| Llandudno | |
|---|---|
 .jpg)  From the top, View over Llandudno from theGreat Orme,Llandudno Pier, Mad Hatter Statue on the Promenade | |
  Llandudno Location withinConwy | |
| Population | 19,700 (2021 census) |
| OS grid reference | SH783824 |
| Community |
|
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LLANDUDNO |
| Postcode district | LL30 |
| Dialling code | 01492 |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
53°19′21″N3°49′30″W / 53.3225°N 3.825°W /53.3225; -3.825  Map of the community | |
Llandudno (/lænˈdɪdnoʊ/[citation needed],Welsh:[ɬanˈdɨdnɔ]ⓘ) is aseaside resort, town andcommunity inConwy County Borough, Wales, located on theCreuddyn peninsula, which protrudes into theIrish Sea. In the2021 UK census, the community – which includesGogarth,Penrhyn Bay, Craigside,Glanwydden, Penrhynside, andBryn Pydew – had a population of 19,700 (rounded to the nearest 100).[1] The town's name means "Church ofSaint Tudno".[2]
Llandudno is a major seaside resort in Wales, and as early as 1861 was being called 'the Queen of the Welsh Watering Places'[3] (a phrase later also used in connection withTenby[4] andAberystwyth;[5] the word 'resort' came a little later).Historically a part ofCaernarfonshire, Llandudno was formerly in thedistrict of Aberconwy withinGwynedd until 1996.
The town of Llandudno developed fromStone Age all the way through to Iron Age settlements over many hundreds of years on the slopes of the limestone headland, known to seafarers as theGreat Orme and to landsmen as the Creuddyn Peninsula. The origins in recorded history are with the Manor of Gogarth conveyed byKing Edward I to Annan,Bishop of Bangor in 1284. The manor comprised three townships,Y Gogarth in the southwest,Y Cyngreawdr in the north (with the parish church of St Tudno) andYr Wyddfid in the southeast.[6]
Modern Llandudno takes its name from the ancient parish of Saint Tudno. The modern town has grown beyond the ancient parish boundaries to encompass several neighbouring area, includingCraig-y-Don and Penrhyn Bay, which were in the parish ofLlanrhos (or Eglwys Rhos), which also included Llanrhos village andDeganwy. The ancient parishes of Llandudno, Llanrhos andLlangystennin were in the medievalcommote ofCreuddyn in theKingdom of Gwynedd, which was made part of the new county of Caernarfonshire under theStatute of Rhuddlan in 1284.[7]
Mostly owned by Mostyn Estates, the Great Orme is home to several large herds of wild Kashmiri goats originally descended from a pair presented bythe Shah of Persia toQueen Victoria and subsequently given toLord Mostyn. These goats are also known to frequently roam the main streets of Llandudno. The summit of the Great Orme stands at 679 feet (207 m). The Summit Hotel, now a tourist attraction, was once the home of world middleweight champion boxerRandolph Turpin.
The limestone headland is a haven for flora and fauna, with some rare species such as peregrine falcons and a species of wild cotoneaster (cambricus) which can only be found on the Great Orme. The sheer limestone cliffs provide ideal nesting conditions for a wide variety of sea birds, including cormorants, shags, guillemots, razorbills, puffins, kittiwakes, fulmars and numerous gulls.
There are several attractions including theGreat Orme Tramway and theLlandudno Cable Car that takes tourists to the summit. The Great Orme also has the longest toboggan run in Britain at 750m long.[8]
By 1847 the town had grown to a thousand people, served by the new church of St George, built in 1840. The great majority of the men worked in the copper mines, with others employed in fishing and subsistence agriculture.
In 1848, Owen Williams, an architect and surveyor fromLiverpool, presented Lord Mostyn with plans to develop the marshlands behind Llandudno Bay as a holiday resort. These were enthusiastically pursued by Lord Mostyn. The influence of the Mostyn Estate and its agents over the years was paramount in the development of Llandudno, especially after the appointment of George Felton as surveyor and architect in 1857. Between 1857 and 1877 much of central Llandudno was developed under Felton's supervision. Felton also undertook architectural design work, including the design and execution of Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street.[9]
The town is served byLlandudno railway station, which is the northern terminus of a 3 miles (4.8 km) longbranch line fromLlandudno Junction. There are generally half-hourly services between the two stations; some trains continue toBlaenau Ffestiniog or toManchester Airport.[10]
Llandudno Junction station is sited on theNorth Wales Coast railway line, which was opened as theChester and Holyhead Railway in 1848. It became part of theLondon and North Western Railway in 1859 and part of theLondon, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Llandudno was specifically built as a mid-Victorian era holiday destination and the branch line opened in 1858, with an intermediate station atDeganwy.
