Los Zetas (pronounced[losˈsetas], Spanish for "The Zs") is a Mexicancriminal syndicate and designated terrorist organization,[17] known as one of the most dangerous of Mexico'sdrug cartels.[18][19][20][21][22] They are known for engaging in brutally violent "shock and awe" tactics such asbeheadings,torture, and indiscriminate murder.[23] While primarily concerned with drug trafficking, the organization also ran profitablesex andgun rackets.[24] Los Zetas also operated throughprotection rackets, assassinations,extortion, kidnappings and other illegal activities.[25] The organization was based inNuevo Laredo,Tamaulipas, directly across the border fromLaredo, Texas.[26] The origins of Los Zetas date back to the late 1990s, whencommandos of theMexican Army deserted their ranks and began working as the enforcement arm of theGulf Cartel.[23][27] In February 2010, Los Zetas broke away and formed their own criminal organization, rivalling the Gulf Cartel.[28][29]
They were at one point Mexico's largest and most expansive drug cartel in terms of geographical presence, overtaking their rivals, theSinaloa Cartel, in physical territory.[30] However, since the mid/late 2010s Los Zetas has become fragmented and seen its influence diminish, with most factions absorbed by their regional opposition or eliminated.[31] As of March 2016, Grupo Bravo (Bravo Group),Los Talibanes (The Talibans), andZetas Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) have formed an alliance with the Gulf Cartel againstCártel del Noreste (Cartel of the Northeast).[32] Another splinter group was formed also namedSangre Nueva Zeta (New Blood Zeta), allying themselves with the Jalisco Cartel as an armed wing. In March 2019, TexasRepublican congressmanChip Roy introduced a bill that would list the Cartel Del Noreste faction of Los Zetas,Jalisco New Generation Cartel and Gulf Cartel asforeign terrorist organizations. United States PresidentDonald Trump had also expressed interest in designating cartels as terrorist organizations.[33] However, such plans were halted at the request of Mexican PresidentAndrés Manuel López Obrador.[34]
Los Zetas was named after its first commander,Arturo Guzmán Decena, whoseFederal Judicial Policeradio code was "Z1",[35] a code given to high-ranking officers.[36][37][38] The radio code for commanding Federal Judicial Police officers in Mexico was "Y" and those officers are nicknamed "Yankees", while Federal Judicial Police in charge of a city was codenamed "Z"; thus they were nicknamed as "Zetas", the Spanish word for the letter.[citation needed]
AfterOsiel Cárdenas Guillén took control of theGulf Cartel in 1997, he found himself in a violentturf war. To keep his organization and leadership from rivaldrug cartels and from theMexican Army, Cárdenas sought out Decena, a deserted army lieutenant.[39][40][41] Decena lured more than thirtydeserters from the eliteGrupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) to become his personal bodyguards, and later, as his mercenary wing.[42] These deserters were enticed with salaries much higher than what they were paid by the military.[43] Some of these former GAFE members reportedly received training incommando andurban warfare from theIsraeli andU.S. Special Forces.[44]
Once Guillén consolidated his power, he expanded the responsibilities of Los Zetas, which began to organizekidnappings,[45]protection rackets,[46]extortion,[47] securingcocaine supply and trafficking routes known asplazas (zones) and executing its foes, often with extreme violence.[36][48] However, in November 2002, Decena was killed in a military action at a restaurant inMatamoros, Tamaulipas,[49] allowingHeriberto Lazcano ("Z3") to take control of the group.[50] In response to the rising power of the Gulf Cartel, the rivalSinaloa Cartel[51] establishedLos Negros, an enforcer group similar to Los Zetas but not as complex or successful.[52] Upon the arrest of Guillén in March 2003 and hisextradition in 2007, the Zetas took a more active leadership role within the Gulf Cartel and their influence grew within the organization.[36][53]
The Zetas' membership ranges fromcorrupt federal, state, and local police officers, and formerU.S. Army personnel,[54][55][56] to ex-Kaibiles, the special forces of theGuatemalan military.[57] Over time, many of the Zetas' original thirty-one members have been killed or arrested; a number of younger men have filled the vacuum, but the group as currently extant remains far from the efficiency of their paramilitary origins.[58]
