Louis Freeh | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 5thDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
| In office September 1, 1993 – June 25, 2001 | |
| President | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | William S. Sessions |
| Succeeded by | Thomas J. Pickard (acting) |
| Judge of theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York | |
| In office May 30, 1991 – August 31, 1993 | |
| Appointed by | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Richard J. Daronco |
| Succeeded by | Shira Scheindlin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Louis Joseph Freeh (1950-01-06)January 6, 1950 (age 76) Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 6 |
| Education | |
Louis Joseph Freeh (born January 6, 1950) is an American attorney and former judge who served as the fifthdirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from September 1993 to June 2001.
Graduated fromRutgers University andNew York University School of Law, Freeh began his career as a special agent in the FBI, and was later anAssistant United States Attorney andUnited States district judge for theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York. ARepublican, he was appointed as FBI director by PresidentBill Clinton.[1][2] He is now a lawyer and consultant in the private sector.
Freeh was born January 6, 1950, inJersey City, New Jersey, the son of an Italian-American mother named Bernice (née Chinchiolo), a bookkeeper, and a German-American father named William Freeh Sr., a real estate broker.[3][4] Freeh, a native ofNorth Bergen,[5] graduated fromSaint Joseph of the Palisades High School inWest New York, New Jersey in 1967. He then graduatedPhi Beta Kappa fromRutgers University–New Brunswick with aBachelor of Arts degree in 1971, and received aJuris Doctor degree fromRutgers School of Law–Newark in 1974 and aMaster of Laws degree in criminal law fromNew York University School of Law in 1984.
Freeh was an FBISpecial Agent from 1975 to 1981 in the New York City field office and at FBI Headquarters inWashington, D.C. In 1981, he joined theU.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York as an Assistant United States Attorney. Subsequently, he held positions there as Chief of the Organized Crime Unit, Deputy United States Attorney, and Associate United States Attorney. He was also a first lieutenant in theUnited States Army Reserve.[6][7]
As a youth, Freeh became anEagle Scout in 1963 and in 1995 was awarded theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award by theBoy Scouts of America.[8][9]
A notable case Freeh was associated with was the "Pizza Connection" investigation, in which he was lead prosecutor. The case, prosecuted in the mid-1980s, involved adrug trafficking operation in the United States bySicilian organized crime members who usedpizza parlors as fronts. After a 16-month trial, 17 of 19 defendants were convicted, of which 16 were sentenced.[10] The "Pizza Connection" case was, at the time, the most complex criminal investigation ever undertaken by the U.S. government.[6]
Another notable case Freeh was associated with was the murder trial ofWalter Moody, accused of thepipe bomb assassination of federal judgeRobert Smith Vance inBirmingham, Alabama and attorneyRobert E. Robinson inSavannah, Georgia. Freeh was appointed Special Prosecutor in the case alongside Howard Shapiro.
Vance was assassinated on December 16, 1989, at his home inMountain Brook, Alabama, when he opened a package containing a mail bomb sent by serial bomberWalter Moody. Vance was killed instantly; his wife Helen was seriously injured.[11] Moody had mistakenly thought Judge Vance had denied his appeal of another case.
