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Lokot Autonomy | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1941–1944 | |||||||||
| Anthem: От края и до края Ot kraja i do kraja ("From land to land") | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | Semi-autonomous area in Wehrmacht'sArmy Rear Area 532[3] | ||||||||
| Capital | Lokot, Bryansk Oblast | ||||||||
| Common languages | Russian | ||||||||
| Starosta | |||||||||
• 1941–1942 | Konstantin Voskoboinik | ||||||||
| Ober-Burgomeister | |||||||||
• 1942–1943 | Bronislav Kaminski | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War II | ||||||||
• Established | 15 November 1941 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 August 1944 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 10,280 km2 (3,970 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | 600,000[4]-1,000,000[5] | ||||||||
| Currency | Soviet ruble,Reichsmark | ||||||||
| |||||||||
TheLokot Autonomy (Russian:Ло́котское самоуправле́ние,romanized: Lókotskoye samoupravléniye) orLokot Republic (Russian:Ло́котская республика,romanized: Lókotskaya respublika,German:Republik Lokot) was an autonomous republic in the occupied territories of theBryansk,Oryol andKursk Oblasts of theSoviet Union, formed byGerman Nazi troops, and more specifically byGuderian's2nd Panzer Army duringWorld War II.[6]
TheWehrmacht entered the area in October 1941 and were forced out in August 1943.[6] A local administration and police were appointed by German occupation authorities in November 1941.[7] The autonomous republic was established in July 1942, when sixdistricts were added to the Lokot district.[6] The autonomy's name was derived from the region's administrative center, theurban-type settlement ofLokot inOryol Oblast (now located inBryansk Oblast). The autonomy covered the area of eightraions (the present-dayBrasovsky,Dmitriyevsky,Dmitrovsky,Komarichsky,Navlinsky,Sevsky,Suzemsky andZheleznogorsky districts) now divided between Bryansk, Oryol andKursk Oblasts.[8]
The Lokot Autonomy was ruled by a Russian civil administration led byBronislav Kaminski andKonstantin Voskoboinik.[6] The German authorities established the Autonomy to serve as a test case for a Russiancollaborating government under theSS in the proposedReichskommissariat Moskowien.[9]
In October 1941, the Nazi German military advanced into theSoviet Union duringOperation Barbarossa. They reached the Lokot area near the city ofBryansk and captured it on October 6, 1941.[10] In November 1941 Bronislav Kaminski (an engineer at a localdistillery) andKonstantin Voskoboinik (a local technical school teacher) were approached by the German military administration to help them establish a civil administration and local police. Voskoboinik was designated by Germans asstarosta of the "Lokotvolost." Kaminski became Voskoboinik's deputy. Other deputies appointed were Stepan Mosin and Roman Ivanin (the head of the local militia), both former prisoners.[11]
Initially, the militia headed by Voskoboinik numbered no more than 200 men. It assisted Germans in policing the area and committed numerous atrocities against the civilian population loyal to the Soviet authorities orSoviet partisans, Sovietprisoners of war (POWs),Jews and ordinary civilians.[11][12] By January 1942 the militia's personnel was increased to 400–500.
During apartisan attack headed by Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1942, Voskoboinik was fatally wounded. Kaminski took over the command and further expanded the militia.[3][12]
In cooperation with German forces, the militia commencedsecurity operations, and by the spring of 1942, the militia had 1,400 armed personnel. The number of Soviet partisans in this area was estimated at 20,000 men; they controlled almost the entire rear of theArmy Group Centre's area of operations.[13]
In March 1942, Kaminski's representative to the German2nd Panzer Army inOryol gave assurances that Kaminski's unit was "ready to fight theguerrillas actively" and to carry on a propaganda campaign against "Jewish Bolshevism" and Soviet partisans. Soon after that, the commander ofthe 2nd ArmyGeneraloberstRudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as the mayor of the Korück 532 centered in the township ofLokot. On 19 July 1942, after the Commander of the Army Group Centre, Field MarshalGünther von Kluge gave an official approval, the Lokot administration received some degree ofautonomy and nominal self-rule under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam. Kaminsky was appointed theOberbürgermeister of the Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eightraions) and the brigadier of the local militia.
From June 1942, Kaminski's militia took part in a major anti-partisan operation code-named Operation Vogelsang, as part of GeneralWerner von Gilsa'sKampfgruppe (battle group) Gilsa II.
Germans did not interfere in the Lokot Autonomy's affairs as long as their transports were kept safe, and the republic delivered the required food quotas to theWehrmacht. Kaminski established a court, jails, and newspapers.Collective farms were abolished, and a significant degree of free enterprise was permitted. Kaminski's speeches published in the region's newspapers emphasized that Nazi Germany and Russia "are the same."
