually won great popularity, to the place that it began to take over the Solemn Mass.^[11]

By the mid-20th century, a new form of the Low Mass, themissa dialogata, appeared as a new mode of encouraging the participation of the faithful. In the Low Mass, the alternation of functions between priest, lector, singing choir and people had been leveled off to a uniform speaking by the priest alone. However, the Low Mass had acquired such a great preponderance over the various forms of high Mass that without further ado it was used as the groundwork for the development of the dialogue Mass. In essentials nevertheless, the High Mass had to set the norm. Various local churches went in various directions and the so-calledBetsingmesse ("pray and sing mass") very quickly gained recognition since its first trial use at the Vienna Catholic Day in 1933.^[12] No changes affected theMissale Romanum, neither its texts nor its rubrics, as the changes concerned the participation of the faithful solely.

TheTridentine Mass defined officially in theCode of Rubrics included in the 1962 edition of theRoman Missal is a Mass in which the priest does not chant the parts that the rubrics assign to him.<refn>"Missarum species duae sunt:Missa in cantu etMissa lecta. Missa diciturin cantu, si sacerdos celebrans partes ab ipso iuxta rubricas cantandas revera cantu profert: secus diciturlecta; "Masses are of two kinds:sung Masses (in cantu) andlow Masses (Missa lecta))."^[2]: 271 </refn>

Catholic writer Stratford Caldecott has suggested that the Low Mass is so influential it may now be considered the real model of the post-Vatican II Mass.^[13]

In 2007Pope Benedict XVI introduced an optional novelty into the traditional Low Mass: in Masses with a congregation celebrated according to the1962 Missal, the vernacular language, and notLatin alone, may be used in proclaiming the Scripture readings, provided that the translation used comes from an edition approved by the Holy See.^[14]

"Private Mass" (in Latin,Missa privata orsecreta, familiaris, peculiaris),^[15] which is now understood as Mass celebrated without a congregation (sine populo), formerly meant any Low Mass, even with a large congregation.^[16][17][18] In editions of theRoman Missal earlier than that of 1962, "Missa privata" was still contrasted with "Missa solemnis".^[19] In 1960Pope John XXIII, who in 1962 removed from the Roman Missal the section headedRubricae generales Missalis, replacing it with hisCode of Rubrics, decried use of the term "Missa privata": "The most sacred Sacrifice of the Mass celebrated according to the rites and regulations is an act of public worship offered to God in the name of Christ and the Church. Therefore, the term 'private Mass' should be avoided."^[20] When applied to Low Mass in general, the wordprivata indicated that that form of Mass wasdeprived of certain ceremonies.^[21]

The Eucharistic celebration is "one single act of worship" but consists of different elements, which always include "the proclamation of the Word of God; thanksgiving to God the Father for all his benefits, above all the gift of his Son; the consecration of bread and wine, which signifies also our own transformation into the body of Christ;^[22] and participation in the liturgical banquet by receiving the Lord's body and blood".^[23]

Low Mass, celebrated in exactly the same way whether a congregation is present or not, was the most common form of Mass before 1969. In the 1970 edition of theRoman Missal a distinction^[24] was made between Mass celebrated with a congregation and Mass celebrated without a congregation.^[25] No such distinction was made in earlier (Tridentine) editions of the Roman Missal, which only distinguished betweenSolemn Mass and Low Mass (calling the latterMissa lecta or, as in theRubricae generales Missalis included in pre-1962 editions,Missa privata).

The structure of the Tridentine Low Mass was generally the same as that of theSolemn High Mass. However, prayers after Mass, including the Leonine prayers, were added. The main celebrant is not assisted by adeacon norsubdeacon, nor is he answered by a choir, but one or two altar servers follow their duties as acolytes, and answer the responses in Latin. All prayers are recited and no singing is expected. The incensement rite is not included. The faithful were expected to kneel for most of the Mass, except for the proclamation of theGospel.^[26]

Originally, Low Mass was sung in monotone. Thus we read of priests in the Middle Ages going tosing their "Missa privata" or "Low Mass". This custom of singing died out in the 18th century. Much of the Tridentine Low Mass is said in a voice audible only to the celebratingpriest and the server(s).