Los Zetas was partially responsible for a qualitative increase in the brutality of the violence seen during theModern Mexican Drug Wars. Unlike other cartels, the Zetas did not buy alliances so much as terrorize their enemies. Because the cartel was quite new at the time, it competed with more established cartels by using extreme violence and cruelty as a form ofpsychological warfare. They tortured victims, strung up bodies, and slaughtered indiscriminately. They preferred to take military-style control of territory, holding it through sheer force and exploiting its criminal opportunities. Although their military training was diluted over time, their brutality was not. Rival cartels struggling against the Zetas began to adopt some of their tactics, further ramping up violence in the country.[4] As otherorganized crime groups subsequently copied the Zetas' brutal and superfluous methods to ensure they could survive, this resulted in the violence in Mexico escalating to much higher levels and to new forms. Some of these newer tortures and hyper-violent execution styles included practices such asflaying andcastration as well as public displays of the victims.[59][4]
Following the capture and extradition of Cárdenas, Los Zetas became so powerful that they outnumbered and outclassed the Gulf Cartel in revenue, membership, and influence by 2010.[60] As a result of this imbalance, the Cartel tried to curtail their own enforcers' influence and ended up instigating a civil war.[61] In addition, the Cartel, through itsnarco-banners in Matamoros andReynosa, accused Los Zetas of expanding their operations to murder, theft, extortion,kidnapping – actions that the Cartel allegedly disagreed with.[62] Los Zetas countered by posting their own banners throughout Tamaulipas, noting that they had carried out executions and kidnappings under orders of the Cartel and they were originally created for that sole purpose.[63] In addition, Los Zetas charged that the Cartel wasscapegoating them for the murders of innocent civilians.[63]
Reports vary as to who triggered the formal split and why. Some sources claim that Guillén, brother of Cárdenas and one of the successors of the Gulf Cartel, was addicted to gambling, sex, and drugs, leading Los Zetas to perceive his leadership as a threat to the organization.[64] Other reports mention, however, that the divide occurred due to a disagreement on who would take on the leadership of the cartel after the extradition of Cárdenas. The candidates from the Cartel were Guillén andJorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez, while Los Zetas wanted to hand the leadership to their own head, Lazcano.[65] The Cartel also reportedly began looking to form a truce with the rival Sinaloa Cartel, which Los Zetas did not want to recognize, allegedly preferring an alliance with theBeltrán-Leyva Cartel.[66][67]Samuel Flores Borrego, a lieutenant of the Cartel, killed Zetas lieutenant Sergio Peña Mendoza, alias "El Concorde 3", due to a disagreement over the drug corridor of Reynosa, whom both protected.[68] Los Zetas demanded that the Cartel hand over the killer, but they refused.[69]
When the hostilities began, the Cartel joined forces with its former rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel andLa Familia Michoacana, aiming to take out Los Zetas.[70][71] Consequently, Los Zetas allied with the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, theJuárez Cartel, and theTijuana Cartel.[72][73]
In early 2010,Miguel Treviño Morales, the former second-in-command of Los Zetas, had reportedly taken the leadership of the Zetas and displaced Lazcano.[74][75] Lazcano was initially content to have Morales in his ranks, but reportedly gave Morales too much power and underestimated his violent nature.[76] Morales' active leadership gained him the loyalty and respect of many in Los Zetas, leading many to eventually stop paying their tributes to Lazcano.[77] Los Zetas are inherently an unstable organized crime group with a long history of brutal violence, and with the possibility of more if the infighting continues and if they fight on without a central command.[78]
Los Zetas have also carried out multiple massacres and attacks on civilians and rival cartels, such as:
In addition, sources reveal that Los Zetas may also be responsible for:
By 2011, only 10 of the original 34 Zetas remained fugitives,[91] and to this day most of them have either been killed or captured by the Mexican law enforcement and military forces.[92][93][94]
As of 2012, Los Zetas had control over 11 states in Mexico, making it thedrug cartel with the largest territory in the country.[95] Their rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel, had lost some territories to Los Zetas, and went down from 23 states in dominion to 16.[96]
By the beginning of 2012, Mexico's government escalated its offensive against the Zetas with the announcement that five new military bases will be installed in the group's primary areas of operation.[97]
On 9 October 2012, the Mexican Navy confirmed that Los Zetas leader Heriberto Lazcano had been killed in a firefight with Mexican marines in astate on the border withTexas.[98]
In a May 2013 interview with theInternational Crisis Group, researcherDaniel Haering stated, "The old networks were disrupted by the Zetas, and now the Zetas have disintegrated into Zetillas. They are splinter groups ('grupúsculos'), not big operators."[99]
