Mountbatten later held senior posts in the post‑war armed forces, serving asFirst Sea Lord and then asChief of the Defence Staff. He remained closely associated with the royal family throughout his life and acted as a mentor to his great‑nephew, the futureKing Charles III. Beyond his official duties, he was active in international education, naval and sporting organisations, and a range of charitable and cultural initiatives.
His career and reputation have been the subject of considerable debate. Admirers highlighted his energy, charm, and administrative ability, while critics accused him of vanity, self‑promotion, and flawed judgement, particularly in relation to thepartition of India and his wartime assessments inSouth East Asia. His private life attracted scrutiny, and after his death allegations of sexual abuse were made, some of which were dismissed by official inquiries.
Mountbatten's nickname among family and friends was "Dickie"; although "Richard" was not among his given names. His great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had originally suggested "Nicky", but as the name was already widely used within the Russian imperial family (particularly for Nicholas II), it was altered to "Dickie" to avoid confusion.[5]
At the age of 16, Mountbatten was posted asmidshipman to thebattlecruiserHMS Lion in July 1916 and, after seeing action in August, transferred to the battleshipHMS Queen Elizabeth during the closing phases of theFirst World War.[7] In June 1917, when the royal family abandoned their German names and titles and adopted the more British-sounding "Windsor", Mountbatten acquired thecourtesy title appropriate to a younger son of a marquess, becoming known asLord Louis Mountbatten (Lord Louis for short) until he was created a peer in his own right in 1946.[10] He paid a ten-day visit to the Western Front in July 1918.[11]
While still an acting-sub-lieutenant, Mountbatten was appointedfirst lieutenant (second-in-command) of theP-class sloop HMS P. 31 on 13 October 1918 and was confirmed as asubstantive sub-lieutenant on 15 January 1919. HMS P. 31 took part in the Peace River Pageant on 4 April 1919. Mountbatten attendedChrist's College, Cambridge, for two terms from October 1919, studying English literature (includingJohn Milton andLord Byron) in a programme designed to augment the education of junior officers whose studies had been curtailed by the war.[12][13] He was elected for a term to the Standing Committee of theCambridge Union Society and was suspected of sympathy for theLabour Party, then emerging as a potential party of government for the first time.[14]
Prince Edward with his staff all wearing kimono during the Pacific visit to Japan in 1922. (Mountbatten standing, first from left). TheRising Sun Flag in the background.
Mountbatten was posted to the battlecruiserHMS Renown in March 1920 and accompaniedEdward, Prince of Wales, on a royal tour of Australia.[10] He was promoted lieutenant on 15 April 1920.[15] HMS Renown returned to Portsmouth on 11 October 1920.[16] Early in 1921, Royal Navy personnel were deployed for civil defence duties asserious industrial unrest appeared imminent, and Mountbatten was required to command a platoon of stokers inNorthern England, many of whom had never handled a rifle before.[16] He transferred to the battlecruiserHMS Repulse in March 1921 and again accompanied the Prince of Wales, this time on a royal tour of India and Japan.[10][17] Edward and Mountbatten formed a close friendship during the trip.[10] Mountbatten survived the deep defence cuts known as theGeddes Axe; fifty-two percent of the officers of his year had left the Royal Navy by the end of 1923. Although he was highly regarded by his superiors, it was rumoured that wealthy and well-connected officers were more likely to be retained.[18] He was posted to the battleshipHMS Revenge in theMediterranean Fleet in January 1923.[10]
In 1934, Mountbatten received his first command, the destroyerHMS Daring.[10] He was tasked with sailing the new ship to Singapore and exchanging her for the older destroyerHMS Wishart.[10] He successfully broughtWishart back to Malta and then attended thefuneral of George V in January 1936.[22] Mountbatten was appointed a personal navalaide-de-camp to King Edward VIII on 23 June 1936,[23] and, having joined the Naval Air Division of theAdmiralty in July 1936,[24] he attended thecoronation of George VI and Elizabeth in May 1937.[25] He was promotedcaptain on 30 June 1937[26] and was given command of the destroyerHMS Kelly in June 1939.[27]
Within the Admiralty, Mountbatten was known as "The Master of Disaster" for his penchant for getting into difficult situations.[28][29]
Mountbatten inspecting sailors before theBruneval Raid, February 1942
When war broke out in September 1939, Mountbatten became Captain (D) (commander) of the5th Destroyer Flotilla aboard HMSKelly, which soon became noted for its exploits.[24] In late 1939 he brought theDuke of Windsor back from exile in France, and in early May 1940 Mountbatten led a British convoy through fog to evacuate Allied forces participating in theNamsos campaign during theNorwegian campaign.[27]
On the night of 9–10 May 1940,Kelly was torpedoed amidships by a GermanE-boatS 31 off the Dutch coast, and Mountbatten thereafter commanded the 5th Destroyer Flotilla from the destroyerHMS Javelin.[27] On 29 November 1940, the Flotilla engaged three German destroyers offLizard Point, Cornwall. Mountbatten turned to port to match a German course change, a move described as "a rather disastrous" one,[30] as the directors swung off and lost target, resulting inJavelin being struck by two torpedoes. He rejoinedKelly in December 1940, by which time her torpedo damage had been repaired.[27]
In August 1941, Mountbatten was appointed captain of theaircraft carrierHMS Illustrious, which was inNorfolk, Virginia, for repairs followingaction at Malta in January.[31] During this period of relative inactivity, he paid a flying visit toPearl Harbor, three months before theJapanese attack. Mountbatten was appalled at the US naval base's lack of preparedness and, drawing on Japan's history of launching wars with surprise attacks, the recent British success at theBattle of Taranto, and the demonstrated effectiveness of aircraft against warships, accurately predicted that the United States would enter the war after a Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.[31][36]
As commander of Combined Operations, Mountbatten and his staff planned the highly successfulBruneval raid, which gained important intelligence and captured part of a GermanWürzburg radar installation, along with one of its technicians, on 27 February 1942. Mountbatten recognised that surprise and speed were essential to securing the radar and concluded that an airborne assault was the only viable method.[38]
After the successes at Bruneval and St Nazaire came the disastrousDieppe Raid of 19 August 1942. Mountbatten was central to the planning and promotion of the assault, which proved a marked failure, with casualties of almost 60%, the great majority of them Canadians. In the aftermath, he became a controversial figure in Canada, and theRoyal Canadian Legion distanced itself from him during later visits.[43] His relations with Canadian veterans, who blamed him for the losses, "remained frosty" after the war.[44]
Mountbatten during his tour of theArakan campaign in Burma in February 1944
Mountbatten claimed that the lessons learned from the Dieppe Raid were necessary for planning the Normandy invasion onD-Day nearly two years later. However, military historians such as Major GeneralJulian Thompson, a formerRoyal Marine, have argued that these lessons should not have required a debacle such as Dieppe to be recognised.[45] Nevertheless, as a direct result of the failings, the British introduced several innovations, most notablyHobart's Funnies, specialised armoured vehicles which, during theNormandy Landings, undoubtedly saved many lives on the three Commonwealth beachheads ofGold,Juno, andSword.[46]
