The loquat is in thefamilyRosaceae, subfamily Spiraeoideae, tribe Pyreae, subtribe Pyrinae.[3] It isnative to the cooler hill regions of south-centralChina.[4][5] In Japan, the loquat has been grown for over 1,000 years. It has been introduced to regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world.[6][7]
Eriobotrya japonica formerly was thought to be closely related to the genusMespilus and is still sometimes mistakenly known as theJapanese medlar, which is the name it takes in other European languages, such asníspero japonés in Spanish ornespolo giapponese in Italian. It is also known asJapanese plum[8] andChinese plum.[9]
The name loquat derives fromCantoneselou4 gwat1 (Chinese:盧橘;pinyin:lújú;lit. 'black orange'). The phrase 'black orange' originally referred to unripenedkumquats, which are dark green in color, but the name was mistakenly applied to the loquat by the ancient Chinese poetSu Shi when he was residing in southern China, and the mistake was widely taken up by the Cantonese region thereafter.[citation needed]Its original name, lou-qwat, is no longer used in most Chinese dialects and has been replaced bypipa (枇杷), which is a reference to the fruit's visual resemblance to a miniaturepipa lute.[citation needed]
In Louisiana, many refer to loquats as "misbeliefs" (from theLouisiana Creole word for the tree, mísplís) and they grow in the yards of many homes.[10]
In Spain the fruits are callednísperos,[citation needed] while in northern Portugal, it is calledmagnório ormagnólio, probably having to do with French botanistPierre Magnol.[citation needed]
A loquat leaf, shown at a high magnification, illustrating the general appearance of the leaf and the structure of thevenation
E. japonica is a large,evergreenshrub or smalltree, with a rounded crown, short trunk, and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to 5–10 metres (16–33 feet) tall but is often smaller, about 3–4 m (10–13 ft). The fruit begins to ripen during spring to summer, depending on the temperature in the area. Theleaves are alternate, simple, 10–25 centimetres (4–10 inches) long, dark green, tough and leathery in texture, with a serrated margin, and densely velvety-hairy below with thick yellow-brown pubescence; the young leaves are also densely pubescent above, but this soon rubs off.[11][12][13][14]
Loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that theflowers appear in the autumn or early winter, and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer.[15] The flowers are 2 cm (3⁄4 in) in diameter, white, with five petals, and produced in stiffpanicles of three to ten flowers. The flowers have a sweet, heady aroma that can be smelled from a distance.[citation needed]
Loquat fruits, growing in clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped,3–5 cm (1+1⁄8–2 in) long, with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin. The succulent, tangy flesh is white, yellow, or orange and sweet to subacid or acid, depending on thecultivar.[16]
Each fruit contains from one to ten ovules, with three to five being the most common.[17] Several ovules mature into large, brown seeds (with different numbers of seeds appearing in each fruit on the same tree, usually between one and four).[citation needed]
The first European record of the species might have been in the 17th century byMichał Boym, a Polish jesuit, orientalist, politician, and missionary to China. He described loquat in hisFlora sinensis, the first European natural history book about China.[18] The common name for the fruit is from the Portuguesenêspera (from the modifiednespilus, originallymespilus, which referred to the medlar), (José Pedro Machado, Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa, 1967). Since the first contact of the Portuguese with the Japanese and Chinese dates also from the 16th century, possibly some were brought back to Europe, as was likely the case with other species such as the 'Hachiya'persimmon variety.
E. japonica was again described in Europe byCarl Peter Thunberg, asMespilus japonica in 1780, and was relocated to the genusEriobotrya (from Greek εριο "wool" and βοτρυών "cluster") byJohn Lindley, who published these changes in 1821. This fruit is also found in abundance in the north west Pakistan region.
The largest and sweetest variety is "Peluche", with fruits weighting ~70gr each and brix ~16, found mainly in Spain.[19]
A famous variety is the late-ripening 'Tanaka', from Portugal, where it is popular in gardens and backyards, but not commercially produced.
Other widely cultivated varieties are "Algerie", "Claudia", "BRT 20".
The plant is originally from China, where related species can be found growing in the wild.[20][21][22][23] It grows in places where suitable winter temperatures are generally above 10°F or -12°C, such as Georgia, Argentina, Armenia, Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Kenya, Syria, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Türkiye, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, South Africa, the whole Mediterranean Basin, Pakistan, New Zealand, Réunion, Tonga, Central America, Mexico, South America and warmer parts of the United States such as Hawaii, California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, with a maximal range comprising coastal Oregon and Washington, southern Tennessee, and most of North Carolina, in places with a favorablehumid subtropical climate with relatively mild winters.[24][citation needed]
China is the largest producer world-wide (400,000t annually),[25] with Spain being the second with 41,487t annually, half of which is destined to export markets.
The plant has been cultivated in China for over 1,000 years. Chinese immigrants are presumed to have carried the loquat to Hawaii and California.[26][27] It has been cultivated in Japan for about 1,000 years and presumably the fruits and seeds were brought back from China to Japan by the many Japanese scholars visiting and studying in China during theTang dynasty.
Over 800 loquatcultivars exist in Asia.Self-fertile variants include the 'Gold Nugget' and 'Mogi' cultivars.[6] The loquat is easy to grow in subtropical to mild temperate climates, where it is often primarily grown as anornamental plant, especially for its sweet-scented flowers, and secondarily for its delicious fruit. The boldly textured foliage adds a tropical look to gardens, contrasting well with many other plants.[citation needed]
On this cultivar intended for home growing, the flowers open gradually, resulting in the fruit following suit.
