| Longyan | |
|---|---|
| 龙岩话 / 龍巖話 Lóngyánhuà /Liong11lã11guɛ334 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Fujian Province |
Native speakers | much less than the 840,000 residents ofXinluo District (2021)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | zhan1240 Zhangping-Longyan |
| Linguasphere | /-jej 79-AAA-jei /-jej |
 Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow. | |
TheLongyan dialect orLongyanese[b] is a variety ofHokkien spoken in the urban city area of EasternLongyan inFujian Province, whileHakka is spoken in rural villages of Western Longyan. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region fromSouthern Fujian as early as theTang dynasty (618–907). Due to its close proximity to rural Hakka villages, Longyan Min has some influence from Hakka albeit to a limited extent. The Longyan dialect has a limited degree of intelligibility with otherSouthern Min varieties. Today, Longyanese is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban districtXinluo District while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken inZhangping City excluding Chishui and Shuangyang towns where Longyan Minnan is spoken. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the non-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture:Changting County,Liancheng County,Shanghang County,Wuping County, andYongding District.[5]
Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with theDatian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.[6]However, he argues that the dialect ofWan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.[7]
The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.
p,pʰ,m,b,t,tʰ,n,l,ts,tsʰ,s,k,kʰ,ŋ,h.
ue,ɛ,iɛ,uɛ,ai,uai,au,iau
m,im,am,iam,iep,ap,iap
in,un,an,ian,uan
it,at,iat,uat,uot,ŋ
aŋ,iaŋ,uaŋ,oŋ,ioŋ,ak,iak,uak,ok,iok
ĩ,ũ,ũi,ã,iã,uã,iuã,iãt,õ,iõ,ɛ̃,iɛ̃,uɛ̃,ãi,ãu,iãu.
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | dark rising 陰上 | light rising 陽上 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˧˧˦ (334) | ˩ (11) | ˨˩ (21) | ˥˨ (52) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˥ (55) | ˥ (5) | ˧˨ (32) |
| Example Hanzi | 邊 | 寒 | 碗 | 近 | 漢 | 尺 | 曲 | 白 |
The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tonesandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level, 334 | light level, 11 | dark rising, 21 | light rising, 52 | dark departing, 213 | light departing, 55 | dark entering,5 | light entering,32 | |
| dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | |||||||
| light level, 11 | remain unchanged | |||||||
| dark rising, 21 | remain unchanged | dark departing, 213 | remain unchanged | |||||
| light rising, 52 | light level, 11 | |||||||
| dark departing, 213 | dark rising, 21 | remain unchanged | dark rising, 21 | |||||
| light departing, 55 | dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | dark level, 334 | |||||
| dark entering,5 | dark level, 334 | remain unchanged | dark level, 334 | |||||
| light entering,32 | dark rising, 21 | |||||||
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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