In August 1943, Churchill appointed Mountbatten Supreme Allied Commander,South East Asia Command (SEAC), with promotion to acting fulladmiral.[31] His less practical ideas were sidelined by an experienced planning staff led by Lieutenant-ColonelJames Allason, although some proposals, such as an amphibious assault nearRangoon, reached Churchill before being quashed.[47]
Mountbatten's address on the steps of Singapore'sMunicipal Building after the surrender
British interpreterHugh Lunghi recounted an embarrassing episode during thePotsdam Conference when Mountbatten, hoping for an invitation to visit theSoviet Union, repeatedly attempted to impressJoseph Stalin with his former connections to theRussian imperial family. The attempt fell flat, with Stalin dryly inquiring whether "it was some time ago that he had been there". Lunghi later recalled, "The meeting was embarrassing because Stalin was so unimpressed. He offered no invitation. Mountbatten left with his tail between his legs."[48]
During his time as Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Theatre, Mountbatten's command oversaw therecapture of Burma from the Japanese by General SirWilliam Slim.[49] A personal high point was the receipt of the Japanese surrender in Singapore, when British troops returned to the island to accept the formal capitulation of Japanese forces in the region, led by GeneralItagaki Seishiro on 12 September 1945, in an operation codenamedTiderace.[50] South East Asia Command was disbanded in May 1946, and Mountbatten returned home with the substantive rank ofrear-admiral.[51] That year, he was made aKnight Companion of the Garter and createdViscount Mountbatten of Burma, ofRomsey in theCounty of Southampton, as avictory title for war service. In 1947, he was further createdEarl Mountbatten of Burma andBaron Romsey, of Romsey in the County of Southampton.[52][53]
Following the war, Mountbatten largely shunned the Japanese out of respect for his men killed during the conflict, and, in accordance with his will, Japan was not invited to send diplomatic representatives to his funeral in 1979. He did, however, meet EmperorHirohito during the latter's state visit to Britain in 1971, reportedly at the urging of the Queen.[54]
Mountbatten's experience in the region, and in particular his perceivedLabour sympathies at the time, together with his wife's longstanding friendship and collaboration withV. K. Krishna Menon, led Menon to put forward Mountbatten's name alone as a viceregal candidate acceptable to theIndian National Congress, in clandestine meetings with SirStafford Cripps andClement Attlee.[55] Attlee advised KingGeorge VI to appoint MountbattenViceroy of India on 20 February 1947,[56][57] charging him with overseeing the transition of British India to independence no later than 30 June 1948. Mountbatten's instructions were to avoid partition and preserve a united India as the outcome of thetransfer of power, but he was authorised to adapt to a changing situation in order to secure Britain's prompt withdrawal with minimal reputational damage.[58][59]
Mountbatten arrived in India on 22 March by air fromLondon. That evening, he was taken tohis residence, and two days later he took the viceregal oath. His arrival coincided with large-scale communal riots inDelhi,Bombay, andRawalpindi. Mountbatten concluded that the situation was too volatile to wait even a year before granting independence. Although his advisers favoured a gradual transfer of power, he decided that the only viable course was a quick and orderly handover of power the end of 1947; in his view, any longer risked civil war.[60] Mountbatten also hurried the process so that he could return to the Royal Navy.[61][62]
Mountbatten was fond ofCongress leaderJawaharlal Nehru and his liberal outlook for the country, and, through the efforts of their close mutual friend,Krishna Menon, developed a depth of feeling and intimacy with Nehru that was shared by his wife, Edwina. He felt differently about theMuslim League leaderMuhammad Ali Jinnah, but recognised his influence, stating "If it could be said that any single man held the future of India in the palm of his hand in 1947, that man was Mohammad Ali Jinnah."[62] During his meeting with Jinnah on 5 April 1947,[63] Mountbatten tried to persuade him of the merits of a united India, citing the difficultly of dividing the mixed provinces ofPunjab andBengal, but Jinnah remained unyielding in his goal of establishing aseparate Muslim statecalled Pakistan.[64]
Given the British government's recommendation to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was no longer an achievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.[24] He set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would demonstrate both his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, and would remove any possibility of stalling the process.[65]
Mountbatten's proposed flag for India, consisting of the flag of the Indian National Congressdefaced with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by Nehru, as he felt that the more extremist members of Congress would see the inclusion of the Union Jack on an Indian flag as pandering to the British.[66]
Mountbatten's proposed flag for Pakistan, consisting of the flag of the Muslim Leaguedefaced with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by Jinnah, as he felt that a flag featuring a Christian Cross alongside the Islamic Crescent would be unacceptable to the Muslims of Pakistan.[66]
Among the Indian leaders,Mahatma Gandhi emphatically insisted on maintaining aunited India and for a time successfully rallied support for this goal. During his meeting with Mountbatten, Gandhi asked him to invite Jinnah to form a new central government, but Mountbatten never conveyed Gandhi's proposal to Jinnah.[67] When Mountbatten's accelerated timeline offered the prospect of attaining independence soon, political sentiment shifted. Given Mountbatten's determination, the inability of Nehru andSardar Patel to reach an accommodation with the Muslim League, and Jinnah's obstinacy, allIndian party leaders (except Gandhi) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India,[68] which in turn eased Mountbatten's task. Mountbatten also developed a strong relationship with theIndian princes, who ruled those parts of India not directly under British administration, and his intervention was decisive in persuading the vast majority of them to see the advantages of joining theIndian Union.[69] On one hand, the integration of the princely states can be viewed as a positive aspect of his legacy,[70] but on the other, the refusal ofHyderabad,Jammu, and Kashmir, andJunagadh to join one of the dominions contributed to futurewars between Pakistan and India.[71]
Mountbatten brought forward the date of partition from June 1948 to 15 August 1947.[72] The uncertainty surrounding the future borders promptedMuslims andHindus to move towards areas where they believed they would be in the majority. Both communities were deeply fearful, and the movement of Muslims from the East was matched by a similar movement of Hindus from the West.[73] A boundary committee chaired by SirCyril Radcliffe was charged with drawing the borders of the new nations. With a mandate to leave as many Hindus andSikhs in India, and as many Muslims in Pakistan, as possible, Radcliffeproduced a map that divided the two countries along the Punjab and Bengal borders. This left 14 million people on the "wrong" side of the line, and many fled to "safety" on the other side when the boundaries were announced.[60][74]
Mountbatten withJawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of sovereign India, in Government House. Lady Mountbatten is standing to their left.