The Department of Justice charged Moody with the murders of Judge Vance and of Robinson, a black civil-rights attorney who had been killed in a separate explosion at his office. "Roy" Moody was also charged with mailing bombs that were defused at the Eleventh Circuit's headquarters in Atlanta and at the Jacksonville office of theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
In 1991, Moody was sentenced to seven federal life terms, plus 400 years. He was subsequently tried by the state in 1996 for the murders and was executed by the state of Alabama in 2018 when he was 83 years old.[12]
Freeh was nominated by PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush on April 9, 1991, to a seat on theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by JudgeRichard J. Daronco. He was confirmed by theUnited States Senate on May 24, 1991, and received his commission on May 30, 1991. His service terminated on August 31, 1993, when he resigned to direct the FBI.[7]
Shortly before and during Freeh's tenure, the FBI was involved in a number of high-profile incidents and internal investigations. In 2011, Reuters wrote that Freeh "faced widespread criticism for a series of high-profile blunders" during his tenure as FBI Director.[13]
Among otherJustice Department officials (including Attorney General Reno), Freeh was named a co-defendant inZieper v. Metzinger, a 1999 federal court case. TheAmerican Civil Liberties Union assisted the plaintiffs who sued due to the FBI's conduct in investigating "Military Takeover of New York City", a short (fictional) film made in October 1999 that discussed riots and a military takeover ofTimes Square on New Year's Eve, 1999.[14]
In May 2000, he reached an agreement with Rep.José Serrano, thenPuerto Rican Independence Party SenatorManuel Rodríguez Orellana, and then Puerto Rico Senate Committee on Federal Affairs chairmanKenneth McClintock to release FBI files on Puerto Rican political activists. More than 185,000 pages were released and catalogued by the Office of Legislative Services of Puerto Rico.[15]
In testimony to theSenate Judiciary Committee, Freeh said that the widespread use of effectiveencryption "is one of the most difficult problems for law enforcement as the next century approaches".[16] He considered the loss ofwiretapping to law enforcement (as a result of encryption) to be dangerous and said that the "country [would] be unable to protect itself" against terrorism and serious crimes.[17]
An investigation of the August 1992 incident atRuby Ridge, Idaho, in which an FBI sharpshooter killed the wife ofRandy Weaver, was ongoing when Freeh joined the FBI as its director. An FBI unit, theHostage Rescue Team, was present at the incident; Freeh later said that had he been director, he would not have involved the HRT. FBI sniperLon Horiuchi was later charged withmanslaughter; Freeh said that he was "deeply disappointed" at the charges, filed by acounty prosecutor and later dropped.[18][19][20]
Freeh was not censured for alleged managerial failures in the investigation of the incident, although a Justice Department inquiry had made such a recommendation.[21][22]
An investigation of the events of April 19, 1993, when Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) special agents served a warrant on theBranch Davidian compound atWaco, Texas, was ongoing during Freeh's tenure. While the event had taken place before he became Director, a highly controversial investigation ensued during Freeh's tenure, similar to the Ruby Ridge situation, which had also preceded Freeh's time at the FBI. There were allegations of a cover-up by the FBI in the Waco investigation, which led to tensions developing between Freeh andJanet Reno, then-Attorney General. Reno, who had herself been blamed for mishandling of the confrontation and investigation at Waco, sentUnited States Marshals to FBI headquarters to seize Waco-related evidence.[23] Freeh took a neutral position during the investigations to distance himself from the tide of criticism.[24]
Shortly before 10 a.m. on June 25, 1996, members of a terrorist group detonated a truck bomb outside building 131 (also known as Khobar Towers) of theKing Abdul Aziz Air Base inSaudi Arabia. The building was almost exclusively occupied by members of theUS Air Force, who were there to patrol the southern Iraqino-fly zone enacted after theGulf War.
In the attack, 19 US military personnel and a Saudi local were killed and 372 wounded, making it the deadliest terrorist attack on Americans abroad since the1983 Beirut barracks bombing.
Louis Freeh said in his bookMy FBI that he felt the deepest sadness about the Khobar Towers investigation. It was not until his last day in office, June 21, 2001, that a federalgrand jury inAlexandria, Virginia returned a 46-count indictment against 14 defendants charged with the Khobar Towers attack.[25] The indictments came just before some of the counts would have expired due to a five-year statute of limitations. In his book, Freeh maintains that he was obstructed by the Clinton Administration for political reasons in investigating the bombing and bringing the terrorists to justice.[citation needed]
On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 230 persons on board. The following day, the FBI commenced a parallel investigation in spite of theNational Transportation Safety Board having "priority over any investigation by another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government", as stated in49 U.S.C. § 1131.
Subsequently, FBI agents blocked attempts by the NTSB to interview witnesses, according to a copy of a safety board report obtained byAviation Week & Space Technology. One month after the explosion, chemists at the FBI crime laboratory in Washington found traces ofPETN, an explosive component of bombs and surface-to-air missiles.[26] Nevertheless, on November 18, 1997, the FBI closed its investigation by announcing that "no evidence has been found which would indicate that a criminal act was the cause of the tragedy of TWA flight 800."
