| Local government in the Republic of Ireland | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Category | Unitary state |
| Location | Ireland |
| Number |
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| Populations | 31,972 (County Leitrim) – 592,713 (Dublin city) |
| Areas | 54 km2 (Galway city) – 7,468 km2 (County Cork) |
| Government |
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| Subdivisions | |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Administrative geography | ||||||||
The functions oflocal government in theRepublic of Ireland are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils.[1][2][3] The principal decision-making body in each of the thirty-one local authorities is composed of the members of the council, elected by universal franchise in local elections every five years from multi-seatlocal electoral areas using thesingle transferable vote. Many of the authorities' statutory functions are, however, the responsibility of ministerially appointed career officials termedChief executives.[4] The competencies of the city and county councils include planning, transport infrastructure, sanitary services, public safety (notably fire services) and the provision of public libraries.[2] Each local authority sends representatives to one of threeRegional Assemblies.[5]
Local government in the state is governed by Local Government Acts 1925 to 2024, the principal act of which is theLocal Government Act 2001.[6] TheLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898 is the founding document of the present system.[7] TheTwentieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1999) provided for constitutional recognition oflocal government for the first time inIreland in a new Article 28A. TheLocal Government Reform Act 2014 changed the structure by the abolition of all town councils and the merger of certain county councils. The reforms came into effect in 2014, to coincide withthat year's local elections.[8][9][10]
Thecounty was a unit of judicial and administrative government introduced to Ireland following theNorman invasion. The country wasshired in a number of phases withCounty Wicklow being the last to be shired in 1625.County Tipperary was divided into two judicial counties (orridings) following the establishment ofassize courts in 1838. At various times in the past, other entities at a level below that of the county or county borough have been employed in Ireland for various judicial, administrative and revenue collecting purposes. Some of these, such as thebarony andgrand jury, no longer fulfil their original purpose while retaining only vestigiallegal relevance in the modern state. Others, such as thepoor law unions, have been transformed into entities still in use by the modern state, but again, their original functions have been substantially altered.
Sixty years later, a more radical reorganisation of local government took place with theLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898. This Act established a county council for each of thirty-three Irish administrative counties (County Tipperary was divided withNorth Riding andSouth Riding) and a county borough corporation in six cities that were separate from their respective counties. Each county was divided intourban and rural districts. Urban districts in the area of fivemunicipal boroughs retained the style and title of a borough with a corporation. In all other places, a district council was established. Smaller towns retainedtown commissioners within rural districts.
The geographic remit of theIrish Free State, established in December 1922 pursuant to theAnglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, was confined to 26 of the traditional counties of Ireland, which included 27 administrative counties and fourcounty boroughs.
Rural districts were abolished everywhere except County Dublin in 1925, and in County Dublin in 1930.
In 1994County Dublin and theborough of Dún Laoghaire were abolished with their administrative areas being divided among three new counties:Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown,Fingal andSouth Dublin. The state was divided into eight Regional Authorities.
TheLocal Government Act 2001 simplified the local government structure, with the principal tier of local government (county and city councils) covering the entire territory of the state and having general responsibility for all functions of local government except in 80 towns within the territory of county councils, where the lower tier (town councils) existed with more limited functions. The five county boroughs ofDublin,Cork,Galway,Waterford, andLimerick were re-styled city councils, with the same status in law as county councils. The lower-level tiers of borough corporations,urban district councils andtown commissioners were reduced to a single tier of town council, with five permitted to retain the title of borough council: the city ofKilkenny and the four towns ofSligo,Drogheda,Clonmel, andWexford.