When India and Pakistan attained independence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947, Mountbatten was alone in his study at the Viceroy's House, reflecting that for a few minutes more he remained the most powerful man on Earth. At 12 am, as a final act of showmanship, he createdJoan Falkiner, the Australian wife of the Nawab ofPalanpur, a highness — a gesture that was reportedly one of his favourite duties, and one that was annulled at the stroke of midnight.[75]
Notwithstanding the self-promotion of his own role in Indian independence – notably in the television seriesThe Life and Times of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma, produced by his son-in-lawLord Brabourne, and inFreedom at Midnight byDominique Lapierre andLarry Collins, for which he was the principal quoted source – his record is regarded as very mixed. One common view is that he hastened the process of independence unduly and recklessly, foreseeing vast disruption and loss of life and not wanting this to occur on his watch, but thereby helping to bring it about indirectly, especially in Punjab and Bengal.[76]John Kenneth Galbraith, the Canadian-AmericanHarvard University economist who advised Indian governments during the 1950s and, as an intimate of Nehru, served as the American ambassador from 1961 to 1963, was a particularly harsh critic of Mountbatten in this regard.[77] Another view, however, is that the British were forced to expedite partition to avoid involvement in a potential civil war, with law and order already breaking down and Britain possessing limited resources after the Second World War.[78][79] According to historian Lawrence James, Mountbatten had no option but to cut and run, the alternative being British involvement in a civil war with no viable exit.[78]
The creation of Pakistan was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.[80] He made clear his lack of support for, and faith in, theMuslim League's idea of Pakistan.[81]Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve asGovernor-General of Pakistan.[82] When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre whether he would have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying oftuberculosis, he replied, "Most probably".[83]
Mountbatten became the firstGovernor-General of independent India on 15 August 1947 at the request of Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru.Life magazine noted of his reception in India that, "The people gathered in the streets to cheer Mountbatten as no European had ever been cheered before."[84]
During his tenure as governor-general, which lasted until 21 June 1948, Mountbatten played a significant role in thepolitical integration of India and persuaded manyprincely states to join the new dominion.[85][86] On his advice, India took the issue of Kashmir to the newly formedUnited Nations in January 1948.[87] Accounts differ on the future Mountbatten desired for Kashmir. Pakistani sources suggest that he favoured theaccession of Kashmir to India, citing his close relationship with Nehru, while Mountbatten's own account states that he simply wantedMaharaja Hari Singh to make a decision. He made several attempts to mediate between the Congress leaders, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Hari Singh on issues relating to accession of Kashmir, though he was largely unsuccessful in resolving the conflict.[88] After thetribal invasion of Kashmir, it was on his suggestion that India secured the state's accession from Hari Singh before sending in military forces for its defence.[89]
After his tenure concluded, Mountbatten continued to enjoy close relations with Nehru and the post-Independence Indian leadership, and he was welcomed as a former governor-general on subsequent visits, including during an official trip in March 1956. The Pakistani government, by contrast, held a negative view of Mountbatten for what it perceived as his hostile attitude towards Pakistan and deemed himpersona non grata, barring him from transiting its airspace during the same visit.[90]
Mountbatten arrives on boardHMS Glasgow at Malta to assume command of the Mediterranean Fleet, 16 May 1952
Mountbatten served his final posting at the Admiralty asFirst Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from April 1955 to July 1959, a position his father had held some forty years earlier. This was the first time in Royal Naval history that a father and son had both attained such high office.[94] He was promoted toAdmiral of the Fleet on 22 October 1956.[95]
During theSuez Crisis of 1956, Mountbatten strongly advised his old friend, Prime MinisterAnthony Eden against theConservative government's plan to seize theSuez Canal in conjunction withFrance and Israel. He argued that such a move would destabilise the Middle East, undermine the authority of the United Nations, divide the Commonwealth, and diminish Britain's global standing. His advice was not taken. Eden insisted that Mountbatten should not resign, and Mountbatten instead worked hard to prepare the Royal Navy for war with characteristic professionalism and thoroughness.[96][97][98]
Despite his military rank, Mountbatten was initially ignorant of the physics involved in a nuclear explosion and had to be reassured that the fission reactions from theBikini Atoll tests would not spread through the oceans and destroy the planet.[99] As he became more familiar with this new form of weaponry, he grew increasingly opposed to its use in combat, while at the same time recognising the potential value of nuclear energy, particularly for submarine propulsion. He later expressed his views on the use of nuclear weapons in his article "A Military Commander Surveys The Nuclear Arms Race", published shortly after his death inInternational Security in the Winter of 1979–1980.[100]
After leaving the Admiralty, Mountbatten becameChief of the Defence Staff.[86] He served in this post for six years, during which he oversaw the consolidation of the three service departments into a singleMinistry of Defence.[101]Ian Jacob, co-author of the 1963Report on the Central Organisation of Defence that underpinned these reforms, described Mountbatten as "universally mistrusted in spite of his great qualities".[102] Following theelection of theWilson ministry in October 1964, the government had to decide whether to renew his appointment the following July. TheDefence Secretary,Denis Healey, interviewed the forty most senior officials in the Ministry of Defence; only one, SirKenneth Strong, a personal friend of Mountbatten, recommended his reappointment.[102] Healey later recalled, "When I told Dickie of my decision not to reappoint him, he slapped his thigh and roared with delight; but his eyes told a different story."[102]
