| Lothlórien | |
|---|---|
| J. R. R. Tolkien'slegendarium location | |
 "The Forest of Lothlórien in Spring" byJ.R.R. Tolkien, c. 1940, when he was writing about Lothlórien. TheFellowship however visited Lothlórien in winter.[1] | |
| In-universe information | |
| Other names | Lórien Lórinand Laurelindórenan the Golden Wood the Hidden Land[2] Dwimordene |
| Type | realm of the Elves |
| Ruled by | Amdír, Amroth (Second Age),Celeborn andGaladriel (Second andThird Ages) |
| Locations | Caras Galadhon, Cerin Amroth, Naith or Angle, the river Nimrodel, the river Silverlode |
| Geography | westernWilderland |
| Lifespan | Founded circaS.A. 1350[T 1] Abandoned byF.A. 119[T 2] |
| Capital | Caras Galadhon |
InJ. R. R. Tolkien'slegendarium,Lothlórien orLórien is the fairest realm of theElves remaining inMiddle-earth during theThird Age. It is ruled byGaladriel and Celeborn from their city oftree houses at Caras Galadhon. The wood-elves of the realm are calledGaladhrim.
The realm, a broad woodland between theMisty Mountains and the River Anduin, is the Elven centre of resistance against the Dark LordSauron inThe Lord of the Rings. Galadriel had one of theThree Elf-Rings, and used it to keep Sauron from seeing into Lothlórien. TheCompany of the Ring spent some time in Lothlórien after passing throughMoria. Galadriel prepared them for their quest with individual gifts.
Scholars have noted that Lothlórien represents variously anEarthly Paradise; anElfland where time is different, reflecting the traditions ofEuropean folklore; and a land of light strivingbiblically with the darkness of evil.
Tolkien gave the forest many different names, reflecting its fictional history and the way it is perceived by the different peoples of Middle-earth.[2]
| Name | Meaning | Origin |
|---|---|---|
| Lindórinand | Valley of the Land of the Singers[T 1] | OlderNandorin name of the area |
| Lórinand | Valley of Gold[T 1] | Nandorin name after introduction ofmallorn trees[a] |
| Laurelindórenan | Valley of Singing Gold[T 1] | Sindarin name after the introduction ofmallorn trees |
| Lothlórien | The Dreamflower[3] | Sindarin name in theThird Age |
| Lórien | Dream Land[3] | Shortened form of Lothlórien matching the name of the Gardens of Lórien inAman[2] |
| Dwimordene | Valley of illusions | Used inRohan,[T 3] fromOld Englishdwimor "illusion",denu, "valley"[4] |
| The Golden Wood | — | The Common Speech[T 4] |
Early in theFirst Age, some of theEldar left theGreat March toValinor and settled in the lands east of theMisty Mountains. These elves became known as theNandor, and later as theSilvan Elves. Galadriel made contact with an existing Nandorin realm, Lindórinand, in what became Lothlórien,[T 1] and planted there the goldenmallorn trees whichGil-galad had received as a gift fromTar-Aldarion.[T 5]
The culture and knowledge of the Silvan elves was enriched by the arrival ofSindarin Elves from west of the Misty Mountains, and the Silvan language was gradually replaced bySindarin. Amongst these arrivals was Amdír, who became their first lord, as well asGaladriel andCeleborn, who fled the destruction of Eregion during the War of the Elves and Sauron. In theThird Age, Amroth, the former Lord of Lothlórien, went to the south of Middle-earth with his beloved Nimrodel, but drowned in theBay of Belfalas after she went missing in theEred Nimrais and never returned. Control of Lothlórien passed to Galadriel and Celeborn. Galadriel'sRing of Power preserved the land from death and decay, and warded off Sauron's gaze.[T 6][T 7]
As theWar of the Ring loomed, theCompany of the Ring, emerging from the dark tunnels ofMoria and seeing their leaderGandalf perish, was brought through Lothlórien to Caras Galadhon, and there met the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim. The Fellowship spent roughly a month in Lothlórien, though itseemed to them only a few days. Before they left, Galadriel allowedSamwise andFrodo to look in the Mirror of Galadriel, giving them a glimpse of events in the future or at other times; she also tested the loyalty of Fellowship members, and gave each of them a gift for their quest.[T 8]
After the fall of Sauron, Galadriel and Celeborn rid Dol Guldur of Sauron's influence.[T 9] Galadriel left for Valinor at the beginning of theFourth Age, and Celeborn later followed her. The city slowly became depopulated and Lothlórien faded. By the time of the death of QueenArwen, Celeborn and Galadriel's granddaughter, Lothlórien itself was deserted.[T 10]