TheLocal Government Reform Act 2014 enacted changes which took effect after the 2014 local elections:
The civic and ceremonial status of existing cities, boroughs and larger towns was retained after being merged with counties. Those municipal districts that included existing cities or boroughs merged became either "metropolitan districts" or "borough districts". They continue to have mayors as do those districts containing county towns. In all other councils the equivalent office is known as Chair or Cathaoirleach. Each municipal district was issued with a new statutory charter setting out its powers alongside any historic charters that already existed.[11]
At the2019 Limerick City and County Council election, voters approved a proposal in a plebiscite on the establishment of a directly elected mayor for Limerick City and County by a vote of 52.4%.[12] Support for directly elected mayors has been almost equally divided when put to a popular vote. While the Limerick plebiscite passed by a small margin, voters in Waterford and Cork both rejected the proposal by equally small margins in 2019.[13] The2024 Limerick mayoral election took place in June 2024, withJohn Moran, an independent candidate being inaugurated as the first directly elected mayor in Ireland on 21 June 2024.[14]
| Region | Local authority | Population (2022)[15] | Area (km2) | Population density | Head office | Title of Chair | Number[16] | Resident per member | Regional Assembly members | Code[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern and Midland | Eastern and Midland | 2,529,358 | ||||||||
| Dublin City Council | 588,233 | 118 | 5,002 | Dublin | Lord Mayor | 63 | 9,337 | 7 | D | |
| Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council | 233,457 | 127 | 1,840 | Dún Laoghaire | Cathaoirleach | 40 | 5,836 | 3 | D | |
| Fingal County Council | 329,218 | 453 | 727 | Swords | Mayor | 40 | 8,230 | 3 | D | |
| Kildare County Council | 246,977 | 1,694 | 146 | Naas | Cathaoirleach | 40 | 6,174 | 3 | KE | |
| Laois County Council | 91,657 | 1,720 | 53 | Portlaoise | Cathaoirleach | 19 | 4,824 | 2 | LS | |
| Longford County Council | 46,634 | 1,091 | 43 | Longford | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 2,591 | 2 | LD | |
| Louth County Council | 139,100 | 832 | 167 | Dundalk | Cathaoirleach | 29 | 4,797 | 2 | LH | |
| Meath County Council | 220,296 | 2,335 | 94 | Navan | Cathaoirleach | 40 | 5,507 | 3 | MH | |
| Offaly County Council | 82,668 | 1,990 | 42 | Tullamore | Cathaoirleach | 19 | 4,351 | 2 | OY | |
| South Dublin County Council | 299,793 | 223 | 1,344 | Tallaght | Mayor | 40 | 7,495 | 3 | D | |
| Westmeath County Council | 95,840 | 1,825 | 53 | Mullingar | Cathaoirleach | 20 | 4,792 | 2 | WH | |
| Wicklow County Council | 155,485 | 2,033 | 76 | Wicklow | Cathaoirleach | 32 | 4,859 | 3 | WW | |
| Northern and Western | Northern and Western | 900,937 | ||||||||
| Cavan County Council | 81,201 | 1,932 | 42 | Cavan | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 4,511 | 2 | CN | |
| Donegal County Council | 166,321 | 4,860 | 34 | Lifford | Cathaoirleach | 37 | 4,495 | 3 | DL | |
| Galway City Council | 83,456 | 53 | 1,575 | Galway | Mayor | 18 | 4,636 | 2 | G | |
| Galway County Council | 192,995 | 6,100 | 32 | Galway | Cathaoirleach | 39 | 4,949 | 3 | G | |
| Leitrim County Council | 35,087 | 1,589 | 22 | Carrick-on-Shannon | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 1,949 | 2 | LM | |
| Mayo County Council | 137,231 | 5,588 | 25 | Castlebar | Cathaoirleach | 30 | 4,574 | 3 | MO | |
| Monaghan County Council | 64,832 | 1,296 | 50 | Monaghan | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 3,602 | 2 | MN | |
| Roscommon County Council | 69,995 | 2,548 | 27 | Roscommon | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 3,889 | 2 | RN | |
| Sligo County Council | 69,819 | 1,838 | 38 | Sligo | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 3,879 | 2 | SO | |
| Southern | Southern | 1,693,241 | ||||||||
| Carlow County Council | 61,931 | 898 | 69 | Carlow | Cathaoirleach | 18 | 3,441 | 2 | CW | |
| Clare County Council | 127,419 | 3,442 | 37 | Ennis | Cathaoirleach | 28 | 4,551 | 2 | CE | |
| Cork City Council | 222,333 | 198 | 1,123 | Cork | Lord Mayor | 31 | 7,172 | 2 | C | |
| Cork County Council | 358,898 | 7,281 | 49 | Cork | Mayor | 55 | 6,525 | 5 | C | |
| Kerry County Council | 155,258 | 4,735 | 33 | Tralee | Cathaoirleach | 33 | 4,705 | 3 | KY | |
| Kilkenny County Council | 103,685 | 2,072 | 50 | Kilkenny | Cathaoirleach | 24 | 4,320 | 2 | KK | |
| Limerick City and County Council | 205,444 | 2,760 | 74 | Limerick | Mayor | 40 | 5,136 | 3 | L | |
| Tipperary County Council | 167,661 | 4,304 | 39 | Clonmel &Nenagh | Cathaoirleach | 40 | 4,192 | 3 | T | |