In 1969, he tried unsuccessfully to persuade his second cousin, the Spanish pretenderInfante Juan, Count of Barcelona, to ease the eventual accession of his son,Juan Carlos, to the Spanish throne by signing a declaration of abdication while in exile.[108] The following year, Mountbatten attended an officialWhite House dinner, during which he held a 20-minute conversation withRichard Nixon andSecretary of StateWilliam P. Rogers. He later wrote, "I was able to talk to the President a bit about both Tino [Constantine II of Greece] and Juanito [Juan Carlos of Spain] to try and put over their respective points of view aboutGreece andSpain, and how I felt the US could help them."[108] In January 1971, Nixon hosted Juan Carlos and his wife,Sofia (sister of the exiled King Constantine), during a visit to Washington, and later that yearThe Washington Post published an article alleging that theNixon administration was seeking to persuade Franco to retire in favour of the young Bourbon prince.[108]
From 1967 until 1978, Mountbatten served as president of theUnited World Colleges Organisation, then represented by a single institution:Atlantic College in South Wales. He supported the movement enthusiastically and encouraged heads of state, politicians, and public figures around the world to share his interest. Under his presidency and personal involvement, the United World College of South East Asia was established in Singapore in 1971, followed by theUnited World College of the Pacific inVictoria, British Columbia, in 1974. In 1978, he passed the presidency to his great-nephew,Charles, Prince of Wales.[109]
In 1975, Mountbatten finally visited theSoviet Union, leading the United Kingdom's delegation as the personal representative of QueenElizabeth II at the celebrations marking the 30th anniversary ofVictory Day in the Second World War in Moscow.[113]
Peter Wright, in his 1987 bookSpycatcher, claimed that in May 1968 Mountbatten attended a private meeting with press baronCecil King and the government's Chief Scientific Adviser,Solly Zuckerman. Wright alleged that "up to thirty"MI5 officers had joined a secret campaign to undermine the crisis-strickenLabour government ofHarold Wilson and that King was an MI5 agent. At the meeting, King allegedly urged Mountbatten to lead a government of national salvation. Zuckerman pointed out that such an idea amounted to "rank treachery" and it came to nothing owing to Mountbatten's reluctance to act.[114] In contrast,Andrew Lownie has suggested that it took the intervention of the Queen to dissuade Mountbatten from plotting against Wilson.[115]
In 2006, theBBC documentaryThe Plot Against Harold Wilson alleged that there had been another plot involving Mountbatten to oust Wilson during his second term in office (1974–1976). The period was characterised by high inflation, rising unemployment, and widespread industrial unrest. The alleged plot centred on right-wing former military figures who were supposedly building private armies to counter what they perceived as threats from trade unions and the Soviet Union. They believed that the Labour government was unable or unwilling to address these developments and that Wilson was either a Soviet agent or, at the very least, acommunist sympathiser – claims Wilson strongly denied. The documentary makers alleged that a coup was planned to overthrow Wilson and replace him with Mountbatten, using these private armies and sympathisers within the military and MI5.[116]
The first official history of MI5,The Defence of the Realm (2009), implied that there had indeed been a plot against Wilson and that MI5 maintained a file on Mountbatten. However, it also made clear that any such activity was entirely unofficial and centred on a small group of discontented officers. This had already been confirmed by formercabinet secretaryLord Hunt, who concluded in a secret inquiry in 1996 that "there is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5 ... a lot of them like Peter Wright who were right-wing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government."[117]
Mountbatten was married on 18 July 1922 toEdwina Cynthia Annette Ashley, daughter ofWilfred William Ashley, later 1st Baron Mount Temple, himself a grandson ofAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. She was the favourite granddaughter of the Edwardian magnate SirErnest Cassel and the principal heir to his fortune. The couple spent heavily on households, luxuries, and entertainment.[10] Their honeymoon included a tour of European royal courts and North America, with a visit toNiagara Falls (because "all honeymooners went there").[5] During their stay in California, the newlyweds appeared in a silent home movie byCharlie Chaplin, calledNice And Friendly, which was not shown in cinemas.[118][119]
Mountbatten later admitted: "Edwina and I spent all our married lives getting into other people's beds."[120] He maintained an affair for several years withYola Letellier,[121] the wife of Henri Letellier, publisher ofLe Journal and mayor ofDeauville (1925–28).[122] Yola Letellier's life story was the inspiration forColette's novelGigi.[121]
After Edwina's death in 1960, Mountbatten was involved in relationships with young women, according to his daughter Patricia, his secretary John Barratt, hisvalet Bill Evans, andWilliam Stadiem, an employee ofMadame Claude.[123] He also had a long-running affair with American actressShirley MacLaine, whom he met in the 1960s.[124]
Due to Edwina's considerable inheritance, the couple were extremely wealthy during their married life. Following the death of her maternal grandfather,Sir Ernest Cassel, in 1921, Edwina received a life-interest trust fund comprising 25/64 of Cassel's residuary estate.[125] Cassel's gross estate had been valued at approximately £7,330,000, from which £2,900,000 in death duties were paid. After taxes and other expenses, the net value of the trust fund Edwina received from her grandfather's will was approximately £1,600,000.[125]
In contrast to his new wife's extreme wealth, Mountbatten's salary as aRoyal Navylieutenant[126] was £310 a year (equivalent to £16,400 in 2023),[127] which was doubled by his private income.[128] Edwina later inherited the country seat ofBroadlands, Hampshire, from her father, Lord Mount Temple.[129]
