_logo.svg){kind=logo} | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Internet andtelecommunication |
| Founded | 2011; 14 years ago (2011) |
| Defunct | 2021; 4 years ago (2021) |
| Parent | Alphabet Inc. |
| Website | loon |
Loon LLC was anAlphabet Inc. subsidiary working on providingInternet access torural and remote areas. The company usedhigh-altitude balloons in thestratosphere at an altitude of 18 km (11 mi) to 25 km (16 mi) to create an aerialwireless network with up to 1 Mbit/s speeds.[1][2][3][4] Named in reference to the balloons used,[1]Project Loon began as a research and development project byX (formerly Google X) in 2011, but later spun out into a separate company in July 2018.[5] In January 2021, it was announced that the company would be shut down due to lack of profitability.[6][7][8][9]
The balloons were maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in thestratosphere to float to a wind layer with the desired speed and direction, using wind data from theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Users of the service connected to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal traveled through the balloon network from balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to anInternet service provider (ISP), then into the global Internet.
In January 2021, Alphabet announced that Loon would be shut down.[7]
In 2008, Google considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp.,[10] a company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 mi (32 km) up in the air for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but did not do so.[11]
Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation inGoogle X with a series of trial runs inCalifornia'sCentral Valley. The project was officially announced as a Google project on June 14, 2013.[1]
On June 16, 2013, Google launched about 30 balloons inNew Zealand in coordination with the country'sCivil Aviation Authority from theTekapo area in theSouth Island. About 50 local users in and aroundChristchurch and theCanterbury region tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas.[1] After this initial trial, Google planned on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the40th parallel south that would provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hoped to eventually have thousands of balloons flying in thestratosphere.[1][2]
The first person to connect and receive Internet access from one of the Loon balloons was Charles Nimmo, a farmer and entrepreneur in Leeston, New Zealand. Nimmo was one of 50 people in the area around Christchurch who agreed to be a pilot tester for Loon. The New Zealand farmer lived in a rural location that was unable to get broadband access to the Internet. The town's residents used a satellite Internet service in 2009, but found that the service could incur costs of up to $1000 per month.[3]
Locals participating in the testing were not made aware of the details, other than that it had potential ability to deliver Internet connectivity, but allowed project workers to attach a basketball-sized receiver resembling a giant bright-red party balloon to an outside wall of their property in order to connect to the network.[3]
The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the Internet. Alphabet felt this would greatly increase Internet usage in developing countries in regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia that can not afford to lay underground fiber cable.[12]
In May 2014,Google X laboratories directorEric "Astro" Teller announced that, rather than negotiate a section of bandwidth that was free for them worldwide, they would instead become a temporary base station that could be leased by the mobile operators of the country it was crossing over. This was based on work done by the Access Field Development Director, Kai Wulff, who was involved in fiber and broadband roll-outs in Emerging Markets from the early 2000s.
In May and June of 2014, Google tested its balloon-powered Internet access venture inPiauí, Brazil, marking its firstLTE experiments and launch near the equator.[13]
In 2014, Google partnered withFrance's Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) on the project.[14]
On July 28, 2015, Google signed an agreement with officials of Information and Communication Technology Agency (ICTA) –Sri Lanka, to launch the technology on a mass scale.[15] As a result, by March 2016,[15] Sri Lanka will be the second country in the world to get full coverage of Internet usingLTE, afterVatican City.[needs update]
In February 2016, Google announced it had achieved a stablelaser communication connection between two balloons over a distance of 62 miles (100 km). The connection was stable over many hours during both day and nighttime, reaching a data rate of 155 Mbit/s.[16]
On February 25, 2016, Google started testing their autolauncher, named "Chicken Little", at former naval stationRoosevelt Roads inCeiba, Puerto Rico.[17]
In May 2017, Space Data started proceedings for patent infringement.[10] Google settled the case in July 2019.[18]
On October 6, 2017, Google filed an application with theFederal Communications Commission (FCC), and cleared it the same day, with authorization to start immediately to provide emergency LTE coverage to Puerto Rico in the aftermath ofHurricane Maria. The plan allowed 30 balloons to relay communication between ground terminals connected to people's handsets. Google would have to installover-the-air (OTA) updates to allow Band 8 (900 MHz) operations and at the end of the authorization, a separate OTA update would disable this operation. Puerto Rico GovernorRicardo Rosselló announced at a press conference on October 8, 2017, the launch of Google's Loon Project on the Caribbean island, following its approval by the FCC.
