TheAct East policy[1] is an effort by theGovernment of India to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations ofSoutheast Asia to bolster its standing as aregional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of thePeople's Republic of China.
Initiated in 1991 as theLook East policy during the government ofPrime MinisterNarsimha Rao (1991–1996), it marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective of the world.[2] It was rigorously pursued by the successive administrations ofAtal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004) andManmohan Singh (2004–2014).
In 2014, the Prime MinisterNarendra Modi's administration announced the action-oriented, project- and outcome-based Act East Policy as a successor to the Look East Policy, emphasizing a more proactive role for India.[3][4]
Ever since theSino-Indian War of 1962, China and India have been strategic competitors inSouth andEast Asia.[5] China has cultivated close commercial and military relations with India's neighbourPakistan and competed for influence inNepal andBangladesh.[6] AfterDeng Xiaoping's rise to power in China in 1979 and the subsequentChinese economic reform, China began reducing threats of expansionism and in turn cultivated extensive trade and economic relations with Asian nations. China became the closest partner and supporter of themilitary junta of Burma, which had been ostracised from the international community following theviolent suppression of pro-democracy activities in 1988.[7][8] In contrast, during theCold War, India had a relatively hesitant relationship with many states in Southeast Asia as such diplomatic relations were given relatively low priority.[9]
India's "Look East" policy was developed and enacted during the governments ofprime ministersP.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996) andAtal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004).[10] Along witheconomic liberalisation and moving away from Cold War-era policies and activities, India's strategy has focused on forging close economic and commercial ties, increasing strategic and security cooperation and the emphasis of historic cultural and ideological links.[10][11] India sought to create and expand regional markets for trade, investments and industrial development.[11] It also began strategic and military cooperation with nations concerned by the expansion of China's economic and strategic influence.[12]
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Although it had traditionally supported Burma'spro-democracy movement for many years, India's policy changed in 1993, making friendly overtures to the military junta.[12] India signed trade agreements and increased its investments in Burma; although private sector activity remains low, India's state corporations have landed lucrative contracts for industrial projects and the construction of major roads and highways, pipelines and upgrading of ports.[13] India has also increased its competition with China over the harnessing of Burma's significant oil and natural gas reserves, seeking to establish a major and stable source of energy for its growing domestic needs, countering Chinese monopoly over Burmese resources and reducing dependence on oil-rich Middle Eastern nations. Although China remains Burma's largest military supplier,[12] India has offered to train Burma's military personnel and has sought their cooperation in curbing separatist militants and the heavy drug trafficking affecting much ofNortheast India.[13] Meanwhile China has won contracts harnessing more than 2.88–3.56 trillion cubits of natural gas in the A-1 Shwe field in theRakhine State and has developed naval and surveillance installations along Burma's coast and theCoco Islands. This has provoked great concern and anxiety in India, which has stepped up its investment in port development, energy, transport and military sectors.[7][14]
India has also established strong commercial, cultural and military ties with thePhilippines,Singapore,Vietnam andCambodia.[10] India signedfree trade agreements withSri Lanka andThailand and stepped up its military cooperation with them as well. It has numerous free trade agreements with East Asian economies, including aComprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement withMalaysia and anEarly Harvest Scheme with Thailand, while it is negotiating agreements withJapan,South Korea, andAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states. Ties have been strengthened withTaiwan,Japan andSouth Korea over common emphasis on democracy, human rights and strategic interests. South Korea and Japan remain amongst the major sources of foreign investment in India.[11][15]
While India has remained a staunch supporter of the "One China" policy and recognised the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China on the mainland over theRepublic of China authorities on Taiwan, India has nevertheless pursued a policy of increasing engagement with Taiwan. India has stepped up engagement with East Asia fueled by its need for cooperation on counter-terrorism, humanitarian relief, anti-piracy, maritime and energy security, confidence-building and balancing the influence of other powers, notably China. Driven by the fact that more than 50% of India's trade passes through theMalacca Strait, the Indian navy has established aFar Eastern Naval Command offPort Blair on theAndaman and Nicobar Islands. India has also been conducting joint naval exercises with Singapore (SIMBEX) since 1993, with Vietnam in 2000 and has engaged in joint patrols with Indonesia in theAndaman Sea since 2002. Japan and India were also members of the tsunami relief regional core group in the Indian Ocean in 2004 along with Australia and the United States of America.[16]