Mountbatten would later confide to his elder daughter that he and Edwina sometimes struggled to spend their £60,000 post-tax annual income during the early years of their marriage.[130] Increases in income tax rates during the 1920s and 1930s reduced their post-tax income closer to £40,000 in the years before the Second World War.[131]
Upon Mountbatten's appointment as Supreme Allied Commander in South East Asia during the later stages of the war, his salary was £6,000, upon which he paid £2,400 in Indian income tax. He was also granted a £1,500 entertainment allowance, bringing his net employment income to £5,100.[132]
By the end of the Second World War, the highest rate of income tax in Great Britain had risen to 19s 6d in the pound (97.5%), reducing the post-tax income they enjoyed from Edwina's fund to £4,500. The Mountbattens sought aPrivate members' bills in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and in 1949 the"Mountbatten Estate Bill" was introduced to amend the terms of Edwina's trust fund by removing the restrictions her grandfather's will placed on her borrowing against the capital assets or anticipating future income. The justification for the bill was that Lord and Lady Mountbatten undertook an exceptionally large number of public duties, which they argued placed a significant drain on their private wealth. In an address to the House of Lords committee, Edwina's representative, Sir Walter Monckton KC, noted that she had enjoyed a post-tax income of about £40,000 prior to the war.[131]
Following Edwina's death in 1960, her gross personal estate was valued at £589,655, with a net value of £478,618.[133] Death duties of £333,153 were levied on her personal estate; Mountbatten reportedly complained to friends that his net inheritance from his wife's estate amounted to about one shilling on the pound (5%).[134]
Following his own death in 1979, Mountbatten's estate was valued for probate purposes at £2,196,494 (equivalent to £14,000,000 in 2023).[135]
Lord and Lady Mountbatten had two daughters:Patricia Knatchbull (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017),[136] who served at times as lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II, andLady Pamela Hicks (born 19 April 1929), who accompanied her parents to India in 1947–1948 and also served as a lady-in-waiting to the Queen.[3]
As Mountbatten had no sons when he was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, on 27 August 1946,[137] and subsequently Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Baron Romsey, in the County of Southampton, on 18 October 1947,[138] theLetters Patent were drafted so that, in the event he left no sons or male-line issue, the titles could pass to his daughters in order of seniority.[53]
Mountbatten was passionate aboutgenealogy, an interest he shared with other European royalty and nobility; according to Ziegler, he spent a great deal of his leisure time studying his links with European royal houses.[139] From 1957 until his death, he served as Patron of theCambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society.[140] He was equally enthusiastic about orders, decorations, and military ranks and uniforms, though he regarded this interest as a sign of vanity and tried, with limited success, to distance himself from it.[141] Throughout his career, Mountbatten consistently sought to secure as many orders and decorations as possible.[142] Particular about details of dress, he took an interest in fashion design, introducing trouser zips, a tail-coat with broad, high lapels, and a "buttonless waistcoat" that could be pulled on over the head.[143] In 1949, having relinquished the office ofGovernor-General of India but retaining a keen interest in Indian affairs, he designed new flags, insignia, and details of uniforms for theIndian Armed Forces ahead of the transition from British dominion to republic; many of his designs were implemented and remain in use.[144]
Like many members of the royal family, Mountbatten was an aficionado ofpolo. He introduced the sport to the Royal Navy in the 1920s and wrote a book on the subject.[5] He received US patent 1,993,334 in 1931 for a polo stick.[145] He also served as Commodore of Emsworth Sailing Club inHampshire from 1931,[146] and was a long-serving Patron of theSociety for Nautical Research (1951–1979).[147] Apart from official documents, he was not much of a reader, though he enjoyed the works ofP. G. Wodehouse. He also liked the cinema; his favourite stars includedFred Astaire,Rita Hayworth,Grace Kelly, andShirley MacLaine. In general, however, he had a limited interest in the arts.[141]
Mountbatten was a strong influence in the upbringing of his great-nephew, the future KingCharles III, and later acted as a mentor. "Honorary Grandfather" and "Honorary Grandson", they fondly called each other according toJonathan Dimbleby's biography of the then-Prince, though both the Ziegler biography of Mountbatten and Dimbleby's account suggest that the results of this mentorship were mixed. From time to time, he strongly upbraided the Prince for showing tendencies towards the idle, pleasure-seeking dilettantism of his predecessor as Prince of Wales, KingEdward VIII, whom Mountbatten had known well in their youth. Yet he also encouraged Charles to enjoy the bachelor life while he could, and then to marry a young and inexperienced girl so as to ensure a stable married life.[148]
His qualification for offering advice to this particular heir to the throne was unique. It was Mountbatten who had arranged the visit of KingGeorge VI and QueenElizabeth toDartmouth Royal Naval College on 22 July 1939, taking care to include the young Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret in the invitation, and assigning his nephew,CadetPrince Philip of Greece, to keep them amused while their parents toured the facility. This was the first recorded meeting of Charles's future parents.[149] A few months later, however, his efforts nearly came to naught when he received a letter from his sisterAlice inAthens informing him that Philip was visiting her and had agreed torepatriate permanently toGreece. Within days, Philip received a command from his cousin and sovereign, KingGeorge II of Greece, to resume his naval career in Britain which, though given without explanation, the young prince obeyed.[150]
