Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known asthe Quarrelsome (French:le Hutin), wasKing of France from 1314 andKing of Navarre (asLouis I) from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom and readmitted Jews into the kingdom. His short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralisation reforms initiated during the reign of his father byGrand ChamberlainEnguerrand de Marigny.
Louis' first wife,Margaret, was implicated in theTour de Nesle affair. She was found guilty of infidelity and imprisoned until her death in August 1315. Louis marriedClémence of Hungary the same year, but the king died in 1316 leaving his wife pregnant. Queen Clémence gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king asJohn I, but the infant lived only five days. Louis' brother Philip, Count of Poitiers, succeeded John to becomePhilip V of France.
Louis was born in Paris, the eldest son ofPhilip IV of France andJoan I of Navarre.[2] He inherited thekingdom of Navarre on the death of his mother, on 2 April 1305, and was crowned on 1 October 1307.[3] On 21 September 1305, at age 15, he marriedMargaret of Burgundy and they had a daughter,Joan.[2] Louis was known as "the Quarreler",[4] "the Quarrelsome",[5] as the result of the tensions prevailing throughout his reigns.
Both Louis and Margaret became involved in theTour de Nesle affair towards the end of Philip's reign. In 1314, Margaret,Blanche andJoan — the latter two being the wives of Louis' brothersCharles andPhilip, respectively — were arrested on charges of infidelity.[6] Margaret and Blanche were both tried before the Frenchparlement later that year and found guilty. Their alleged lovers were executed, and the women had their hair shorn and were sentenced to life imprisonment.[6] Philip stood by his wife Joan, who was ultimately found innocent and released. Margaret would be imprisoned at Chateau Gaillard in Normandy.[6]
On the death of his father in 1314, Louis became King of France. Margaret of Burgundy would not be released from imprisonment or crowned, but as his wife, she technically became Queen of France. Without an incumbent pope, Louis could not annul his marriage. The imprisoned Queen of France died on 14 August 1315 and Louis remarried five days later, on 19 August toClémence of Hungary,[2] the daughter ofCharles Martel of Anjou and the niece of Louis' own uncle and close advisor,Charles of Valois. Louis and Clémence werecrowned atReims in August 1315.[7]
In 1305, Louis marriedMargaret of Burgundy, with whom he had a daughter,Joan II of Navarre. Margaret was later convicted ofadultery, was imprisoned inChâteau Gaillard, caught a cold and died in 1315,[6] although another source states that she was strangled to death.[8] In 1315, Louis marriedClémence of Hungary, who gave birth toJohn I of France five months after the king's death. The infant John's death a few days later led to a disputed succession.[9][10] With an unknown woman, Louis had a daughter, Eudeline, who joined the Order of St. Claire[11] and became the abbess of the Franciscan nuns of Paris, 1334-1339.[12][a]
Louis was king ofNavarre for eleven years and king of France for less than two years. His reign was dominated by continual feuding with the noble factions within the kingdom, and major reforms designed to increase royal revenues, such as the freeing of the Frenchserfs and the readmittance of the Jews.
By the end of Philip IV's reign opposition to the fiscal reforms was growing. With Philip's death and the accession of Louis, this opposition rapidly developed into more open revolt, some authors citing Louis' relative youth as one of the reasons behind the timing of the rebellions.[13] Leagues of regional nobles began to form around the country, demanding changes.[14]Charles of Valois took advantage of this movement to turn against his old enemy, Philip IV's former minister andchamberlainEnguerrand de Marigny, and convinced Louis to bring corruption charges against him. When these failed, Charles then convinced Louis to bringsorcery charges against him instead, which proved more effective and led to de Marigny's execution atVincennes in April 1315.[15] Other former ministers were similarly prosecuted.[16] This, combined with the halting of Philip's reforms, the issuing of numerous charters of rights[16] and a reversion to more traditional rule, largely assuaged the regional leagues.[14]
In July 1315, Louis X issued an edict effectively abolishing serfdom in the royal domain.[17] As a way of raising revenues, for his war against Flanders,[18] and having alighted on a reform of Frenchserfdom as a way of achieving this, he declared that French serfs would be freed, although each serf would have to purchase his freedom. A body of commissioners was established to undertake the reform, establishing thepeculium, or value, of each serf.[19] For serfs owned directly by the King, all of thepeculium would be received by the Crown; for serfs owned by subjects of the King, the amount would be divided between the Crown and the owner.
Louis receiving a diploma from the Jews, whom he readmitted to France under strict terms. Painting made in 14th century.
Louis was also responsible for a key shift in policy towards the Jews. In 1306, his father, Philip IV, had expelled the Jewish minority from across France, a "shattering" event for most of these communities.[20] Louis began to reconsider this policy, motivated by the additional revenues that might be forthcoming to the Crown if the Jews were allowed to return.[20] Accordingly, Louis issued a charter in 1315, readmitting the Jews subject to various conditions.[21] The Jews would be admitted back into France for only twelve years, after which the agreement might be terminated; Jews were to wear an armband at all times; Jews could live only in those areas where there had been Jewish communities previously; Jews were initially to be forbidden fromusury.[22] This was the first time that French Jews had been covered by such a charter, and Louis was careful to justify his decision with reference to the policies of his ancestorSaint Louis IX, the position ofPope Clement V and an argument that the people of France had demanded a return of the Jews.[20] The result was a much-weakened Jewish community that depended directly upon the King for their right of abode and protection.[20]
Louis campaigning inFlanders, where he sought a military solution to the ongoing problem of the "immensely wealthy", quasi-autonomous province of France. Painting circa 15th century.
Louis X continued the effort of his predecessor to achieve a military solution to the vexing problem ofFlanders. The count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state"[23] which enjoyed a largely autonomous existence on the margins of the French realm; French kings claimed to exercisesuzerainty over Flanders, but heretofore with little success.[23] Philip IV had attempted to assert royal overlordship, but his army, led byRobert II of Artois, had been defeated atCourtrai in 1302;[23] despite a later French victory at theBattle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained testy and unsettled.
Louis mobilised an army along the Flemish border, but the French position rapidly became strained by the demands of maintaining a wartime footing. Louis had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315. This proved challenging to enforce, and the king had to pressure officers of the Church in the borderlands,[24] as well asEdward II of England, to support his effort to prevent Spanish merchant vessels from trading with the embargoed Flemish.[25] An unintended result of the embargo was the rise of smuggling activities that reduced the advantage (and consequently the amount) of trading in compliance with royal restrictions in the border region. Louis was also forced to requisition food directly for his forces, resulting in a series of complaints from local lords and the Church.[26]
Louis was a keen player ofjeu de paume, orreal tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".[27] In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.[27] On 5 June 1316 atVincennes, following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of eitherpneumonia orpleurisy, although there were also suspicions of poisoning.[28] Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis is history's first tennis player known by name.[29] He and his second wife Clémence are interred inSaint Denis Basilica.
Louis' second wife Clémence was pregnant at the time of his death, leaving the succession in doubt. A son would have primacy over Louis' daughter,Joan.[30] A daughter, however, would have a weaker claim to the throne, and would need to compete with Joan's own claims, although suspicions hung over Joan's parentage following the scandal of 1314.[31] As a result, Louis' brotherPhilip was appointed regent for the five months remaining until the birth of his brother's child,John I, who lived only five days. Philip then succeeded in pressing his claims to the crowns of France and Navarre.
All monarchs of Navarre from 1328 onwards were descended from Louis through his daughter, Joan, includingJeanne d'Albret, the mother ofHenry IV of France, and therefore the entire royalHouse of Bourbon.
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