The schools (closed after the German invasion) reopened, and a radio station and some theater groups were established in Lokot,Dmitrovsk andSevsk[11] Newspapers published in the Lokot Autonomy were typical of all newspapers published on Nazi-occupied Russian territories, featuring articles claimingJudeo-Bolshevik crimes along withNazi propaganda with the usual heavy dose ofantisemitism. The Jewish population in the Autonomy was murdered without German assistance: 223 Jews were shot dead in the township ofSuzemka, and 39 atNavlya.[7]
In October 1942, Kaminski renamed Lokot township as the town of Voskoboinik. Streets in other townships of the Autonomy were also renamed.
In the autumn of 1942, Kaminski ordered the compulsory draft into the militia of all non-disabled men. Its units were reinforced with the "volunteers" drafted from Soviet POWs at the nearest Nazi concentration camps. Due to the lack of uniforms and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided Kaminski's brigade with used uniforms: these were sufficient for only four battalions. Kaminski ordered the gathering of Soviet tanks and armored cars abandoned in 1941 due to the lack of fuel or minor mechanical failures – by November 1942, his unit had at least twoBT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery gun.
By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 14-battalionbrigade with close to 8,000 men under arms called theRussian National Liberation Army (RONA). From November 19, 1942, to December 1942, Lokot was inspected byAlfred Rosenberg.[clarification needed]
In January 1943, the brigade numbered 9,828 people; the armored unit of brigade had in total 15 vehicles:[14]
In the spring of 1943, the brigade's structure was reorganized. There were five regiments created with three battalions in each, an anti-aircraft battalion (three AA guns and four heavy machine guns) and an armored unit. A separate "guard" battalion was created, with brigade strength estimated to be 12,000 men in total.
BeforeOperation Citadel, the massive offensive to destroy theKursksalient, in May–June 1943, the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron ("Gypsy Baron") together with other German units.
Similar operations followed this operation, such asFreischütz andTannhäuser, in which the brigade and other units under German command were involved in action against partisans and also took part inreprisal operations against the civilian population.
In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer significant desertions, due in part to the recent Soviet victories and the partisans' efforts to "turn" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were carried out. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging fromgallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit.
After the German failure of Citadel, the Soviet counteroffensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On the 29th of July, 1943, Kaminski issued an order to evacuate the RONA brigade and Lokot authorities' property and families. Germans transferred up to 30 thousand persons (10–11,000 of them were brigade members) to theLepel area ofVitebsk inBelarus by the end of August 1943.
By September 1943, the force had 10,000 men, divided into:[5]
According to possibly unreliable post-war Soviet estimates, up to 10,000 civilians were killed by forces loyal to the Lokot Autonomy.[15]
The republic had its armed forces: theRussian National Liberation Army, RONA (not to be confused with theRussian Liberation Army, ROA).
From the end of August 1943, Kaminski tried to set up a new "Lepel Republic" in theLepel area, which met with strong opposition from the local population. Partisans overran this area, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat for the rest of the year.
During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased significantly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the 2nd Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all of his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to his headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and eight others in front of his men.[citation needed] Despite this, up to 200 people deserted within two days.
By the beginning of October 1943, the brigade lost 2/3 of its previous personnel number.
On January 27, 1944,Heinrich Himmler decorated Kaminski with theIron Cross 2nd Class and the Iron Cross 1st Class on the same day.
On February 15, 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and Lokot administration further west to theDyatlovo area inWest Belarus.
The auxiliary police completely massacred the Jewish population of the area. The chief of theSuzemka area police Prudnikov took part in the massacres.[16] There were 223 Jews shot in Suzemka, and 39 in Navlya.[7]
After the war, former members RONA and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed anti-communist guerrilla movement, that slowly degenerated into organized crime groups and was suppressed in 1951.[17][18]
Some former RONA and Lokot personnel were repatriated by the Western Allies to the Soviet Union. At the end of 1946, theMilitary Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union sentenced Yury Frolov, Stepan Mosin, and several others to death. In the 1950s and 1960s, several other former officials of the Autonomy were apprehended by theKGB; some of them were also sentenced to death, most notably the Lokot Autonomy's executionerAntonina Makarova-Ginzburg, found in 1978 and executed in 1979.[19]
Anatoli Ivanov portrayed the Lokot Republic in his novelEternal Call (Russian:Вечный зов) andthe corresponding TV sequel, which was popular in the Soviet Union.
![Emblem[1] of Lokot](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEmblem_of_Lokot_Autonomy.svg)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Отдельные очаги сопротивления на Брянщине продолжали партизанскую войну до 1951 года, постепенно вырождаясь в бандгруппы... В бою с одной из таких групп при задержании её главаря был тяжело ранен начальник Комаричского отделения госбезопасности капитан Ковалёв.
Действуя мелкими разрозненными группами, повстанцы, тем не менее, причиняют серьезное беспокойство советским властям. <...> Однако изолированное от внешних сил повстанчество постепенно вырождается в бандитизм. Последняя крупная банда, действовавшая несколько лет, была ликвидирована в 1951 г. в деревне Лагеревка («Финляндия»).
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