In 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to his granddaughter,Amanda Knatchbull, who was also Charles's second cousin.[151] Around this time, he also recommended that the 25-year-old prince get on with "sowing some wild oats".[151] Charles dutifully wrote to Amanda's mother (who was also his godmother and his father's first cousin),Lady Brabourne, expressing his interest. Her reply was supportive but advised that she thought her daughter still rather young to becourted.[152]
In February 1975, Charles visited New Delhi to playpolo and was shown aroundRashtrapati Bhavan, the former Viceroy's House, by Mountbatten.[153]
Four years later, Mountbatten secured an invitation for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his planned 1980 tour of India.[152] Their fathers promptly objected. Prince Philip believed that the Indian public's reception would more likely reflect their response to the uncle than to the nephew.Lord Brabourne counselled that the intense scrutiny of the press would be more likely to drive Mountbatten's godson and granddaughter apart than together.[152]
Charles was rescheduled to tour India alone, but Mountbatten did not live to the planned date of departure. When Charles finally proposed marriage to Amanda later in 1979, the circumstances had changed and she refused him.[152]
In 2019, Ron Perks, Mountbatten's driver inMalta in 1948, alleged that Mountbatten had visited the Red House, an upmarket gay brothel inRabat used by naval officers.[154]Andrew Lownie, a fellow of theRoyal Historical Society, wrote that the United StatesFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) maintained files concerning Mountbatten's alleged homosexuality.[155] Lownie also interviewed several young men who claimed to have been in a relationship with Mountbatten. John Barratt, Mountbatten's personal and private secretary for twenty years,[156] stated that Mountbatten was not homosexual and that it would have been impossible for such a fact to have been concealed from him.[123]
In 2019, files became public showing that the FBI had been aware in the 1940s of allegations that Mountbatten was homosexual and apaedophile.[157][158] The FBI file on Mountbatten, begun after he became Supreme Allied Commander in Southeast Asia in 1944, described Mountbatten and his wife Edwina as "persons of extremely low morals", and included a claim by American authorElizabeth, Baroness Decies, that Mountbatten was known to be a homosexual and had "a perversion for young boys".[155][159] Norman Nield, Mountbatten's driver from 1942 to 1943, told the tabloidNew Zealand Truth that he had transported young boys aged eight to twelve who had been procured for Mountbatten to his official residence, and that he had been paid to keep quiet.Robin Bryans also claimed, in the Irish magazineNow, that Mountbatten andAnthony Blunt, among others, were part of a ring that engaged in homosexual orgies and procured boys in their first year at public schools such asPortora Royal School inEnniskillen. Former residents of theKincora Boys' Home inBelfast have asserted that they were trafficked to Mountbatten atClassiebawn Castle, his residence inMullaghmore, County Sligo.[160][161][162] These claims were dismissed by theNorthern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry (HIA).[163][123] The HIA stated that the article making the original allegations "did not give any basis for the assertions that any of these people [Mountbatten and others] were connected with Kincora".[163]
In October 2022, Arthur Smyth, a former resident of Kincora, waived his anonymity to make allegations of child abuse against Mountbatten.[164] The allegations form part of a civil case against state authorities responsible for the care of children in Kincora.[164] Smyth claims that he was raped twice by Mountbatten in encounters facilitated by the house father of Kincora.[165] In 2025, journalist Chris Moore published a book,Kincora: Britain's Shame, in which he detailed allegations by five men that Mountbatten had raped them when they were children in Kincora.[166]
Instead of writing a memoir, Mountbatten presented a television series. Produced byThames Television forITV[167] in 1969, the 12-episode documentaryThe Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten retraced his life and the major historical events of the century.[168]
On 27 April 1977, shortly before his 77th birthday, he became the first member of the royal family to appear on the TV guest showThis Is Your Life.[169] In the UK, 22.22 million viewers tuned in to watch the programme.[170]
Mountbatten usually holidayed at his summer home,Classiebawn Castle, on theMullaghmore Peninsula in County Sligo, in the north-west of Ireland. The village lay only 12 miles (19 km) fromthe border withCounty Fermanagh in Northern Ireland and near an area known to be used as a cross-border refuge byIRA members.[171][172] In 1978, the IRA had allegedly attempted to shoot Mountbatten as he was aboard his boat, but poor weather had prevented the sniper from taking his shot.[173]
On 27 August 1979, Mountbatten wentlobster-potting and tuna fishing in his 30-foot (9-metre) wooden boat,Shadow V, which had been moored in the harbour at Mullaghmore.[172] IRA memberThomas McMahon had slipped onto the unguarded vessel the previous night and attached a radio-controlled bomb weighing 50 pounds (23 kg). When the party had taken the boat only a few hundred yards from the shore, the device was detonated. The boat was destroyed by the force of the blast and Mountbatten's legs were all but severed. Then aged 79, he was pulled alive from the water by nearby fishermen, but died from his injuries before reaching the shore.[172][174][175]
Also aboard were his elder daughterPatricia, Lady Brabourne; her husbandLord Brabourne; their twin sons Nicholas and Timothy Knatchbull; Lord Brabourne's motherDoreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne; and Paul Maxwell, a young crew member fromEnniskillen in County Fermanagh.[176] Nicholas (aged 14) and Paul (aged 15) were killed in the explosion, and the others were seriously injured.[177] Doreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne (aged 83), died from her injuries the following day.[94]
The attack prompted outrage and condemnation around the world.[178] Queen Elizabeth II received messages of condolence from leaders including US PresidentJimmy Carter andPope John Paul II.[179] Carter expressed his "profound sadness" at the death.[180] Many in theIrish-American community were appalled by the attack, particularly as many American soldiers had served under Mountbatten during the Second World War.[181][182][183] Jim Rooney, son ofPittsburgh Steelers presidentDan M. Rooney (who co-foundedThe Ireland Funds in 1976), recalled that:
