Lodi dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 970s–1010 | |||||||||
| Capital | Multan | ||||||||
| Religion | Ismaili | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Amir | |||||||||
• 970s–? | Shaikh Hamid Lodi | ||||||||
• ?–1010 | Fateh Daud Lodi | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 970s | ||||||||
| 1010 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
TheLodi dynasty was the last dynasty to rule overEmirate of Multan, from their capital city ofMultan in the 10th century.
Hamid Lodi's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid Lodi was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi.[1][2] Other sources state that he was from theLodi tribe ofPashtuns.[3][4][5] According toSamuel Miklos Stern, the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta.[6]Hudud al-'Alam mentions that the ruler was a Quraishite.[6]Ibn Hawqal who visited Multan in 367 AH also mentions that the rulers were the descendant of Sama bin Loi bin Ghalib.[7]
Banu Lawi rose to power after Jalam Ibn Shayam, the previous Ismaili Da'i, had overthrown theBanu Munabbih who were ruling the Emirate of Multan previously in 959. After his death, Hamid Lawi became Emir of Multan. According to Firishta,Sabuktigin had started raiding into Multan andLamghan for slaves during the reign ofAlp-Tegin inGhazni. This led to the creation of an alliance betweenJayapala, the king of theHindu Shahi of Kabul, Hamid Lawi, and the king of Bhatiya. He states that Jayapala ceded Lamghan and Multan to Hamid in return for the alliance.[8]
After becoming the amir in Ghazni in 977 AD, Sabuktigin entered into an agreement of non-hostility with Hamid Lodi, who according to Firishta agreed to acknowledge him as his overlord. Mishra states that Hamid's submission is unlikely, though Sabuktigin likely succeeded in dissolving his alliance with theHindu kings through diplomacy.[9] Hamid might have taken over the rule of the city ofMultan itself after the death of Jalam ibn Shaban, theFatimidda'i who had gained control of the city after defeating the Banu Munabbih and might have died sometime after 985 AD.[10]
Hamid's grandson and successor,Fateh Daud, abandoned his allegiance to theGhaznavids however after seeing Sabuktigin's son and successorMahmuddefeat Jayapala in 1001 AD and the king of Bhatiya in 1004 AD. He entered into a defence alliance with Anandapala, son and successor of Jayapala.Mahmud marched against Multan in 1006 AD due to its Ismaili element and Daud turning against him. Anandapala attempted to block his advance but was defeated. Mahmud besieged Multan for a week and forced Daud to renounce his Ismaili views, while also receiving a tribute of 20,000dirhams. He soon departed forKhorasan to repel the invasion of Ilak Khan, and left Sukhpala, alias "Nawasa Shah", as the governor of the newly conquered territory.[11][12] According to another version, Daud retired with his treasure toSerandip and Mahmud after conquering the city fined its inhabitants 20,000 dirhams as tribute.[13]
In 1010 AD, Daud again rebelled against Mahmud, who marched on the city during his eighth invasion of India. Daud was defeated and imprisoned at the fort of Ghurak, situated between Ghazni and Lamghan, for the rest of his life.[14][15]
Mahmud's son and successorMasʽud freed Daud's son al-Asghar from prison after being convinced byRajpal ibn Sumar, who belonged to the house of Daud and whose Ismaili faction had dissociated from the pro-Fatimid faction. The SyrianDruze leaderBaha al-Din al-Muqtana wrote a letter to ibn Sumar in 1034 AD, encouraging him to rebel against the Ghaznavids and restore the Ismaili rule. al-Ashgar secretly started leading an Ismaili faction and rebelled in 1041 AD after Masʽud died. His men succeeded in capturing theMultan Fort but were forced to abandon the city when the new Ghaznavid sultanMawdud dispatched his forces against them. The fort was surrendered by the inhabitants, who agreed to perform thekhutba in the names of theAbbasid caliphAl-Qadir and Mawdud.[16]
The Lodi dynasty followedIsmailism, a sect considered as heretic by the orthodoxSunni Muslims. Hamid Khan Lodi may have been from a more tolerant faction of Ismailis than Jalam.[17][18] The Lodis owed their allegiance to theFatimid Caliphate and were targeted by Mahmud of Ghazni for their faith. According toTarikh Yamini of al-Utbi, Fateh Daud had agreed to convert to the orthodox Sunni faith, but eventually abandoned it. Mahmud upon conquering Multan again massacred its Ismaili inhabitants. Thecongregational mosque built by Jalam on the site ofMultan Sun Temple was left abandoned, while the old congregational mosque built byMuhammad ibn Qasim was reopened for prayers.[19]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"The Lōdīs are related to a clan of the Ghilzay tribe of Afghanistān [see ghalzay] and ruled over parts of north India for 77 years. Afghāns came to the Indus plains from Rōh [q.v.] as early as 934/711-12 with the army of Muḥammad b. Ķāsim, the conqueror of Sind, and allied themselves politically with the Hindū-Shāhī [q.v.] rulers of Lahore, and receiving part of Lāmghān [see lāmghānāt ] for settlement, built a fort in the mountains of Peshawar to protect ¶ the Pandjāb from raids. During Alptigin's government at Ghazna, when his commander-in-chief Sebüktigin raided Lāmghān and Multān, the Afghans sought help from Rādjā Djaypāl who appointed their chief, Shaykh Ḥamīd Lōdī, viceroy of the wilāyats of Lamghān and Multān. Shaykh Ḥamīd appointed his own men as governors of those districts, and thereby the Afghāns gained political importance; their settlements stretched southwards from Lāmghān to Multān, incorporating the tracts of Bannū and Dērā Ismā'īl Khān. Later, a family of the Lōdī tribe settled at Multān, which was ruled in 396/1005 by Abu 'l-Fatḥ Dāwūd, a grandson of Shaykh Ḥamīd.
