London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Type	Public
Established	1899 – London School of Tropical Medicine 1924 – London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine established byRoyal Charter
Founder	Sir Patrick Manson
Parent institution	University of London
Endowment	£19.7 million (2024)[1]
Budget	£255.7 million (2023/24)[1]
Chancellor	The Princess Royal (University of London)
Director	Liam Smeeth
Academic staff	1,050 London-based (2023/24)[2]
Administrative staff	725 London-based (2023/24)[2] 1,918 (MRC UnitsGambia andUganda, 2020/21)[3]
Students	980 (2023/24)[4] 780FTE (2023/24)[4] 3,370 (Online Learning, 2020/21)[3]
Location	Bloomsbury,London, England, United Kingdom
Campus	Urban
Website	lshtm.ac.uk

TheLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) is apublicresearch university in Bloomsbury, central London, and amember institution of theUniversity of London that specialises inpublic andglobal health,epidemiology andtropical medicine. It is focused exclusively on postgraduate education and advanced research.

Founded in 1899 by the Scottish physicianSir Patrick Manson with support from theParsi philanthropistB. D. Petit, the institution received its Royal Charter in 1924 and moved to itsArt Deco headquarters inKeppel Street in 1929.^[5] In addition to its London laboratories and teaching facilities, LSHTM operates two largeMedical Research Council units: the MRC Unit The Gambia and the MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, giving it a permanent research presence across Africa as well as collaborative sites in more than 100 countries.

The School conducts interdisciplinary research across infectious and chronic disease epidemiology, vaccines, climate and environmental health, and health systems, and its scientists have played prominent roles in major global health emergencies, including the2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic and theCOVID-19 pandemic. The annual income of the institution for 2023–24 was £255.7 million, of which £170 million was from research grants and contracts, with expenditures totalling £191.6 million during the same period.^[1] The university has one of thelargest endowment per student in the United Kingdom.

LSHTM enrols roughly 1,000 postgraduate students on campus each year and a further 3,000 through distance-learning programmes, and employs more than 3,500 staff in the United Kingdom, The Gambia and Uganda. Degrees are awarded under theUniversity of London charter, and since April 2021 the School has been led by its Director, Professor Liam Smeeth CBE.

TheAlbert Dock Seamen's Hospital in the early 20th century

Laboratory at the London School of Tropical Medicine in theAlbert Dock Seamen's Hospital in 1910

The school was founded on October 2, 1899, by SirPatrick Manson as theLondon School of Tropical Medicine after the Parsi philanthropistBomanjee Dinshaw Petit made a donation of £6,666 ($1,368,844 USD in 2024).^[5][6][7]

It was initially located at theAlbert Dock Seamen's Hospital in theLondon Docklands.^[8] Just prior to this teaching in tropical medicine had been commenced in 1899 at theExtramural school at Edinburgh and even earlier at London'sLivingstone College founded in 1893. Before giving lectures atSt George's Hospital, London, in 1895, Livingstone College afforded Manson his first opportunity to teach courses in tropical medicine.^[9] Manson's early career was as a physician in the Far East. On his return to London, he was appointed Medical Advisor to theColonial Office. He strongly believed that physicians should be trained in tropical medicine to treat British colonial administrators and others working throughout Britain's tropicalempire. He also encouraged and mentoredRonald Ross during this period to uncover the correct etiology ofmalaria, which Ross subsequently discovered in 1897, winning theNobel Prize for his efforts. The original school was established as part of theSeamen's Hospital Society.

In 1902, the benefactor Petit wrote the following about the institution in a letter to Sir Francis Lovell (Dean of the school), quoted inThe Times of London.