Mountbatten's murder shocked many Irish-Americans, my parents included, because they remembered him for the role he played in defeating theAxis. "It was quite sad because being in America, you were familiar with Lord Mountbatten because of World War II," my mother recalled. "It was a very sad time." But my father didn't give in to despair. "That didn't slow down [my father] one bit. It more or less gave him more energy," my mother said.[181]
No effort will be spared to bring those responsible to justice. It is understood that subversives have claimed responsibility for the explosion. Assuming that police investigations substantiate the claim, I know that the Irish people will join me in condemning this heartless and terrible outrage.[184]
The IRA issued a statement afterward, saying:
The IRA claim responsibility for the execution of Lord Louis Mountbatten. This operation is one of the discriminate ways we can bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country. ... The death of Mountbatten and the tributes paid to him will be seen in sharp contrast to the apathy of the British Government and the English people to the deaths of over three hundred British soldiers, and the deaths of Irish men, women, and children at the hands of their forces.[171][185]
The IRA gave clear reasons for the execution. I think it is unfortunate that anyone has to be killed, but the furor created by Mountbatten's death showed up the hypocritical attitude of the media establishment. As a member of theHouse of Lords, Mountbatten was an emotional figure in both British and Irish politics. What the IRA did to him is what Mountbatten had been doing all his life to other people; and with his war record I don't think he could have objected to dying in what was clearly a war situation. He knew the danger involved in coming to this country. In my opinion, the IRA achieved its objective: people started paying attention to what was happening in Ireland.[186]
Here in India, he will be remembered as a Viceroy and a Governor General who at the time of India's Independence gave us abundantly of his wisdom and goodwill. It was in recognition of our affection for him, respect for his impartiality and regard for his concern for India's freedom that the entire nation readily accepted Lord Mountbatten as the first Governor General of Independent India. His drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our Independence.[187]
In India, a week of national mourning was declared following Mountbatten's death.[188]Burma announced a three-day period of mourning.[189]
In 2015, Adams said in an interview, "I stand over what I said then. I'm not one of those people that engages in revisionism. Thankfully the war is over."[190]
On 5 September 1979, Mountbatten received aceremonial funeral atWestminster Abbey, attended by Queen Elizabeth II, the royal family, and members of the European royal houses. Watched by thousands of people, the funeral procession, which began atWellington Barracks, included representatives of all threeBritish Armed Services and military contingents from Burma, India, the United States (represented by 70 sailors of theUS Navy and 50US Marines[192]), France (represented by theFrench Navy), and Canada. His coffin was drawn on a gun carriage by 118 Royal Navy ratings.[193][194] Mountbatten's funeral was the first major royal funeral to be held in the Abbey since the 18th century.[195] During the televised service, his great-nephew Charles read the lesson fromPsalm 107.[193] In his address, theArchbishop of Canterbury,Donald Coggan, highlighted Mountbatten's various achievements and his "lifelong devotion to the Royal Navy".[196] After the public ceremonies, which he had planned himself, he was buried inRomsey Abbey.[197][198] As part of the funeral arrangements, his body had been embalmed byDesmond Henley.[199]
Two hours before the bomb detonated, Thomas McMahon had been arrested at aGarda checkpoint betweenLongford andGranard on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle. He was tried for the assassinations in Ireland and convicted on 23 November 1979, based on forensic evidence supplied byJames O'Donovan that showed flecks of paint from the boat and traces of nitroglycerine on his clothes.[200] He was released in 1998 under the terms of theGood Friday Agreement.[172][201]
On hearing of Mountbatten's death, the thenMaster of the Queen's Music,Malcolm Williamson, composed theLament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma for violin and string orchestra. The 11-minute work received its first performance on 5 May 1980 by theScottish Baroque Ensemble, conducted by Leonard Friedman.[202]
TheMountbatten Brailler was developed after a bequest in his will was left for the creation of a modern, low cost, portable brailler.[203]
Mountbatten's faults, according to his biographerPhilip Ziegler, like everything else about him, "were on the grandest scale. His vanity though child-like, was monstrous, his ambition unbridled ... He sought to rewrite history with cavalier indifference to the facts to magnify his own achievements."[204] However, Ziegler concludes that Mountbatten's virtues outweighed his defects:[204]
He was generous and loyal ... He was warm-hearted, predisposed to like everyone he met, quick-tempered but never bearing grudges ... His tolerance was extraordinary; his readiness to respect and listen to the views of others was remarkable throughout his life.
Ziegler argues that he was truly a great man, and despite being an executor of policy rather than an initiator, he came to be regarded as its creator.[204]
What he could do with superlative aplomb was to identify the object at which he was aiming, and force it through to its conclusion. A powerful, analytic mind of crystalline clarity, a superabundance of energy, great persuasive powers, endless resilience in the face of setback or disaster rendered him the most formidable of operators. He was infinitely resourceful, quick in his reactions, always ready to cut his losses and start again ... He was an executor of policy rather than an initiator; but whatever the policy, he espoused it with such energy and enthusiasm, made it so completely his own, that it became identified with him and, in the eyes of the outside world as well as his own, his creation.