On 14 July 2013, it was reported that the Mexican Marine Corps captured the Zetas leader Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales, also known as "Z-40" inAnáhuac, Nuevo León, near the border of Tamaulipas state.[100] The authorities allege that he was succeeded byOmar Treviño Morales (aliasZ-42), his brother.[101]
On 12 October 2013, Mexican authorities captured alleged top Zetas operativeGerardo Jaramillo, alias "El Yanqui".[102] His arrest ultimately resulted in the discovery and seizure of a large Zetas weapons cache and supply stash, including "assault rifles, several grenade launchers, magazines, 2,000 rounds of ammunition of various calibres, bullet-proof vests andbalaclavas".[99]
On 9 May 2014, one of the founding members,Galindo Mellado Cruz, and four other armed men were killed in a shootout after Mexican security forces raided Cruz's hideout in the city ofReynosa.[103]
On 3 March 2015, Mexican security forces arrested the last known leader of the remaining Zetas structure, Omar Treviño Morales (alias "Z-42") in a suburb in Monterrey, Nuevo León.[104]
On 23 March 2015, Ramiro Pérez Moreno (alias "El Rana"), a potential successor of "Z-42" was captured, along with 4 other men, carrying 6 kilos of cocaine and marijuana, rifles and one hand grenade.[105]
On 9 February 2018, Mexican authorities arrested the new leader José María Guízar Valencia alias "Z-43" in Mexico City in Roma neighbourhood. US offered $5m reward for his capture, he is responsible for importing thousands of kilograms of cocaine and methamphetamine to the US every year and murdered an untold number of Guatemalan civilians during the systematic takeover of the Guatemalan border region.[106]
On 9 April 2019,[107] José Roberto Stolberg Becerra, also known as "La Barbie", was arrested in Jalisco.[108] He was reported to have been the leader of the cartel's Los Zetas la Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) faction.[107][108]
On 26 May 2019, an operative for Los Zetas in the Veracruz municipalities of Las Choapas and Agua Dulce was arrested by the Mexican Navy.[109]
In early July 2019, Los Zetas leaders Jorge Antonio "El Yorch" Gloria Palacios, the second-in-command of the Cartel Del Noreste (CDN) faction of Los Zetas, and Hugo "El Ganso" Sanchez Garcia, who served as head of Los Zetas in San Fernando, were detained by Mexican authorities.[110][111]
In January 2020, Los Zetas regional leader José Carmen N., also known as "El Comandante Reyes", was arrested in Oaxaca.[112] He was believed to be in charge of the gang's operations in 12 municipalities in Veracruz, including Acayucan, Minatitlán and Coatzacoalcos, known as the state's most violent towns.[112] The same month, Verónica Hernández Giadáns, the Attorney General of Veracruz, admitted that her cousin Guadalupe "La Jefa" Hernández Hervis was in fact chief of operations for Los Zetas and also a close association of former Los Zetas leader Hernán "El Comandante H" Martínez Zavaleta, who was arrested in 2017.[113]
In March 2020, senior Los Zetas operative Hugo Alejandro Salcido Cisneros, also known as "El Porras" or "Comandante Pinpon", was killed in a gun battle with police in Nuevo Laredo.[114] Salcido Cisneros was the leader of the "Tropa del Infierno", a group of hitmen under the direction of the Cartel Del Noreste (CDN) fraction of Los Zetas.[114] Several other Tropa del Infierno gunmen was injured in the clashes as well.[114]
In May 2020, Moisés Escamilla, a leader of the "Old School Zetas" died in prison due toCOVID-19.[115]
The drug violence and political corruption that has plaguedTamaulipas, the home state of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, has fueled fears of it becoming a "failed state" and a haven for drug traffickers and criminals.[116] The massacre of72 migrants and the discovery ofmass graves inSan Fernando,[117][118] the assassination of the gubernatorial candidateRodolfo Torre Cantú,[119] the increasing violence between cartels, and the state's inability to ensure safety have led some analysts to conclude in 2011 that "neither the regional nor federal government have control over the territory of Tamaulipas."[120]
Although drug-related violence had existed long before the Mexican Drug War, it often happened in low-profile levels, with the government "looking the other way" in exchange forbribes while drug traffickers went about their business – as long as there was no violence.[121] During the 71-year rule of theInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Mexican government would conduct customary arrests and allow cartel business to continue.[122]
After the PRI lost power to theNational Action Party (PAN) in the2000 presidential election, all the "agreements" between the previous government and the cartels were lost along with thepax mafiosa.[123][124] Tamaulipas was no exception; according to PAN politicianSantiago Creel, the PRI in Tamaulipas had been protecting the Gulf-Zeta organization for years.[125][126] The PAN has claimed that government elections in Tamaulipas are likely to encounter an "organized crime influence".[127]