This institution, whilst according ample scope to students of diseases that well nigh devastate the East, will be the means of bringing the Western and Eastern minds together to afford help to the suffering East, and thus cementing that union of hearts.^[10]

Among the school's early achievements were discoveries byGeorge Carmichael Low, who provedfilariasis is spread by mosquito bites, andAldo Castellani, who discoveredtrypanosomes in the cerebral fluid of those affected bysleeping sickness. Experiments were also conducted by the school's faculty which provided proof that mosquitoes act as thevector in the spread ofmalaria.^[11]

DuringWorld War I, many of the faculty wereconscripted into the army where they often continued to treat or researchtropical diseases with the aim of protecting the health of the troops fighting in theMiddle Eastern andAfrican campaigns. Meanwhile, enough faculty remained at the school to continue its operations, although enrollment drastically fell during the war. The remaining faculty contributed to the war effort nonetheless by becoming increasingly involved in treating soldiers withdysentery,malaria, and othertropical diseases after their return from overseas. On the night of January 19, 1917, aTNT explosion from a nearby munition depot damaged the school and hospital, further complicating the school's operations. The school's wartime contributions were acknowledged on October 10, 1917, by a surprise visit from KingGeorge V and in 1918 by a visit fromQueen Mary,Prince Edward, andPrincess Mary.^[11][7]

As a result of the war, the school expected an increase in the amount of patients withtropical diseases and so a resolution was proposed to move the school toCentral London to improve upon the school's isolated location.^[11][7] Consequently, the school moved, together with theHospital for Tropical Diseases, toEndsleigh Gardens in central London, taking over a former hotel which had been used as a hospital for officers during the First World War.^[12] The building was officially opened byGeorge VI, thenDuke of York, on 11 November 1920.^[11] In 1921 the Athlone Committee recommended the creation of an institute of state medicine, which built on a proposal by theRockefeller Foundation to develop a London-based institution that would lead the world in the promotion of public health and tropical medicine. This enlarged school, now named the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, was granted itsRoyal Charter in 1924.^[11] The school moved to the current building in 1929.

The school remained at its location in London duringWorld War II despite the risk of bombings and an offer for accommodation byQueens' College, Cambridge. The number of students and staff fell as a result of the war, with some staff being called upon formilitary service. After 1941 and continuing until the end of the war, regular instruction ceased and the school instead started providing short courses in tropical medicine to nurses and doctors of theAllied Forces. On 10 May 1941, a bomb struck the building and caused a fire which was only put out the following morning due to a lack of firemen. Only four people were present at the time and remained unharmed, however, around a sixth of the building was damaged, with particularly the side facingMalet Street sustaining extensive damage. Although the damage was only fully repaired seven years later, teaching of short courses resumed the Monday after the bombing.^[7][11][13]

The healthcare environment changed in the wake of the war, both nationally and internationally, with the establishment of theNational Health Service and theWorld Health Organization. TheChief Medical Officer and former Dean of LSHTM,Sir Wilson Jameson, played a critical role in the establishment of both.^[14]

LSHTM served a crucial role in reshaping scientific research and public health in the post-war period.Sir Austin Bradford Hill, a professor of Medical Statistics at the school, was the statistician on theMedical Research Council Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee and their 1948 study evaluating the use ofstreptomycin in treatingtuberculosis, which is generally accepted as the firstrandomized controlled trial to have been conducted. Two years later Bradford Hill and SirRichard Doll, a member of the MRC Statistical Research Unit based at LSHTM, were the first to demonstrate the association betweencigarette smoking andlung cancer. They also set up the well-knownBritish Doctors Study to provide evidence for acausal relationship. In 1951, alumnusMax Theiler was awarded theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerningyellow fever and how to combat it".George Macdonald, professor of tropical hygiene and director of the Ross Institute at LSHTM, was the first to propose thebasic reproduction number (${\displaystyle R_0}$) in his 1952 study ofmalaria, which remains a key statistic in the study of infectious diseases to this day. The following year, alumnusJerry Morris was the first to establish the role ofphysical exercise in preventingheart disease. Richard Doll established the connection betweenasbestos andlung cancer in 1955, while twoReaders at the school established the connection betweenair pollution andrespiratory diseases in 1958.^[11]