TheFrench andGermans evolved the concept of accompanying Low Mass with music as an aid to the devotion of the faithful, thus giving rise to theFrench Organ Mass and theDeutsche Singmesse. Also Messe basse, the French translation of Low Mass, was used to indicate Mass compositions, e.g.Fauré'sMesse basse.

In 1922, theHoly See granted approval to theDialogue Mass, which enabled the faithful to speak, with the server, theLatin responses of the Tridentine Mass and to recite the parts that they were permitted to sing at aMissa Cantata, as well as the triple"Domine non sum dignus" that the priest said as part of the rite of Communion of the faithful, which, though not envisaged in theOrdinary of the Mass until after theSecond Vatican Council, could be inserted into the celebration of Mass.

All Souls Day is the only non-Sunday, non-Holy Day in the Church Year on which a priest is permitted to celebrate three Masses. The Tridentine Missal contains three distinct sets of Mass Propers to be celebrated, should a priest be able to celebrate all three Masses. Note that no matter how many Masses are celebrated, the faithful may receive Holy Communion at no more than two Masses per day.

At a Pontifical Low Mass, i.e. a Low Mass celebrated by a bishop, in addition to the two servers that you find at any typical low Mass, there are also two priest-attendants to the bishop that assist him, reminding us that a bishop retains the fullness of holy orders. Instead of amitre, abiretta is used by the prelate.^[27]

Before the Second Vatican Council, at a Papal Low Mass (which was usually celebrated at a portable altar set up in one of the rooms of theApostolic Palace and is distinct from the private Mass the Pope said in his private chapel), the Pope was assisted by two bishops and four papal Masters of Ceremonies. Chamberlains (cubicularii) served as torchbearers. The pontifical canon was used, as was thebugia. Vesting and unvesting at the altar is another peculiarity of Pontifical Low Mass.^[28]

The Three Low Masses (Les Trois Messes basses) is a Christmas story byAlphonse Daudet, published in 1875 in theTales of Monday and integrated in 1879 in the collection of theLetters from my Windmill. The story is at the end of the eighteenth century, in an imaginary Provençal castle. Pleasant and irreverent, tinged with fantasy, it depicts a priest guilty of the sin of gluttony. Tempted by the devil who, in the guise of his young sexton, has described to him in great detail the exquisite menu of New Year's Eve, he sends off three Christmas Masses to rush more quickly to the table. God punishes his offense: before going to heaven, he will have to recite, for a century, in the company of his faithful culprits, a service of the Nativity, or three hundred low masses.

However, the Christmas Low Masses are a goof as the rubrics extended the privilege of three sung Masses from the Pope to all the clergy, and in no case applied to the Low Mass. The three stational Masses celebrated by the Pope in Rome extended to three Christmas Masses to be sung, not without interruption: that of the day,solemnissima,; that of the night,valde solemnis,; that of daybreak,minus solemnis and resulted of a duplicate of the feast of the Epiphanies in Jerusalem.^[29] The privilege of celebrating at night did not extend, except indult, to private Masses, i.e. low Masses; the contrary custom was an abuse and was condoned.^[30]

A French-languagefilm with the same title was made in 1954 byMarcel Pagnol.

• A Manual of the Ceremonies of Low Mass - Compiled and arranged by The Rev. L Kuenzel, 1923
• The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden Service Book including the orders for High and Low Mass

• Video tutorial of Low Mass with over 500 photos and accompanying liturgical texts
• Video of a Low Mass offered by an FSSP priest in North America on the Feast of the Transfiguration
• Video of the same Low Mass as above, but with a voice-over meditation taken from the writings of St. Peter Julian Eymard(alternate host)
• Another video of a Low Mass

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