In addition, there are formal charges that three former governors of Tamaulipas – Manuel Cavazos Lerma (1993–1999),Tomás Yarrington (1999–2005), andEugenio Hernández Flores (2005–2010) – have had close ties with the Gulf-Zeta organization.[128] On 30 January 2012, theAttorney General of Mexico issued a communiqué ordering the governors and their families to remain in the country as they are being investigated for possible collaboration with cartels.[129][130] In 2012, Yarrington was further accused ofmoney laundering for Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel.[131][132]
InTampico, Mayor Óscar Pérez Inguanzo was arrested on 12 November 2011 due to his "improper exercise of public functions and forgery" of certain documents.[133] In mid-2010, both Flores and the mayor of Reynosa, Óscar Luebbert Gutiérrez – both members of the PRI – were criticized for claiming that there were no armed confrontations in Tamaulipas and that the widespread violence was "only a rumor".[134] Months later, Flores finally acknowledged that several parts of Tamaulipas were "being overrun by organized crime violence".[135] Gutiérrez later recognized the work of the federal troops and acknowledged that his city was experiencing "an escalation in violence".[136]
On 25 March 2010, forty inmates escaped from a federal prison in the city of Matamoros.[137][138][139] On 5 April 2010, at a prison in Reynosa, a convoy of ten trucks packed with gunmen entered the prison grounds without resistance, broke into the cells, and liberated thirteen "extremely dangerous" inmates.[140] Eighty-five inmates escaped from the same Reynosa prison six months later.[141][142] InNuevo Laredo, on 17 December 2010, 141 inmates escaped from a federal prison.[143] The federal government condemned the mass prison break and stated that the work by the state and municipal authorities of Tamaulipas lack effective control measures, and urged them to strengthen their institutions.[144]
A confrontation inside a maximum security prison in Nuevo Laredo on 15 July 2011 left 7 inmates dead and 59 escaped.[145] Five on-duty guards have not been found.[146] The governor of Tamaulipas then acknowledged his inability to secure federal prisoners and prisons.[147] Consequently, the federal government assigned the Mexican Army and theFederal Police to guard some prisons until further notice; they were also left in charge of searching for the fugitives.[148] It has been reported that more than 400 prison inmates escaped from several Tamaulipas prisons from January 2010 to March 2011 due to corruption.[149]
On 17 September 2012 inPiedras Negras, Coahuila, more than 130 inmates from Los Zetas organized a massive prison break in broad daylight by walking directly from the front gate to several trucks outside the prison.[150][151]
Tamaulipas police forces are the worst paid in Mexico despite being one of the states hardest hit by drug violence;[152] inAguascalientes, a state where violence levels are much lower, policemen are paid five times more than in Tamaulipas.[153] As a result, most police forces in Tamaulipas are believed to be susceptible to corruption due to their low wages, and accept bribes from organized crime groups.[154] The National Public Security System (SNSP) has condemned the low police salaries, and demanded that state and municipal authorities create better payment programs for policemen so they can have a fair wage for themselves and their families.[155]
Although theJoint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas issued in 2007, along with several other military-led operations by the federal government, brought thousands of troops to restore order in Tamaulipas,[156] on 9 May 2011, the Federal Police and the Mexican Army disarmed all police forces in Tamaulipas, beginning with the cities of Matamoros and Reynosa.[157] The following month, the federal government was asked to send in troops to combat the drug cartels in the area, to "consolidate actions on public safety" and "strengthen the capacity of their institutions".[158] However, the troops could only replace half of the policemen in the state.[159] Consequently, the government is currently building military bases inCiudad Mier, San Fernando andCiudad Mante.[160] On 7 November 2011, 650 policemen were released from their duties because they had either failed or refused "corruption control tests".[161]
Los Zetas have set up camps to train recruits as well as corrupt ex-federal, state, and local police officers.[162] In September 2005 testimony to the Mexican Congress from the then-Defense Secretary Clemente Vega, indicated that the Zetas had also hired at least 30 formerKaibiles fromGuatemala to train new recruits because the number of former Mexican special forces men in their ranks had shrunk.[162] Los Zetas' training locations have been identified as having a similar setup as militaryGAFE training facilities.