| Waterford City and County Council | 127,085 | 1,859 | 68 | Waterford | Mayor | 32 | 3,971 | 2 | W | |
| Wexford County Council | 163,527 | 2,365 | 69 | Wexford | Cathaoirleach | 34 | 4,810 | 3 | WX | |
| Ireland | 5,123,536 | 70,182 | 73 | 949 | 5,399 | |||||
Eurostat, the statisticalDirectorate-General of theEuropean Union, uses a geographical hierarchy system called theNomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) for various statistical and financial disbursement purposes. The entirety of Ireland is aFirst-level NUTS of the European Union. The Second level (NUTS 2) divides Ireland into three regions which have a Regional Assembly. The Third level (NUTS 3) divides these regions into 8, each of which is a strategic planning area.[17] Below this are local administrative units (LAUs) which are the basic statistical components for the regions; in Ireland these are thelocal electoral areas (LEAs).[18]
Following the abolition of domestic propertyrates in the late 1970s, local councils found it extremely difficult to raise money. The shortfall from the abolition of property rates led to the introduction of service charges for water and refuse, but these were highly unpopular in certain areas and led in certain cases to large-scale non-payment. Arising from a decision made by theRainbow Government domestic water charges were abolished on 1 January 1997 placing further pressure on local government funding.
TheDepartment of Finance is a significant source of funding at present, and additional sources are rates on commercial and industrial property, housing rents, service charges and borrowing.[19] The dependence on Exchequer has led to charges that Ireland has an overly centralised system of local government.
Over the past three decades numerous studies carried out by consultants on behalf of the Government have recommended the reintroduction of some form of local taxation/charging regime, but these were generally seen as politically unacceptable. However, in 2012 the Local Government Management Agency was established to provide a central data management service to enable the collection of the Home Charge, the Non Principle Private Residence (NPPR) charge and the proposed water charge.[20][21][22]
Since 1999, motor tax is paid into the Local Government Fund, established by the Local Government Act 1998, and is distributed on a "Needs and Resources" basis.[23]
In 2013, alocal property tax was introduced to provide funding for local authorities.
Local government has progressively lost control over services to national and regional bodies, particularly since the foundation of the state in 1922. For instance, local control of education has largely been passed toEducation and Training Boards, while other bodies such as theDepartment of Education still hold significant powers. In 1970 local government lost its health remit, which had been already eroded by the creation of theDepartment of Health in 1947, to theHealth Board system. In the 1990s the National Roads Authority took overall authority for national roads projects, supported by local authorities who maintain the non-national roads system. The whole area of waste management has been transformed since the 1990s, with a greater emphasis on environmental protection, recycling infrastructure and higher environmental standards. In 1993 the Environmental Protection Agency was established to underpin a more pro-active and co-ordinated national and local approach to protecting the environment.An Bord Pleanála was seen as another inroad into local government responsibilities. Additionally, the trend has been to remove decision-making from elected councillors to full-time professionals and officials. In particular, every city and county has a manager, who is the chief executive but is also apublic servant appointed by the Public Appointments Service (formerly the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commission), and is thus answerable to the national government as well as the local council, in theory. Therefore, local policy decisions are sometimes heavily influenced by theTDs who represent the local constituency inDáil Éireann (the main chamber of parliament), and may be dictated by national politics rather than local needs.
Local government bodies now have responsibility for such matters as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. TheMinister for Housing, Planning and Local Government has responsibility for local authorities and related services. Fingal County Manager David O'Connor: "Local Authorities perform both a representational and an operational role because the Irish system of Local Government encompasses both democratic representation and public administration."[24]