The university went through various changes during the latter part of the 20th century. In 1962 it acquired its first electronic computer in a collaboration withBirkbeck College, while a year later it built insectaries in its vault with financial support from theWellcome Trust. Due to the school's need for work with live insects, the insectaries were thought to have housed the largest mosquito farm in the world. In the meantime the school closed its library and expanded theKeppel Street building to increase research and teaching space. Once completed in 1967, the modernised parts were officially opened byPrincess Alexandra. In the final years of the millennium, the school launched its first distance learning programmes to an initial enrollment of 149 students for the 1998/1999 cohort.^[11]

The faculty of the school continued to make significant contributions to scientific research and public health. This included further work byAustin Bradford Hill, who postulated theBradford Hill criteria in 1965 to determine causality. The criteria have since been widely used in public health research. LSHTM also started the long-runningWhitehall Study in 1967 which found significant social inequalities in health in the 18,000 participants from theUK Civil Service. TheBlack Report published in 1980, for which alumnus Jerry Morris was one of the contributors, found similar inequalities. In 1972, the first case oflassa fever in the U.K. was diagnosed at the school. The school's faculty were also involved in research projects to advance understanding and prevention of various infectious diseases around this time, such as the Karongo Prevention Study inMalawi. Professors at the university developed thesisterhood method in 1989, thereby increasing the accuracy ofmaternal mortality data from low-income countries and developing a method which is still recommended by theWHO to this day. TheNational Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles was launched by the school in 1990 and is still being run with partners atUniversity College London.^[11]

The school went through various expansions in 2004, 2009, 2010, 2017, and 2018 to accommodate the school's rapid growth. The expansion in 2010 was the first time the university expanded outside of its Keppel Street location toTavistock Place. The new location was originally intended as a joint project withUCL, however, the project was eventually amended and scaled down when UCL pulled out of the project.^[15] Tavistock Place was further expanded in 2017 with an additional research facility. Moreover, theMRC Unit The Gambia and theMRC Uganda Research Unit officially joined the university in 2018. These transfers were part of the MRC's long-term programme of transferring Units into a host University in order to bring strategic benefits to both parties.^[11]

In 2004, professor Liam Smeeth was unable to find any association between theMMR vaccine and autism, thereby providing proof against thefraudulent Lancet MMR autism paper byAndrew Wakefield. In subsequent years, professorJoy Lawn led various studies and publications on neonatal deaths, including the 2011 and 2016The Lancet Stillbirth Series. In 2016, various LSHTM researchers contributed to the understanding of the2015–16 Zika virus epidemic. A year later, alumnusTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus became theDirector-General of the World Health Organization.^[11]

An independent review published in 2021 concluded there is evidence of structural racism at LSHTM. The findings included that staff of colour are less likely to be promoted, more likely to be on short-term contracts, and that leadership has been too slow to act on issues of colonialism and racism. The school's Director apologised to those who have been affected and stated the school is committed to address the issues. The school's Council commissioned the review in the wake of the2020 Black Lives Matter protests.^[16]

When theWorld Health Organization declared that theWestern African Ebola virus epidemic was a public health emergency of international concern in August 2014, LSHTM coordinated various response efforts. More than 500 academic and professional services staff volunteered to respond, with many volunteers deployed viaSave the Children,Public Health England,Médecins Sans Frontières and the WHO. LSHTM continued to pay the salary of anyone who volunteered to work on Ebola care and control inGuinea,Liberia andSierra Leone, or backfill posts in WHO offices. Staff and students carried out mathematical modelling and other research to support Ebola response planning. Experts, including LSHTM faculty, established an Ebola Response Anthropology Platform to help health workers develop culturally sensitive interventions and developed free online education programmes to combat the spread of the disease. Researchers, including researchers from LSHTM, carried out accelerated clinical trials in the field, including the EBOVAC Ebola vaccine trials which is still ongoing. LSHTM was part of an independent panel advising on major reforms targeted at prevention of future global outbreaks and now runs theUK Public Health Rapid Support Team in partnership with Public Health England, funded by the UK Government. Former LSHTM DirectorPeter Piot was named among 'the Ebola fighters' asTime Person of the Year and LSHTM itself also won various awards for its response.^[11]