Lothlórien lay in the west ofWilderland. To its west stood the Misty Mountains, with the Dwarf-realm of Moria, and on its east ran the great riverAnduin. Across the Anduin lay the forest ofMirkwood and the fortress ofDol Guldur, which could be glimpsed from high points in Lothlórien. The riverSilverlode orCelebrant flowed through Lothlórien and joined the Anduin; it had a tributary from the west, the river Nimrodel. The realm lay primarily to the north of the Silverlode, with a small strip of forested land to the south. The main part of the realm was the triangular region between the converging rivers Silverlode and Anduin, called the Naith (Sindarin for "spearhead")[T 11] by the Elves or theGore or Angle in theCommon Speech. The tip of the Naith was called the Egladil (Sindarin for "elven-point").[T 8]
Caras Galadhon (fromgaladh ("tree") was the city of Lothlórien and the main settlement of the Galadhrim in Middle-earth.[T 12] Founded by Amroth in the Third Age, deep in the forest, the city's dwellings were atop tallmallorn trees; the mallorn had been brought to that land by Galadriel. The city was "some ten miles" from the point where the rivers Silverlode (Sindarin:Celebrant) and Anduin met,[T 12] close to the eastern border of the realm. In the trees there were manytree-platforms, which could be elaborate dwellings or simple guard-posts.[b] Stairways of ladders were built around the main trees, and at night the city was lit by "many lamps" – "green and gold and silver".[T 13] The city's entrance was on the southern side.[T 14]
The Tolkien scholarPaul H. Kocher writes that Galadriel perceives Sauron with Lothlórien's light, "but cannot be pierced by it in return".[6] The good intelligence has the "imaginative sympathy" to penetrate the evil intelligence, but notvice versa.[6] The Christian author Elizabeth Danna writes that the Elf Haldir's explanation of this [from aflet or tree-platform high above Cerin Amroth], "In this high place you may see the two powers that are opposed to one another, and ever they strive now in thought; but whereas the light perceives the very heart of the darkness, its own secret has not yet been discovered"[T 13] echoes abiblical description: "The light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not."[7][5] The scholar of humanities Susan Robbins notes that Tolkien, a devoutRoman Catholic, associated light as the Bible does with "holiness, goodness, knowledge, wisdom, grace, hope, and God's revelation", and that Galadriel was one of the bearers of that light.[8]
Lothlórien is alocus amoenus, an idyllic land that Tolkien describes as having "no stain".[9] The Tolkien scholarTom Shippey notes that to get there, the Fellowship first wash off the stains of ordinary life by wading the River Nimrodel.[9] He compares this perfect place to theEarthly Paradise that the dreamer speaks of in theMiddle English poemPearl.[9] But then, Shippey writes, the Fellowship have to cross a rope-bridge over a second river, the Silverlode, which they must not drink from, and which the evilGollum cannot cross.[9] What place can they have come to then, he wonders: could they be "as if dead"?[9]
Shippey notes however that it might be old England, the "'mountains green' of 'ancient time'" inWilliam Blake'sJerusalem.[9] As evidence, Shippey explains that when they come to the deepest part of Lothlórien, the Elf Haldir welcomes them, calling the area theNaith or "Gore", both unfamiliar words for the land between two converging rivers, the Hoarwell orMitheithel, and the Loudwater orBruinen, and then giving a third word with a special resonance: the "Angle". Shippey states that the name "England" comes from the Angle between theFlensburg Fjord and theRiver Schlei, in the north of Germany next to Denmark, the origin of theAngles among theAnglo-Saxons who founded England.[c] He suggests that Frodo's feeling that he has "stepped over a bridge of time into a corner of the Elder Days, and was now walking in a world that was no more" may be exactly correct.[9][2]
Around late 1940, Tolkien attempted to illustrate Lothlórien in his pencil and coloured pencil painting "The Forest of Lothlorien in Spring".Wayne G. Hammond andChristina Scull question whether any artist could possibly capture "the sublime Elvish beauty of the mallorn-trees of Lothlórien".[1] They write that this was when he was starting to write about the Elvish land, and that the painting "closely illustrates" Legolas's description of Lothlórien. They comment that it does not illustrate any of the scenes inThe Lord of the Rings, since the Fellowship saw Lothlórien in winter, not spring. In their view, the painting demonstrates "Tolkien's mature coloured pencil technique" and is "very delicately drawn", but for the most part "without life".[1]