Los Zetas members may also possess a "Los Zetas Commando Medallion" for their service to the organization.[163]
It is reported that Los Zetas also uses women within their organizational structure. There is a female unit known as thePanteras, or panthers. These women use seduction to negotiate with military, law enforcement, and political personnel to help Los Zetas' goals. In the event that they are unable to obtain the desired outcome, they may kill their targets. The initial leader of this group was Ashly "La Comandante Bombón" Narro López; she was captured in 2009 in connection to the murder of General Tello Quiñones. Women also work within the cartel as plaza bosses, administrators, mediators, and shooters.[164]
Arturo Guzman was initially tasked by Cardenas to recruit 20 men to murder his rival Rolando Lopez Salinas. Guzman and Lazcano were eventually able to convince 34 GAFE operators to leave the Mexican Army and form the core of Los Zetas. The first 14 members became known as the "Group of 14" (Grupo de los Catorce) or simply "The 14" (Los 14).[165]
In the early 2010s, analysts indicated that Los Zetas were the largestorganized crime group in Mexico in terms of geographical presence.[166] They are primarily based in the border region of Nuevo Laredo and Coahuila with hundreds more throughout the country. They have placed lookouts at arrival destinations such as airports, bus stations and main roads.[37] In addition to conducting criminal activities along the border, they operate throughout theGulf of Mexico, in the southern states ofTabasco,Yucatán,Quintana Roo, andChiapas, and in the Pacific Coast states ofGuerrero,Oaxaca, andMichoacán, as well as inMexico City.[48][167]
They are also active in several states in the United States, including Texas.[168][169] The cartel also has important areas of operation in Guatemala,[170] where their operations are reported to have begun as early as 2008.[99] They are active in Europe, specifically in Italy with the'Ndrangheta.[171]
Early in 2012 it was reported that 'Los Zetas' are operating in the northernVenezuela–Colombia border, and have teamed up with the Colombian outfit calledLos Rastrojos.[172] Together they control the drug trafficking routes in the ColombianLa Guajira and the Venezuelan state ofZulia, Colombia as the producing country and Venezuela as the main port route toward the U.S. and Europe.[172]
Indications of the broken alliance between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas began in September 2009. On 24 February 2010, gunmen onboard hundreds of trucks markedC.D.G,XXX, andM3 – the insignias of the Cartel – clashed with Zetas gunmen in the northern cities of Tamaulipas.[173] The clash between these two groups started in Reynosa, and then expanded to Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros.[174] The war then spread out through eleven municipalities of Tamaulipas, nine of them bordering Texas.[175] Soon, the war reached Tamaulipas' neighboring states ofNuevo León andVeracruz.[176][177] Their conflict also spread to U.S. soil, where rival cartel hitmen killed two Zeta members inBrownsville, Texas on 5 October 2010.[178]
Confrontations between the two groups temporarily paralyzed entire cities in broad daylight.[179] Many of the municipalities throughout Tamaulipas were described by witnesses as "war zones", with many businesses and homes burned down.[180] In the midst of violence and panic, local authorities and media tried to minimize the situation and claimed that "nothing was occurring", but the facts were impossible to cover up.[181][182]
For many years, there were long-fought battles between the Gulf and Sinaloa Cartels, that eventually led the two to reevaluate the situation and decide whether or not this combat was in either organization's best interests.[183] The complexity and territorial advantage of Los Zetas forced the Gulf Cartel to seek an alliance with the Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Michoacana.[184]
Following the conflict with the Gulf Cartel, Los Zetas joined forces with theBeltrán Leyva Cartel (who was simultaneously separating from the Sinaloa Cartel) as well as theJuarez Cartel and Tijuana Cartel or Arellano Félix organization, to counteract the alliance of the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Michoacana cartels.[185][186] Since February 2010, the major cartels have aligned in two factions, one formed by the Juárez Cartel, Tijuana Cartel, Los Zetas and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel; the other faction integrated by the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Cartel.[187]