Almost three years later, in August 2000, theNTSB published its final report which stated that "the probable cause of the TWA flight 800 accident was an explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank."[27]
TheU.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information heard testimony from Freeh regarding the leaking ofRichard Jewell's name to the media in connection with the bombing at the1996 Olympic Games. Freeh testified that he did not know how the name of Jewell, who had been falsely accused in the bombings, had been leaked to the media; CNN reported that Freeh had lied under oath.[28]
In March 1996, Freeh and the FBI were praised for the handling of the 81-day standoff between law enforcement agents and the Montana Freemen, a fringe political group. DirectorAbraham Foxman of theAnti-Defamation League, which had issued reports critical of the Freemen and encouraged their prosecution, commended the "peaceful conclusion" to the standoff.[29]
Theodore Kaczynski, the "Unabomber," was apprehended in 1996 after hismanifesto,Industrial Society and its Future, was published in theNew York Times andWashington Post. Freeh and Attorney General Reno recommended publication, acceding to Kaczynski's offer to "renounce terrorism" if it was published. A tip from the bomber's brother David, who recognized the writing style, assisted the FBI in his capture.[30][31]
Robert Hanssen, a 25-year veteran of the FBI, was arrested in 2001 and charged with spying for theSoviet Union andRussia, beginning in 1985. Hanssen had attendedCatholic Mass at the same church as Freeh.[32] Freeh called the security breach "exceptionally grave" and appointed a panel, led by former FBI andCentral Intelligence Agency headWilliam Webster, to review the damage done by Hanssen's espionage.[33]
In 1999,Los Alamos National Laboratory scientistWen Ho Lee was fired from his job, arrested, and held in solitary confinement without trial for 278 days while his handling of sensitive nuclear information was investigated. Freeh accused him of downloading a "portable, personal trove" of US nuclear secrets.
According to Lee's book, the FBI quickly figured out that the information which had improperly been passed on had not been available to Lee, as the design data the PRC had obtained could not have come from the Los Alamos Lab, since it related to information that would only have been available to a "downstream" contractor, i.e. someone involved in the final warhead production process, and this information was only created after the weapon design left the Los Alamos Lab where Lee had been employed.[34]
Ultimately, Lee pled guilty to one of the fifty-nine counts brought against him, after which he was freed from prison.[35] At Lee's sentencing hearing, District Judge James A. Parker scolded the US government for its treatment of Lee, saying that the top decision makers in the case "have embarrassed this entire nation and each of us who is a citizen of it" and that they had been "led astray" by US government officials.
Parker apologized to Lee, saying, "Dr. Lee, you were terribly wronged by being held in pretrial custody in demeaning and unnecessarily punitive conditions. I am truly sorry."[36]
A Justice Department report of the investigation of Lee said that Director Freeh was not fully informed about the investigation until over a year after it began, and that the FBI as a whole "bungled" the case.[37]
In February 1997, the media announced that Freeh personally blocked the sharing of intelligence information regardingChina's alleged plot to influence US elections with theWhite House.[38][39] Some members of Congress were reportedly warned.[40]
The following month, Freeh testified before Congress that his investigation into campaign finance irregularities of the1996 U.S. presidential and Congressional campaigns was not focusing on individual criminal acts, but on a possible conspiracy involving China.[41]
Later that year, Freeh wrote a memorandum to Attorney GeneralJanet Reno calling for anIndependent Counsel to investigate the fundraising scandal. In his memo he wrote: "It is difficult to imagine a more compelling situation for appointing an Independent Counsel".[42] Reno rejected his request.
Other cases handled by the FBI during Freeh's tenure included the death of White House counselVince Foster (in 1993), allegations of incompetence at the FBI crime laboratory, investigation of theOklahoma City bombing (1995) and the capture and prosecution ofTimothy McVeigh.