Shippey writes that in Lothlórien, Tolkien reconciles otherwise conflicting ideas regarding time-distortion in Elfland fromEuropean folklore, such as is exemplified in the medievalThomas the Rhymer, who was carried off by theQueen of Elfland, and the Danish balladElvehøj (Elf Hill).[11]
The Tolkien scholarVerlyn Flieger writes that the Fellowship debated how much time had passed while they were there,Sam Gamgee recalling that the moon was waning just before they arrived, and was new when they left, though they all felt they had only been there for a few days.[12] She notes that Sam actually exclaims "Anyone would think that time did not count in there!", while Frodo sees Galadriel as "present and yet remote, a living vision of that which has already been left far behind by the flowing streams of Time" and Legolas, an Elf who ought to know how things work in Elven lands, says that time does not stop there, "but change and growth is not in all things and places alike. For Elves the world moves, and it moves both very swift and very slow. Swift, because they themselves change little, and all else fleets by. Slow, because they do not count the running years".[12]
Shippey considers Legolas's explanation to resolve the apparent contradiction between the mortal and Elvish points of view about Elvish time.[11] Flieger however writes that there is a definite contradiction between Frodo's position, that there is an actual difference in time between Lothlórien and everywhere else, and Legolas's, that it is a matter of perception. She considers Aragorn's view to reconcile these two positions, agreeing that time has passed as Legolas said, but that the Fellowship felt time as the Elves did while they were in Lothlórien. That is not, writes Flieger, the end of the matter, as she feels that Aragorn reintroduces the dilemma when he says that the moon carried on changing "in the world outside": this suggests once again that Lothlórien had its own laws of nature, as in afairy tale.[12]
| Source | Story | Time |
|---|---|---|
| Thomas the Rhymer | Mortal entersElfland. Spends a few nights there. Returns to find all friends dead, dim memory of a man lost visiting Elfland. | flows much more slowly in Elfland. |
| Elvehøj (Elf Hill) | Elf-maiden sings: "the swift stream then stood still" | flows much faster in Elfland; everything outside stops. |
| Frodo's view | Lothlórien "in a time that has elsewhere long gone by". | different epoch, long ago. |
| Legolas's view | Both fast and slow: Elves change little, "all else fleets by". | different perception of time's speed. |
| Aragorn's 1st view | Mortals feel time as Elves do while in Lothlórien. | different perception of time's speed. |
| Aragorn's 2nd view | But Moon went on changing "in the world outside". | different actual flow of time (asThomas the Rhymer) |
Flieger writes that while time is treated both naturally andsupernaturally throughoutThe Lord of the Rings, his "most mystical and philosophical deployment of time"[14] concerns Elves. It is therefore "no accident",[14] she writes, that Frodo has multiple experiences of altered time in Lothlórien, from feeling he has crossed "a bridge of Time" on entering that land, to seeing Aragorn on Cerin Amroth as he was as a young man, dressed in white.[14] Flieger notes that inThe Monsters and the Critics Tolkien writes "The human-stories of the elves are doubtless full of the Escape from Deathlessness".[T 15][12] In her view, this explains the exploration of time in his mythology,death and deathlessness being the "concomitants" of time and timelessness.[12][d]
The authorJohn Garth writes of a possibleWarwickshire connection for Lothlórien. The young Tolkien and his fiancée Edith Bratt visited Warwick; in 1915 he wrote a celebration of Warwickshire,Kortirion Among the Trees. Garth suggests that the central green hill of Cerin Amroth in Lothlórien recalls the grassyMotte ofWarwick Castle, known as Ethelfleda's Mound and the happy time he spent there in his youth.[13]
Lothlórien's appearance inPeter Jackson'sThe Lord of the Rings film trilogy was based on the artwork of the conceptual designerAlan Lee.[15] Some of the Lothlórien scenes were shot on locations inParadise Valley nearGlenorchy,New Zealand.[16]
InThe Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria, Lorien was a region introduced to the game in March 2009, which allows players to visit Caras Galadhon and other places, and complete quests from the elves.[17]
Enya's song "Lothlórien" on her albumShepherd Moons is an instrumental composition named for the Elvish realm.[18]
The Dutch composerJohan de Meij wrote music inspired by the Lothlórien woods, as the second movement, "Lothlórien (The Elvenwood)", of hisSymphony No. 1The Lord of the Rings.[19]