In a 2010 report, it was notedSureño street gangs maintain ties with the Los Zetas cartel in California andSouth Carolina.[188] A recent report from theFBI showsUS street gangs growing closer with Mexican cartels. Within the United States, Los Zetas are using social media as a method of communication between the two countries and are also using the sites as a method of recruiting young aspiring members who in their perception see the actions of the cartel as glorified and are able to ask how they can join.[189] In addition, Sureños share connections with Los Zetas, as do the gangsMS-13,Mexican Mafia, andLatin Kings.[189] Los Zetas used main highways in the United States such as I-10,I-40, and I-35 to get their drugs to different cities. A few of these cities include Chicago and Houston.[190]
On 13 February 2017, Venezuelan vice presidentTareck El Aissami was sanctioned by theUnited States Treasury Department under theForeign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, with US officials accusing him of facilitating drug shipments from Venezuela to Mexico and the US, freezing millions of dollars of assets purportedly under El Aissami's control.[191] The accusation included allegations that El Aissami had trafficked drugs to Los Zetas.[192]
Due to the high levelcounter insurgency training of the initial members from the Mexican military, Los Zetas have been infamously difficult to disrupt. Despite this, Los Zetas operations have been successfully interrupted by US and Mexican Law enforcement agencies. Following a bilateral law enforcement investigation named 'Operation Black Jack', executed by theATF,DEA,ICE and theFBI, three Zetasafe houses were identified in Mexico and raided by Mexican federal security forces, releasing more than 40 kidnapped individuals,[37] and making the largest weapons seizure in the history of Mexico; it included 540 rifles including 288assault rifles and several .50-caliber rifles, 287hand grenades, 2M72 LAW anti-tank weapons, 500,000 rounds of ammunition, 67ballistic vests, 3 anti aircraft weapons and 14 sticks ofdynamite.[193][194]
In October 2008, the FBI warned that a Zetas' cell in Texas would engage law enforcement with a full tactical response, should law enforcement attempt to intervene in their operations.[195] The cell leader was identified asJaime González Durán (The Hummer), who was later arrested on 7 November 2008, in the border city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas.[196]
In February 2009, Texas GovernorRick Perry announced a program called "Operation Border Star Contingency Plan" to safeguard the border if the Zetas carried out their threats to attack U.S. security officers. This project included the use of tanks, airplanes and the National Guard "as a preventive measure upon the possible collapse of the Mexican State" to protect the border from a Zetas attack and receive an eventual exodus of Mexicans fleeing from the violence.[197][198]
In 2012, theObama administration imposed sanctions on Los Zetas as one of four keytransnational organized crime groups, along with theBrothers' Circle from Russia, theYamaguchi-gumi (yakuza) from Japan, and theCamorra from Italy.[199]
Also in 2012, the United States posted a $5,000,000 reward for information leading to the successful capture of Miguel Treviño Morales. Trevino-Morales is known in Los Zetas as "Z-40"[200] On 12 June 2012, "Z-40" and two of his brothers were arrested and indicted on charges in Texas after raids and dozens of arrests in New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma.[201]
There is a great lack of funding being sent to Mexico by the United States to combat Los Zetas, although they address Mexico in the media as their biggest concern.[202] TheMérida Initiative that was put in place by theBush administration in the United States suggested that $1.4 billion in funds was to be sent to Mexico over a three-year period to combat narco trafficking from the U.S.-Mexico border to Panama, but few of these funds have yet to be received in Mexico.[202] In addition, the Obama administration made a very modest effort by way of support for the struggling country although "former drug czarBarry McCaffrey told Congress that Merida, was 'a drop in the bucket'", and that the United States "cannot afford to have a narco-state as [their] neighbour".[202]Thus far, of the resources promised by the United States government regarding Mexico and their ongoing drug combat, little has been received, principally because Mexico's 2012–18 PRI government failed to honor the clause of improving and upholding human rights in the Mexican Federal Republic.