In 2000, the editorial staff ofBusiness Week called for the resignation of Freeh, citing theCarnivore communications-monitoring system, the alleged Waco cover-up, andinsubordination to Attorney General Reno as reasons.[43]
Freeh was accused of malpractice several times during his time at theFBI. In the case of theOklahoma City bombing, Freeh failed to hand over 3,000 pages of evidence toTimothy McVeigh's lawyers.[44] Freeh also received backlash for not looking into whetherMoscow had recruited someone in the FBI, despite being warned by senior investigator Thomas Kimmel. It would later come out 2 years later in 2001 thatRobert Hanssen had been recruited by the Russians to be a spy for them.[45] In 1994 after it was discovered thatAldrich Ames was a spy for the Russians, Freeh was advised to require routine polygraph tests for FBI agents; no action was taken by him.[45]
In 1997 FBI agentFrederic Whitehurst was suspended by Freeh not long after making allegations that FBI lab techniques resulted in contaminated evidence. Just days after Whitehurst was put on administrative leave, a report was delivered to the FBI that supported Whitehurst's claims that evidence in cases may have been contaminated.[46][47] On March 5, Freeh was called beforeCongress, he said that he suspended Whitehurst on recommendations from Inspector generalMichael Bromwich. But Bromwich said that he never made such a recommendation. Freeh admitted that his testimony was incomplete, but denied he deliberately misled congress.[47] Whitehurst would later accuse Freeh of covering up mistakes made by forensic analysts.[48]
Attorney generalJanet Reno testified that information that could have prevented theSeptember 11 attacks was mishandled by the FBI at the time Freeh was the director of the FBI.[49]
In June 2001, he resigned amid criticism that the FBI needed stronger leadership, particularly after allegations of spying byRobert Hanssen. Upon his resignation, he was praised by Attorney GeneralJohn Ashcroft, who called him "a model law enforcement officer".[50]He was replaced byThomas J. Pickard, who served as actingFBI Director for 71 days until being replaced byRobert Mueller.
Freeh approached acting New Jersey GovernorDonald DiFrancesco, and offered to serve, without salary, as the state's anti-terrorism "czar". Di Francesco approached both major-party candidates for governor to secure their approval;Bret Schundler, the Republican candidate, agreed "in principle". However, DemocratJim McGreevey, who won the gubernatorial election, turned down Freeh in favor ofGolan Cipel. It was later discovered that McGreevey and Cipel had been involved in a sexual relationship.[51][52] McGreevey was heavily criticized for giving the post to Cipel rather than Freeh or another experienced individual.[53]
In September 2001, Freeh was appointed to theboard of directors of credit card issuerMBNA; he also served as the bank'sgeneral counsel, as well as corporate secretary and ethics officer. Likewise,Bristol-Myers Squibb elected him to its board of directors.[54]
Freeh is also a member of the board of consultants of theGavel Consulting Group, formed by current and former federal judges and high-ranking government officials to provide advice and counseling to the private sector.[55][56]
Beginning in 2004 Freeh began teaching as an adjunct law professor forWidener University School of Law. Drawing on his years of experience, he has taught White Collar Crime.