The school moved to its present location near the intersection ofGower Street andKeppel Street in 1929. A competition to design a new school building to be sited in Gower Street, was held involving five architects, all experienced inlaboratory design and construction. This was won in 1925 by Morley Horder andVerner O. Rees who located the main entrance in Keppel Street. The foundation stone was laid in 1926 byNeville Chamberlain, thenMinister of Health, and the completed building was opened in 1929 by thePrince of Wales, later to become Edward VIII.^[11] The purchase of the site and the cost of a new building was made possible through a gift of $2m from theRockefeller Foundation.^[17]

Although the building's façade has remained largely unchanged, the interior has gone through various renovations. The first renovation was completed in 1951 to restore bomb damage sustained duringWorld War II, with the subsequent decades seeing further building work to add and redevelop floors. In 2004 a new seven-storey building within the school's north courtyard was opened byDesmond Tutu, while thePrincess Royal opened a new five-storey building in the south of the courtyard in 2009.^[17]

The school also has a secondary site on Tavistock Place to the east since 2010.

The school's sole governing body under itsRoyal Charter is the council. It has sole management control and supervision of the institution, though it delegates some of its functions to its committees and some operational powers to the Director of the school. The Council meets four times a year and has a diverse membership, with various independent members as well as elected staff members and a membership for the Director of the school. The current chair isDon Robert, who is also the Chairman of theLondon Stock Exchange Group.^[18]

The school is anexempt charity and as such is regulated by theOffice for Students.^[18]

The Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health aims to develop and use its research expertise ranging from clinical trials, statistical analysis, genetic epidemiology, large-scale observational studies and field trials through to the design and evaluation of clinical and public health interventions in low, middle and high-income countries. It has around 300 academic staff and 150 research students who work in more than 20 countries on topics ranging from infectious to chronic diseases. It runs various master's degree programmes and short courses, while LSHTM's Clinical Trials Unit is also run under this faculty.^{[citation needed]}

The Reading Room of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine's Library in 1929^[19]

The Library of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine today

The Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (ITD) was formed in August 1997 and encompasses all of the laboratory-based research in the school as well as that on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of infectious and tropical diseases. The Faculty is organised into three large departments and has over 500 members of staff. The range of disciplines represented in the faculty is very broad and inter-disciplinary research is a feature of much of its activity.^[20]

The spectrum of diseases studied is wide and there are major research groups working on topics which include:

• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases
• malaria and other vector borne diseases
• tuberculosis
• vaccine development and evaluation
• vector biology and disease control

There is close interaction between scientists in different research teams. The Faculty has overseas links which provide a basis for field studies and international collaborations in developed and developing countries. Funding for research in the Faculty comes from around 45 funding organisations and agencies.^[20]

The Faculty of Public Health and Policy aims to improve global health through research, teaching and the provision of advice in the areas of health policy, health systems and services, and individual, social and environmental influences on health. Interests and activities embrace the health needs of people living in countries at all levels of development.The school has the largest numbers of research active staff in the areas of epidemiology, public health and health services research in the UK.^[21] The Faculty of Public Health and Policy has over 250 members of staff, including epidemiologists, public health physicians, economists, policy analysts, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, psychologists, statisticians and mathematicians. The Faculty's research programmes, with an annual spend of over £7m, focus on public health problems of importance both globally and in the UK, and build on an extensive network of collaborations.^[22]

The research programmes exploit multidisciplinary and multi-method approaches, generate new knowledge for specific contexts and test transferability to different settings, and engage with policymakers and providers of health care to ensure research is relevant and translated into practice.^{[citation needed]}

The Faculty hosts School Centres in the areas ofHistory in Public Health,^[23] Research on Drugs and Health Behaviours, Spatial Analysis in Public Health, Global Change and Health, Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST), and Gender Violence and Health. In addition, staff participate in Centres based in other departments, notably the Malaria Centre and the Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease.