On October 9, 2017, multiple balloons were spotted near Puerto Rico viaFlightradar24.[19] That same month, it was reported that the project had spun off into its own company, Loon Inc; however, it was clarified that it still remained as a project at X, until July 2018.[20] On November 9, 2017, it was reported that Google had launched several balloons from Nevada and positioned them over Puerto Rico as part of an effort to bring 100,000 people online.[21]
On July 11, 2018,X, Google's R&D facility, announced that Loon was "graduating", becoming an Alphabet subsidiary in its own right rather than a project of X.[22] As part of its first commercial agreement withTelkom Kenya, Loon pledged to bring Internet access to some of Kenya's most inaccessible regions,[23] to be live in 2019.[24]
On April 26, 2019, Loon formed a partnership with and received funding fromSoftbank.[25]
On July 23, 2019, Loon announced that its balloon fleet had collectively reached one million hours of stratospheric flight. In an article on theMedium website, Loon's CTO Sal Candido explained some of the navigational techniques the autonomous balloons employed, such as tacking, loitering, and figure 8s, to deliver Internet service in the most efficient way possible.[26]
In October 2020, atmospheric scientists Pedram Hassanzadeh (Rice University), Aditi Sheshadri (Stanford University), Edwin Gerber (New York University) andM. Joan Alexander (NorthWest Research Associates) received funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation to use high-resolution data collected by the Loon balloons intended to examine gravity waves in the stratosphere to improve climate and weather modeling.[27]
On October 28, 2020, Loon claimed a record duration flight of 312 days for a balloon (HBAL703) launched from Puerto Rico in May 2019 which landed in Baja, Mexico in March 2020.[28]
On January 21, 2021, it was announced that Loon would be shut down.[7] In his announcement, Teller said "Sadly, despite the team's groundbreaking technical achievements over the last 9 years […] the road to commercial viability has proven much longer and riskier than hoped."[29] AWired article about the shutdown noted that Internet availability in areas the project intended to target had increased from 75% to 93% in the last 10 years, with most of the population in remaining areas unable to afford a 4G phone.[30] Its pilot service in Kenya would be shut down in March 2021 but the company said it would pledge $10 million to support nonprofits and businesses in Kenya dedicated to "connectivity, Internet, entrepreneurship and education."[7]
The system aimed to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions, and to improve communication duringnatural disasters to affected regions.[31][32]
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The balloons usedpatch antennas—which aredirectional antennas—to transmit signals to ground stations orLTE users. Some smartphones with Google SIM cards could use Google Internet services. The infrastructure was based on LTE; theeNodeB component (the equivalent of the "base station" that talks directly to handsets) was carried in the balloon.