In 2007, Freeh formedFreeh Group International Solutions,[57] a consulting and investigative firm headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware with regional offices in Washington, D.C., and New York. Affiliated firms includeFreeh Group Europe and the law firm Freeh, Sporkin & Sullivan,LLP. The latter firm includesEugene R. Sullivan, a retired federal judge in Washington, D.C., and Eugene R. Sullivan II amongst partners, andStanley Sporkin as senior counsel. Sporkin is a retired federal judge who earlier served as head of theSecurities and Exchange Commission's Division of Enforcement and as general counsel to theCentral Intelligence Agency.[58]
Freeh was hired byNasser Kazeminy to conduct an independent investigation into alleged financial improprieties in the relationship between Kazeminy and former SenatorNorm Coleman that surfacedduring the final week of the2008 Minnesota Senate race.[59] At the time, Freeh was serving on the board of the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO), whose chairman was Kazeminy.[60] Although Coleman had received roughly $100,000 in gifts from Kazeminy over the years, Freeh's investigation cleared both Coleman and Kazeminy of any wrongdoing in 2011.[59][61]The Intercept, questioning Freeh's impartiality, reported that nine days after Freeh's investigation cleared Kazeminy of wrongdoing, Freeh's wife received a one half ownership stake from Kazeminy in a Palm Beach property valued at $3 million.[62]
In 2009, Louis Freeh was hired by Saudi ArabianPrince Bandar bin Sultan as his legal representative on issues surrounding theAl-Yamamah arms deal, appearing April 7, 2009, on the PBS seriesFrontline's episode "Black Money".[63]
In late May 2011, Freeh was retained as an independent investigator by theFIFA Ethics Committee in the bribery scandal centering onMohammed bin Hammam andJack Warner.[64] However, the Court of Arbitration of Sports subsequently rejected Freeh's report as consisting of little more than speculation.[65]
In November 2011,Pennsylvania State University announced that Freeh would lead an internal investigation into thePenn State child sex abuse scandal involvingJerry Sandusky and several high-ranking university officials.[66] He announced that the team assisting him in his investigation would include former FBI agents and federal prosecutors.[67] As the Sandusky trialproceeded toward conviction in June 2012, the university said Freeh would report in the summer and the report would "be released to the trustees and the public simultaneously without being reviewed by the school's general counsel's office".[68] The report was released on July 12, 2012.[69] The 267-page report from Freeh's law firm was characterized as deeply critical of the administration of former university presidentGraham Spanier, athletic director Tim Curley, late coachJoe Paterno and former university vice president Gary Schultz. A commentary atSports Illustrated's website characterized the report's accusations against Paterno as "damning and sweeping" and the findings about Spanier, including a 2001 e-mail in the wake of the 2001 shower incident purportedly witnessed by graduate assistant Mike McQueary, as "most damning".[70] A number of sources[71] have questioned if not outright disputed the accuracy of Freeh's findings, pointing to the lack of hard evidence to support his "reasonable conclusions". A year after the report's issuance, the chairman of the Penn State Board of Trustees, which had originally commissioned the report, said that Freeh's conclusions amounted to "speculation".[72] In a January 2015 interview with the Associated Press, Penn State President Eric Barron said, "I have to say, I'm not a fan of the report. There's no doubt in my mind, Freeh steered everything as if he were a prosecutor trying to convince a court to take the case."[73]
On February 10, 2013, a report authored by former United States Attorney General and former Governor of PennsylvaniaDick Thornburgh, whom the Paterno family retained to conduct its own investigation, concluded that the Freeh report was "seriously flawed, both with respect to the process of [its] investigation and its findings related to Mr. Paterno".[74] As of 2015[update] Graham Spanier is suing Freeh for defamation and tortious interference and Penn State University for breach of contract.[75]
The Freeh Report had far-reaching outcomes for Penn State. TheNCAA used the Freeh Report in lieu of its own investigation to impose sanctions on the Penn State football program. On July 23, 2012, the NCAA imposed a $60 million fine, four-year postseason ban, scholarship reductions, and vacated all victories from 1998 to 2011.[76] These sanctions were considered to be among the most severe ever imposed on an NCAA member school. NCAA PresidentMark Emmert stated that the sanctions were levied "not to be just punitive, but to make sure the university establishes an athletic culture and daily mindset in which football will never again be placed ahead of educating, nurturing and protecting young people."[77][78] TheBig Ten Conference subsequently imposed an additional $13 million fine.[79]