The many named cultivars have orange or white flesh.[28] Some cultivars are intended for home growing, where the flowers open gradually, thus the fruit also ripens gradually, compared to the commercially grown species where the flowers open almost simultaneously, and the whole tree's fruit also ripen together.[citation needed]
China is the biggest producer of loquat in the world, more than five times the production of the second-largest producer, Spain, followed by Pakistan and Turkey.[29] In Europe, Spain is the main producer of loquat.[30]
In theUnited States, the loquat tree is hardy inUSDA zones 8 and above, even possibly surviving in zones 7b and 8 in a suitablehumid subtropical climate with relatively mild winters, such as in the US states ofTennessee,South Carolina,North Carolina, coastalOregon andWashington, up to the border with Canada and south-easternVancouver Island, and will flower only where winter temperatures do not fall below 30 °F or −1 °C. In such areas, the tree flowers in autumn and the fruit ripens in late winter.[6] It is popular in thesoutheastern United States. In the United States, cultivation is typically within the southeastern and temperate west coast regions.[33] The one advantage the loquat has among others, though, is its fruit becomes available in late April – early May around a time many other fruits are not ready yet.[33][34][citation needed]
Loquats have been reported to survive temperatures as cold as −11 °C (12 °F) for short periods of time, and in some cases even surviving through lows of −14 °C (6 °F) in places such as Tennessee, South Carolina, and North Carolina, with leaves growing back on the tree during the warmer months after the freeze.[35][better source needed] The loquat grows poorly if the temperature is "too tropical",[35] but at what maximum temperature it can be cultivated is unclear.
Altitude is an important factor to consider, as well. Loquats grow naturally from 900 to 2,000 m (3,000 to 7,000 ft).[35] The right altitudes varies depending on the temperature or how close it is to the equator. This contributes to why higher altitudes in China or the Andes Mountains make excellent cultivating spots.[35][36]
China is a major country where loquats grow natively and wild in forests around the mountains. Loquats are cultivated on around 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) with hundreds of different varieties.[33]
In Russia, loquat produces fruits in subtropical and near-subtropical areas (Gelendzhik,Sochi). It also produces fruits in subtropical areas of Georgia.
In Canada, it can be found growing inVancouver, on the south-eastern coast of the island near the cities of Victoria and Sidney, and coastal south-western British Columbia, where there is a modifiedMediterranean climate with cool summers and relatively mild winters. More frost-resistant varieties grow and produce fruit inSidney, British Columbia, though not every year.
Loquat grows differently in tropical climates, typically blooming two or three times a year.[34] Loquats usually mature 90 days after the bloom.[34]
Like most related plants, theseeds (pips) and young leaves of the plant are slightly poisonous, containing small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides (includingamygdalin) which releasecyanide when digested, though the low concentration and bitter flavour normally prevent enough being eaten to cause harm.[citation needed]
The loquat has high sugar, acid, andpectin contents.[40] It is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. The fruit is also commonly used to makejam,jelly, andchutney, and is often served poached in light syrup. Firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts,[citation needed] while the fruits are the sweetest when soft and orange.[citation needed] The fruit is sometimes canned or processed into confections. The waste ratio is 30% or more, due to the seed size.[citation needed]
An American writer calls the loquat's flavor "floral" with hints of apricot and peach,[42] with the fruit's natural sweetness contributing to its popularity.[42]
Loquats are used commonly as a natural sweetener for many different types of food, and are used to make marmalade and jelly in various locales.[42][failed verification] Many people use loquats to create sauces and other juices, since the acidity goes well with the sweetness, another reason why they are popular for making pies and other pastries.[42][failed verification][41]
Loquats are often eaten as a fresh fruit, but need to have the seeds removed to be ready to eat. The seeds not only take up a great deal of space relative to the size of the fruit (cf. avocado), but also are slightly poisonous in large quantities.[34] The fruit is often peeled, but the peel is edible and not overly thick.
Loquats can also be used to make lightwine. They are fermented into a fruit wine, sometimes using just crystalsugar and whiteliquor.[citation needed]
The liquornespolino is made from the seeds,[43] reminiscent ofnocino andamaretto,[citation needed] both prepared from nuts and apricot kernels. Both the loquat seeds and the apricot kernels contain cyanogenic glycosides, but the drinks are prepared from varieties that contain only small quantities (such as 'Mogi' and 'Tanaka'[44]), so the risk of cyanide poisoning is minimal.[citation needed]
Some other uses for loquat include making animal feed and medicine to counter vomiting and thirst.[34] The loquat's wood is used as an alternative to pear wood and works well to make rulers and other writing instruments.[34] The loquat's flowers are used to make perfume in Europe, although its yield is considered low. Powdered loquat leaves are also used to treat diarrhea and depression, and to help counteract alcoholic intoxication.[34]
The loquat was often mentioned in medieval Chinese literature, such as the poems ofLi Bai.
Through golden colour, thepipa represents gold and wealth in China. One of the fruits is often placed in the ornamental bowls containing other fruits and vegetables (such as spring onions, artemisia leaves, pomegranates, kumquats, etc.) which are used to symbolise auspicious wishes or the Five Prosperities orwurui (五瑞).[45]
^Bir, Sara (2018).The Fruit Forager's Companion: Ferments, Desserts, Main Dishes, and More from Your Neighborhood and Beyond. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.ISBN978-1-60358-716-7.OCLC1005602236.
^Lindley, John (1821)."Eriobotrya japonica".Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.13 (1): 102.
^Thunberg, Carl Peter (1780). "Mespilus japonica".Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis.3: 208.
^Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August; Schweinfurth, Georg August (1887). "Photinia japonica".Illustration de la Flore d'Égypte.73.
^Davidse, G.; Sousa Sánchez, M.; Knapp, S.; Chiang Cabrera, F., eds. (2014).Saururaceae a Zygophyllaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.ISBN978-968-36-3309-5.
^"Loquat, production and market"(PDF). First international symposium on loquat. Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved2015-04-19.