While India and China remain strategic rivals, India's "Look East" policy has included significant rapprochement with China.[15] In 1993, India began holding high-level talks with Chinese leaders and establishedconfidence-building measures. In 2006, China and India opened theNathu La pass for cross-border trade for the first time since the 1962 war.[17] On 21 November 2006 Indian Prime MinisterManmohan Singh and the Chinese PresidentHu Jintao issued a 10-point joint declaration to improve ties and resolve long-standing conflicts.[18] Trade between China and India increases by 50% each year, and is set to reach the $60 billion target set for 2010 by both Indian and Chinese governments and industrial leaders.[19] However, China's closerelations with Pakistan, skepticism about India's integration ofSikkim, and Chinese claim overArunachal Pradesh have threatened the improvement in bilateral relations.[20] India is currently providing asylum to the political-spiritual leader, the14th Dalai Lama also causes some friction in bilateral ties.[21]
Chinesestate media commentators have been critical of India's Look East policy. APeople's Daily editorial opined that the Look East policy was "born out of [the] failure" of India's trying to play the Soviet Union and the United States against each other for its own benefit during the Cold War, and that trying to do the same with China and Japan by strengthening its ties with the latter would also fail.[22] A columnist at theChina Internet Information Center criticized the Look East policy as being borne out of a misguided "fear of China" and as reflecting "a lack of understanding of thePLA's strategic ambitions".[23]
India has developed multilateral organisations such as, theMekong-Ganga Cooperation andBIMSTEC, forging extensive cooperation on environmental, economic development, security and strategic affairs, permitting the growth of influence beyond South Asia and without the tense and obstructive presence of Pakistan and China that has stalled its efforts in theSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.[10][16] India became a sectoral dialogue partner withASEAN in 1992, in 1995 was given an advisory status, a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1996, and a summit level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002 and World cup 2002.[16] The first India-ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in 2002. India also acceded to ASEAN'sTreaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia in 2003.[16]
In many cases, India's membership to these forums has been a result of attempts by the region to balance China's growing influence in the area. Notably, Japan brought India into ASEAN+6 to dilute the ASEAN+3 process, where China is dominant, while Singapore and Indonesia played a significant role in bringing India into theEast Asia Summit. The United States and Japan have also lobbied for India's membership in theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Numerous infrastructure projects also serve to tie India closer to East Asia. India is participating in theUnited Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the Pacific initiatives for anAsian Highway Network and theTrans-Asian Railway network. Discussions are also proceeding on reopening theWorld War II-eraStilwell Road linking India'sAssam state with China'sYunnan province throughMyanmar.[16]
Road and trade connectivity projects likeKaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project,India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway etc have been taken up under the look east policy. Currently these projects are ongoing.
According toRejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, the 'Look East' policy has strengthened India's political, economic and cultural relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Pacific and has ensured that India becomes an important part of the emerging economic and security architecture of the region.[24] Commerce with South and East Asian nations accounts for almost 45% of India's foreign trade.[11] Although its efforts have met with considerable success, India trails China in the volume of trade and economic ties it enjoys with the nations of the region.[25]
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In her visit toHanoi, External Affairs MinisterSushma Swaraj stressed the need for an Act East Policy, which she said should replace India's over two decade-old Look East Policy to put India in a more proactive regional position.[26][27] The Modi administration stated that India would focus more on improving relations withASEAN and other East Asian countries as per India's 1991 Look East Policy which focused on improving economic engagement with eastern neighbors.[28] This policy became a tool for forging strategic partnership and security cooperation with countries in that region in general and Vietnam and Japan in particular. While the Look East Policy aimed to build allies beyond the Soviet Union, it overlooked alliances with smaller border nations, such as Myanmar and Bangladesh.[29][30] China leveraged this oversight, increasing trade rates with Myanmar and Bangladesh more so than India was able to.[30]
The Act East Policy introduced infrastructure projects, such as the Agartala-Akhaura Rail Project (the first railroad connecting North Eastern India and Bangladesh) and the Asian Trilateral Highway (a new highway connecting Moreh, India to Thailand via Myanmar).[30][31] These Look East Policy alterations improved strategic partnerships with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam to counter Chinese dominance in both the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.[30] On net, the Act East Policy is a departure from India's previousnon-alignment and equidistance positions, and a move toward infrastructure-based "soft power".[29][31]