Others were less conflicted. Field Marshal SirGerald Templer, the formerChief of the Imperial General Staff, once told him, "You are so crooked, Dickie, that if you swallowed a nail, you would shit a corkscrew".[205]
Mountbatten supported the burgeoning nationalist movements that grew up in the shadow of Japanese occupation. His priority was to maintain practical, stable government, but he was driven by an idealism that held that every people should be allowed to control their own destiny. Critics argued that he was too ready to overlook the faults of nationalist groups, particularly their subordination to communist influence. Ziegler writes that in Malaya, where the main resistance to the Japanese came from Chinese groups under considerable communist influence, "Mountbatten proved to have been naïve in his assessment. ... He erred, however, not because he was 'soft on Communism' ... but from an over-readiness to assume the best of those with whom he had dealings." Furthermore, Ziegler argues, he was following a practical policy based on the assumption that it would take a long and bloody struggle to drive the Japanese out, and he needed the support of all the anti-Japanese elements, most of which were either nationalists or communists.[206]
Mountbatten took pride in enhancing intercultural understanding, and in 1984, with his elder daughter as patron, theMountbatten Institute was established to give young adults opportunities to develop intercultural appreciation and experience by spending time abroad.[207] The IET annually awards theMountbatten Medal for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, to the promotion of electronics or information technology and their application.[19]
Mountbatten's personal papers, comprising approximately 250,000 documents and 50,000 photographs, are preserved in theUniversity of Southampton Library.[216]
He was appointedpersonal aide-de-camp by Edward VIII, George VI[241] and Elizabeth II, and therefore bore the unusual distinction of being allowed to wear three royal cyphers on his epaulettes.[242][243]
The arms of the Earl Mountbatten of Burma consist of:
Crest
Crests of Hesse modified and Battenberg.
Helm
Helms of Hesse modified and Battenberg.
Escutcheon
Within the Garter, Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Hesse with a bordure compony argent and gules; 2nd and 3rd, Battenberg; charged at the honour point with an inescutcheon of the British Royal arms with a label of three points argent, the centre point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot sable (Princess Alice, his grandmother).[244]
Supporters
Two Lions queue fourchée and crowned all or.
Motto
In honour bound
Orders
TheOrder of the Garter ribbon. Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame be to him who thinks evil of it)
^Mountbatten's family dropped their princely titles in 1917, after which he was styledLord Louis Mountbatten until 1946. He was styledThe Viscount Mountbatten of Burma from 1946 to 1947.
^abAs Viceroy and Governor-General of India, who was theex officio Grand Master of the order.
^Jalal (1994), p. 250: "These instructions were to avoid partition and obtain an unitary government for British India and the Indian States and at the same time observe the pledges to the princes and the Muslims; to secure agreement to theCabinet Mission plan without coercing any of the parties; somehow to keep theIndian army undivided, and to retain India within theCommonwealth. (Attlee to Mountbatten, 18 March 1947, ibid, 972–974)"
^Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000)."The Real Prince Philip"(TV documentary).Real Lives: Channel 4's portrait gallery. Channel 4.Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved12 May 2007.
^Moore, Chris (2025).Kincora: Britain's Shame - Mountbatten, MI5, the Belfast Boys' Home Sex Abuse Scandal and the British Cover Up. Irish Acedemic Press. pp. 186–226.ISBN9781785375545.
^HARVIE, CHRISTOPHER (1997). "'The Billy Boys': A Concise History of Orangeism in Scotland. By William S. Marshall. Pp. xvii, 214. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. 1996. £12.99".The Scottish Historical Review.76 (2): 295.doi:10.3366/shr.1997.76.2.295.ISSN0036-9241.
^Silvestri, Michael (2009), "An 'Irish Paladin': John Nicholson as an Ulster and Irish Imperial Hero",Ireland and India, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 113–138,doi:10.1057/9780230246812_5,ISBN978-1-349-30368-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
Barratt, John; Ritchie, Jean (1991).With the greatest respect: the private lives of Earl Mountbatten and Prince & Princess Michael of Kent. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.ISBN978-0-283-06098-4.
Murphy, Hugh; Oddy, Derek J. (2010).The Mirror of the Seas: A Centenary History of the Society for Nautical Research. London: Society for Nautical Research.ISBN978-0-902387-01-0.
Wilson, Scott (2016).Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3rd; Kindle ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc.ISBN978-1-4766-2599-7.
Ziegler, Philip, ed. (1988).Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Louis Mountbatten: Supreme Allied Commander South-East Asia, 1943-1946 (1st ed.). London: William Collins Sons & Co.ISBN0-00-217607-6.
Copland, Ian (1993). "Lord Mountbatten and the integration of the Indian states: A reappraisal".Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History.21 (2):385–408.doi:10.1080/03086539308582896.ISSN0308-6534.
Grove, Eric; Rohan, Sally Rohan (1999). "The Limits of Opposition: Admiral Earl Mountbatten of Burma, First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff".Contemporary British History.13 (2):98–116.doi:10.1080/13619469908581531.ISSN1361-9462.
Hough, Richard (1980).Mountbatten: Hero of Our Time. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN978-0-297-77805-9.
Knatchbull, Timothy (2010).From a Clear Blue Sky. London: Arrow.ISBN978-0-09-954358-9.
McLynn, Frank (2011).The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-17836-4.
Moore, R. J. (1981). "Mountbatten, India, and the Commonwealth".Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics.19 (1):5–43.doi:10.1080/14662048108447372.ISSN0306-3631.
Murfett, Malcolm (1995).The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.ISBN978-0-275-94231-1.
Neillands, Robin (2005).The Dieppe Raid: the story of the disastrous 1942 expedition. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.ISBN978-0-253-34781-7.
Nordenvall, Per (1998).Kungl. Serafimerorden 1748–1998 [The Royal Order of the Seraphim 1748–1998] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Kungl. Maj:ts orden.ISBN978-91-630-6744-0.
Ritter, Jonathan Templin (2017).Stilwell and Mountbatten in Burma: Allies at War, 1943–1944. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press.ISBN978-1-57441-674-9.
Smith, Adrian (1991). "Command and Control in Postwar Britain Defence Decision-making in the United Kingdom, 1945-1984".Twentieth Century British History.2 (3):291–327.doi:10.1093/tcbh/2.3.291.
——— (August 2006). "Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema".Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television.26 (3):395–416.doi:10.1080/01439680600799421.S2CID191491309.
1 Following the1857 Sepoy Mutiny.2 As representatives ofGeorge VI in his role as King of India (1947–1950).3 As representatives of George VI and thenElizabeth II in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.
*Not Mountbatten or Battenberg by birth. Adopted the surname Mountbatten from his maternal line on abandoning his patrilineal Greek and Danish princely titles.
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