An investigation led by former U.S. Attorney GeneralRichard Thornburgh, who was retained by the Paterno family to review the Freeh report,[80] concluded that the report that placed so much blame on Penn State and Paterno was a "rush to injustice" that could not be relied upon.[81] In January 2013, state senatorJake Corman and state treasurerRob McCord launched a lawsuit against the NCAA to overturn the sanctions on Penn State on the basis that Freeh had been actively collaborating with the NCAA and thatdue process had not been followed. In November 2014, state senator Corman released emails showing "regular and substantive" contact between NCAA officials and Freeh's investigators, suggesting that the Freeh conclusions were orchestrated.[82] As part of the settlement, the NCAA reversed its decision on January 16, 2015, and restored the 111 wins to Paterno's record.[83][78]
In August 2018, Freeh hired attorneyRudy Giuliani to lobby the Romanian government calling for amnesty for Freeh's clients in a corruption probe.[84]
In 2019 Freeh and his friendAlan Dershowitz lobbied the U.S. government of behalf of Israeli billionaireDan Gertler. Gertler was accused of corruption by the U.S. government and was facing sanctions by theTrump administration for his business deals with the Dominican Republic.[85] In the last days of Trump's presidency, the sanctions were lifted.[86][87] The sanctions were reinstated by the Biden administration on 8 March 2021.[88][89] It was reported in October 2023 that the US was considering dropping sanctions against Gertler.[90]
In November 2011, Freeh was named trustee for theMF Global bankruptcy case,[91] the largest Wall Street bankruptcy sinceLehman Brothers' in September 2008.[92] He was appointed by U.S. Trustee Tracy Hope Davis working under the authority ofU.S. Bankruptcy Court JudgeMartin Glenn.[91]
On February 5, 2013, Freeh was named Chair of the law firmPepper Hamilton LLP.[93] He resigned the chairmanship earlier than slated, in October 2014.[94]
An editorial by Louis Freeh critical of the9/11 Commission appeared in the November 17, 2005, edition ofThe Wall Street Journal.[95]
In 2005, Freeh (with Howard Means) published a book about his career in the FBI entitledMy FBI: Bringing Down the Mafia, Investigating Bill Clinton, and Fighting the War on Terror.[96] It is highly critical of both President Clinton and former counter-terrorism advisorRichard A. Clarke. On October 19, 2005, Freeh made an appearance onThe Daily Show to promote the book.[97][98] ANew York Times review called it "A strangely shallow offering by a man who is anything but...".[99]
In 1980, Freeh began dating Marilyn Coyle, then a paralegal in the FBI's civil rights division. They married in 1983 and had six children.[100] Freeh is a devoutRoman Catholic.[citation needed] Contrary to rumors, he is not a member of theOpus Deiprelature.[101] According toThe Bureau and the Mole,[102] a book byDavid A. Vise, one of Freeh's sons was enrolled atThe Heights School inPotomac, Maryland, which Vise describes as "an Opus Dei academy".[103] Several of his sons graduated fromArchmere Academy, a Catholic school inClaymont, Delaware. One of his sons attendedGeorgetown University, aJesuit university inWashington, D.C.
Freeh acquired Italian citizenship on October 23, 2009.[104]
Shortly after noon on August 25, 2014, Freeh was headed south on Vermont 12, in his 2010GMC Yukon, when he drove off the east side of the road. The vehicle struck a mailbox at 2762 Vermont 12,Barnard, Vermont, and a row of shrubs, before stopping against a tree, police said. Freeh told police he fell asleep at the wheel.[62] He was flown from Barnard toDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center inLebanon, New Hampshire, where he was admitted under armed guard.[105]
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite press release}}:|archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)The case produced evidence embarrassing for the NCAA. One staffer, in an email, wrote that NCAA punishments for Penn State would be unneeded and excessive, but 'new NCAA leadership is extremely image conscious, and if they conclude that pursuing allegations against PSU would enhance the association's standing with the public, then an infractions case could follow.' ... Matthew Haverstick, attorney for state Sen. Jake Corman (R): 'Our read of the evidence was that the NCAA board of directors and the Penn State board of trustees were being played off one another by the NCAA C-suite executives,' Haverstick said. 'They had wildly different understandings about what was happening around them at that time.'
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Louis Freeh tells Jon he didn't want to investigate Bill Clinton or write the book.
| Legal offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Judge of theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York 1991–1993 | Succeeded by |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by | 5thDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1993–2001 | Succeeded by |
| Bureau of Investigation |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Federal Bureau of Investigation | ||
Italics denotes an acting director. | ||