The seal of LSHTM is based on a coin from the archeological siteSelinus, Sicily struck in 466 BC. It was designed by the sculptor and medallistAllan Gairdner Wyon. It shows two Greek gods associated with health –Apollo, the god of prophecy, music and medicine, and his sisterArtemis, goddess of hunting and chastity, and comforter of women in childbirth – in a horse-drawn chariot. Artemis is driving while her brother the great archer is shooting arrows. The fruitful date palm was added to indicate the tropical activities of the school but also has a close connection with Apollo and Artemis: when their motherLeto gave birth to them on the island ofDelos, miraculously a palm sprang up to give her shade in childbirth.^{[citation needed]}

Asclepius, Apollo's son, was the god of ancientGreek medicine, and was frequently shown holding a staff entwined with a snake. Snakes were used in this healing cult to lick the affected part of the patient. Significantly Asclepius' five daughters wereHygeia (the goddess of healthiness),Panacea (the healer of all ailments), Iaso (recuperation from illness); Aceso (the healing process); and Aegle (radiant good health). Asclepius' staff with a snake coiled round it (known as a symbol of the medical professions) was placed at the base of the seal to emphasise the medical interests of the school. The seal was redesigned in 1990 by Russell Sewell Design Associates, and is retained today within the current LSHTM logo.^[24]

Admissions data from LSHTM can be obtained throughFreedom of Information requests. The school's admissions are competitive, with an offer rate of 60.3% and a yield of 40.1% in 2020/2021. The rates vary by program, with the most recent year showing the MSc Medical Statistics having the lowest offer rate at 49.2% and MSc Control of Infectious Diseases having the highest yield at 55.1%.^[25]

With over £180 million in research funding per year, the school engages in a multitude of research activities in over 100 countries. It is home to fourWorld Health Organization Collaborating Centres and participates in many research groups and projects around the world. The school is currently home to the following research centres:^[26]

• Antimicrobial Resistance Centre
• Centre for Epidemic Preparedness and Response (CEPR)
• Centre for Evaluation
• Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching
• Centre for Global Chronic Conditions
• Centre for Global Mental Health
• Centre for History in Public Health
• Centre for Maternal Adolescent Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH)
• Centre for Statistical Methodology
• Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases (CMMID)
• Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health
• Global Health Economics Centre
• Health in Humanitarian Crises Centre
• Malaria Centre
• TB Centre
• The Applied Genomics Centre
• Vaccine Centre

LSHTM submitted a total of 314 staff across 2 units of assessment to the 2014Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 42% of the school's submitted research was classified as world-leading (4*), 37% as internationally excellent (3*), 20% as internationally recognised (2*) and 1% as nationally recognised (1*), giving an overall GPA of 3.20. In rankings produced byTimes Higher Education based upon the REF results LSHTM was ranked 10th overall for GPA and 46th on research power (which is based on publication volume). In the 2008 exercise, LSHTM ranked 3rd overall for GPA and 59th on research power.^[27]

All three Faculties offer a wide range of MSc courses and Research Degrees leading to a University of London degree of DrPH, MPhil and PhD. The school also offers a Joint PhD Programme for Global Health in partnership withNagasaki University. Courses are delivered both face-to-face in London and via distance learning in collaboration with the University of London International Programmes. The school also offers access to both free and paid short courses, as well as three Professional Diplomas and an executive programme. Currently, the university does not offer any undergraduate degrees and is therefore one of the fewpostgraduate-only institutions around the world.^{[citation needed]}

Due to the absence of undergraduate degrees, LSHTM is not included in the overall university rankings of QS and Times Higher Education, although some subject-specific rankings are available.^[33][34]

In the 2024 ARWU Ranking for the subject of Public Health, LSHTM ranked 2nd globally behind onlyHarvard University.^[35]

For the 2025–2026 US News Best Global Universities Rankings, LSHTM ranked 2nd in Public, Environmental and Occupational Health, 3rd in Infectious Diseases, and 23rd in the world for Social Sciences and Public Health.^[31] The school also ranked 86th in the world for clinical medicine and 25th for cardiovascular systems, 25th for immunology and 57th for microbiology, contributing to an overall ranking of 118th in the world, 40th in Europe and 12th in the UK.^[31]