The operation to expose information of people who work with Los Zetas, dubbed "Operation Cartel", was reportedly started as a result of anAnonymous member being kidnapped during Operation Paperstorm in Veracruz,[203] a once-peaceful city.[204]
The New York Times mentioned that Los Zetas has access to sophisticatedtracking software due to the fact that they have infiltrated Mexican law enforcement agencies, and that online anonymity might not be enough protection for Internet users.[205]
Los Zetas have caused terror throughout Mexico for the past two decades. But they also present a threat to all nations in the Western Hemisphere. As of 2017, 40% of Mexico's oil market is under the control of the Zetas.[citation needed] According to theU.S. Energy Information Administration, Mexico is responsible for 10% of all of United States petroleum imports and plays an even larger role in exporting to nations in South America.[206] In the oil industry alone, the influence of Los Zetas has the potential to cause economic instability in every nation Mexico partners with, and many of these nations may not have the economy to be able to withstand this instability.
The Zetas also play a role in transporting humans and drugs across borders, providing security to these operations. These drug trades are responsible for providing countries fromColombia to the United States with narcotics and other harmful substances. Mexico serves as a central location for these organizations to conduct their business and thus gets affected the most, but the effects are seen all along the trade route. In addition to the more common drugs like marijuana and cocaine, theDEA has reported Los Zetas have also provided support in thefentanyl trade. These harder drugs are shipped to the cartels through partnerships withChina and other Asian countries, before being distributed out across the Americas. The constant supply of drugs to all countries in the west can be directly contributed to the Zetas and other major cartels in Mexico, and it will continue to corrupt Mexico's neighbors.
The last method Los Zetas use to influence western nations is through criminal rule in prison systems. Los Zetas members have long been known to create a system of criminal governance within prison systems throughextortion andexecutions, and they have been the catalyst for many prison riots and outbreaks in nations outside of Mexico.Los Angeles, in particular, has seen a significant increase in Los Zetas' presence within their prison systems, andGuatemala also has a large population of convicted ex-military members with ties to the cartel in their prison systems.[207] While these two nations have the most influence from the cartel, Los Zetas are beginning to occupy more nations in the west and recruit members through prison systems.
Los Zetas pose a great humanitarian risk to the regional communities and to those in which its activities extend, including several countries in Central America and across the largest cities in the United States. Since the group has committed torture, executions, and mass murder, it is seemingly identified as a terrorist organization. Despite this, Los Zetas is characterized as an organized criminal group because it has an expansive membership, has existed over a period of time, and commits serious crimes for the purpose of financial gain.
Los Zetas' original 31 members were soldiers in Mexico's most elite special forces unit, the Grupos Aeromóviles de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE). Since the group's inception as a drug trafficking organization, it has recruited soldiers from the Mexican military that train cartel members and lead operations. The cartel's success is attributed to their military professionalism and extreme use of violence.[208]
At the height of the Los Zetas operation, it was the largest cartel in terms of territorial control. It was able to gain and maintain its territory across Mexico because of the organization's hierarchical structure—this reflects organized crime's theoretical perspective of the bureaucracy model. Los Zetas divides its roles and responsibilities along strategic, operational, and tactical lines which allow them to effectively combat rival cartels and engage in illicit activities.[209]
Although Los Zetas does not have control over Mexico's political institutions, it has breached Mexico's law enforcement institutions. The cartel has corrupted hundreds of local and state security officials by offering them bribes and threatening them with death. As a result, Los Zetas has been able to freely engage in illicit activities without being impeded by police in those areas.[210]
In the last decade, however, Mexico has received money from the United States to better resource their military. Since then, the government has made great steps to destabilize and fragment the Los Zetas.