Initially, the balloons communicated using unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8 GHzISM bands,[33] and Google claimed that the setup allowed it to deliver "speeds comparable to3G" to users, but they then switched toLTE[34] with cellular spectrum by cooperating with local telecommunication operators.[35] It is unclear how technologies that rely on short communications times (low latencypings), such asVoIP, might need to be modified to work in an environment similar to mobile phones where the signal may have to relay through multiple balloons before reaching the wider Internet.[36][37] Google also experimented withlaser communication technology to interconnect balloons at high altitude and achieved a data rate of 155 Mbit/s over a distance of 100 km (62 mi).[16]
Loon deployed its high-altitude balloon network into thestratosphere, at altitudes between 18 km and 25 km. The company stated that this particular altitude layer of the stratosphere is advantageous because of its low wind speeds, which are usually recorded between 5 mph and 20 mph (10 km/h to 30 km/h). The layer is also an area of minimalturbulence. The company said it was able to model the seasonal, longitudinal and latitudinal wind speed variations, allowing them to adjust the placements of their balloons.[38]
Loon claimed it could control the latitudinal and longitudinal position of its high-altitude balloons by changing their altitude. They did this by adjusting the volume and density of internal gas (which is composed of either helium, hydrogen or another lighter-than-air substance), which allowed the balloon's variable buoyancy system to control the altitude. Additionally, Google had indicated that the balloons were possibly constructed from materials like metalized Mylar,BoPET, or a highly flexible latex or rubber material such as chloroprene.[38]
Theballoon envelopes used in the project were designed and made byRaven Aerostar,[39] and were based on the Raven Aerostar Super Pressure Balloon.[40] The balloons were composed ofpolyethylene plastic about 0.076 mm (0.0030 in) thick. The balloons weresuperpressure balloons filled withhelium, standing 15 m (49 ft) across and 12 m (39 ft) tall when fully inflated. They carried a custom air pump system dubbed the "Croce"[41] that pumped in or released air toballast the balloon and control its altitude.[1] A small box weighing 10 kg (22 lb) containing each balloon's electronic equipment hung underneath the inflated envelope. This box containedcircuit boards that controlled the system,radio antennas and aUbiquiti Networks 'Rocket M2'[42] to communicate with other balloons and with Internet antennas on the ground, andbatteries to store solar power so the balloons could operate during the night. Each balloon's electronics were powered by an array ofsolar panels that sat between the envelope and the hardware. In full sun, the panels produced 100 watts of power, which was sufficient to keep the unit running while also charging a battery for use at night. A parachute, called Raven Aerostar Payload Recovery Parachute,[40] was attached to the top of the envelope to allow for a controlled descent, landing and payload recovery when a balloon was ready to be taken out of service.[33] In the case of an unexpected failure, the parachute deploys automatically.[43] When taken out of service, the balloon was guided to an easily reached location, and the helium was vented into the atmosphere. The balloons typically had a maximum life of about 100 days, although Google claimed that its tweaked design could have enabled them to stay aloft for closer to 200 days.[44]
The balloons were equipped withADS-B transponders and thus could be publicly tracked by searching for thecall sign "HBAL".[45]
The prototype ground stations used a Ubiquiti Networks 'Rocket M5'[42] radio and a custompatch antenna[46] to connect to the balloons at a height of 20 km (12 mi).[32] Some reports called Google's project theGoogle Balloon Internet.[2][47][48]
Key people involved in the project included Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert onwearable technology;Mike Cassidy, a project leader; and Cyrus Behroozi, a networking and telecommunication lead.[1]
Some of the technology and methods developed by Loon LLC live on as telecommunications infrastructure in Africa.[6][49] Project Taara, which started its pan-African rollout in Kenya, continues to provide reliable high-speed Internet to the unconnected and under-connected.[50][51][52] It is also serving as of 2021 to bridge a "particularly stubborn connectivity gap" of 3.0 miles (4.8 km) betweenBrazzaville, Republic of the Congo andKinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, across theCongo River. It was wryly noted that while there are many, many areas worldwide with clear climates which could be served by this technology, foggySan Francisco would not be an ideal location.[53]
Loon has generally been well received, althoughSquare Kilometre Array (SKA) project developers and astronomers have raised concerns that the lower of the two ISM bands that Loon used (2.4 GHz) would interfere with the mid-band frequency range (0.5 GHz–3 GHz) used in their project.[67]
Concerns have been raised about international political issues such as spectrum allocation, national airspace control, overflight right charges, and Internet censorship.[68]
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)58s into video: We call this air control system "Croce" because our co-worker lead saw the shape of our impeller housing was bottle shaped and started singing "Time in a Bottle" [by] Jim Croce
I've just been down to talk to the folks from Google, who are here in Christchurch, New Zealand, launching their pilot for Loon. One engineer told me "we use the Ubiquiti Rocket M2 for transceiving, and the M5 for groundstation uplink". He described the downwards-pointing antenna on the ballon, which sounded to me like a UniFi polar map, but on a bigger scale. They have modified the firmware to only work with other modified firmware Rockets.
A potential solution to this problem arose during work on Project Loon. The Loon team needed to figure out a way to create a data link between balloons that were flying over 100 km apart. The team investigated the use of wireless optical communication technology to establish high-throughput links between balloons.
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