The LSHTM won the 2009 Gates Award for Global Health established by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and received $1 million in prize money.^[36] The award recognises organisations that have made an outstanding contribution to improving global health. In 2016, LSHTM won theUniversity of the Year award fromTimes Higher Education for its response to theEbola epidemic in West Africa in 2014 and 2015.^[37] It won theQueen's Anniversary Prize in 2017 for the same reason and won another Queen's Anniversary Prize in 2021 for its work onCOVID-19 and pandemic preparedness.^[38]

TheDonald Reid Medal is awarded triennially by the LSHTM in recognition of distinguished contributions toepidemiology.^[39]

George Macdonald Medal

TheGeorge Macdonald Medal is awarded triennially together withRoyal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene to recognise outstanding contributions to tropical hygiene.^{[citation needed]}

LSHTM's international profile has led to extensive collaboration with institutions around the world, including in many low- and middle-income countries. From 2014 to 2018, 78% of its publications had been written with an international partner and 65% were written with collaborators over 5,000 kilometres removed from London. International collaborators were most often based in Europe, North America, or Africa. The school is also a member of various global health networks.^[40]

The school has various official partner institutions includingNagasaki University,National University of Singapore,Public Health Foundation of India,Sichuan University,Fiocruz,Universidade de Sao Paulo,Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,KU Leuven, and various African research institutes.^[40] LSHTM also jointly runs theUK Public Health Rapid Support Team withPublic Health England and closely collaborates with various U.K. universities like theUniversity of Oxford, theUniversity of Cambridge, andImperial College London.^[41]

Moreover, it offers a Professional Diploma in Tropical Medicine & Hygiene through a collaboration withKilimanjaro Christian Medical University College,Makerere University,University of Washington, andJohns Hopkins University.^[42] It also offers joint master's programmes in Health Policy, Planning and Financing with theLondon School of Economics,^[43] Global Mental Health withKing's College London,^[44] and One Health as well as Veterinary Epidemiology with theRoyal Veterinary College.^[45][46]

The LSHTM also has partnerships with corporate entities. These includeJohnson & Johnson,^[47]GlaxoSmithKline,^[48]Reckitt,^[49]Médecins Sans Frontières,^[50]Wellcome Trust,^[51] and theInternational Committee of the Red Cross.^[52]

• 
  Tedros Adhanom,Director-General of the World Health Organization^[53]
• 
  Austin Bradford Hill, pioneeringepidemiologist andstatistician^[54]
• 
  Carissa F. Etienne, Director of thePan American Health Organization^[53]
• 
  Josep Figueras, founding director and Head of theEuropean Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
• 
  Janet Hemingway, former director of theLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine^[55]
• 
  Harry Hoogstraal, renownedentomologist andparasitologist^[56]
• 
  J. Donald Millar, former director of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health^[57]
• 
  Matshidiso Moeti, regional director of theWHO Regional Office for Africa^[53]
• 
  Pamela Rendi-Wagner, current director of theEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and formerchairwoman of theSocial Democratic Party of Austria^[58][59]
• 
  Max Theiler, winner of the 1951Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine^[60]
• 
  Chris Whitty, theChief Medical Officer for England^[61]

• Lise Wilkinson and Anne Hardy,Prevention and cure: the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: a 20th century quest for global public health, Kegan Paul Limited, 2001,ISBN 0-7103-0624-5.
• G.D. Hale Carpenter joined the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and took theDM in 1913 with a dissertation on thetsetse fly (Glossina palpalis) andsleeping sickness. He published:A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly; 1920. T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive.

• Official website
• LSHTM Research Online
• Chronology
• The History of Higher Education in Bloomsbury and Westminster London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine entry
• London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine student listsArchived 27 February 2021 at theWayback Machine
• Bug Central: inside the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

51°31′15″N0°07′51″W / 51.5209°N 0.1307°W /51.5209; -0.1307

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