The town is served byArriva Buses Wales, with services toRhyl,Bangor,Caernarfon and theGreat Orme summit. In addition, Llew Jones provides services toBetws-y-coed andLlanrwst.[11]
TheGreat Orme Tramway runs from the centre of the town to the summit of the Great Orme and isGreat Britain's only remaining cable-operated street tramway.
The formerLlandudno and Colwyn Bay Electric Railway operated an electric tramway service between Llandudno andRhos-on-Sea from 1907; this was extended toColwyn Bay in 1908. The service closed in 1956.[12] In Llandudno, the original tramway went up the middle of Gloddaeth Street, down Mostyn Street, through Penrhyn Bay and across to Colwyn Bay.
For most of the length of Llandudno'sNorth Shore there is a wide curving Victorian promenade. The road, collectively known as The Parade, has a different name for each block and it is on these parades and crescents that many of Llandudno's hotels are built. TheNorth Wales Theatre, Arena and Conference Centre, built in 1994, and extended in 2006 and renamed "Venue Cymru" is located near the centre of the bay.[13]
TheLlandudno Pier is on theNorth Shore. Built in 1877, it is a Grade IIlisted building. The pier was extended in 1884 in a landward direction along the side of what was the Baths Hotel (where theGrand Hotel now stands).[14]
The Happy Valley, a former quarry, was the gift of Lord Mostyn to the town in celebration of theGolden Jubilee ofQueen Victoria in 1887. The area was landscaped and developed as gardens, two miniature golf courses, a putting green, a popular open-air theatre and extensive lawns. The ceremonies connected with theWelsh National Eisteddfod were held there in 1896 and again in 1963.[15] The gardens are listed at Grade II on theCadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.[16]
Haulfre Gardens were developed as the private gardens to a house, Sunny Hill, in the north-west of the town. Later acquired by the council, they were opened as a public park in 1929, the opening ceremony being conducted byDavid Lloyd George. The gardens are listed Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS register.[17]
The first route round the perimeter of the Great Orme was a footpath constructed in 1858 by Reginald Cust, a trustee of the Mostyn Estate. In 1872 the Great Ormes Head Marine Drive Co. Ltd. was formed to turn the path into a carriage road. Following bankruptcy, a second company completed the road in 1878. The contractors for the scheme were Messrs Hughes, Morris, Davies, a consortium led by Richard Hughes of Madoc Street, Llandudno.[18] The road was bought by Llandudno Urban District Council in 1897.[19]
The 4 miles (6.4 km) one-way drive starts at the foot of the Happy Valley. After about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) a side road leads to St Tudno's Church, the Great Orme Bronze Age Copper Mine and the summit of the Great Orme. Continuing on the Marine Drive the Great Orme Lighthouse (now a small hotel) is passed, and, shortly afterwards on the right, the Rest and Be Thankful Cafe and information centre. Below the Marine Drive at its western end is the site of the wartime Coast Artillery School (1940–1945), now ascheduled monument.[20]
The West Shore is a quiet beach on the estuary of theRiver Conwy. It was here at Pen Morfa thatAlice Liddell (ofAlice in Wonderland fame) spent the long summer holidays of her childhood.[21]
Running behind the promenade is Mostyn Street leading to Mostyn Broadway and then Mostyn Avenue. These are the main shopping streets of Llandudno and Craig-y-Don. Mostyn Street accommodates the high street shops, the major high street banks and building societies, two churches, amusement arcades and the town's public library. The last is the starting point for the Llandudno Town Trail.[22]
Every year in Maybank holiday weekend, Llandudno has a three-day Victorian Carnival[23] and Mostyn Street becomes a funfair. Madoc Street and Gloddaeth Street and the Promenade become part of the route each day of a mid-day carnival parade. The Bodafon Farm fields become the location of a Festival of Transport.[24]
Until 2017, Llandudno was unique within the United Kingdom in that its lifeboat station was located inland, allowing it to launch with equal facility from either the West Shore or the North Shore as needed. In 2017, a new lifeboat station was completed, and new, high-speed, offshore and inshore lifeboats, and a modern launching system, were acquired. This station is close to the paddling pool on North Shore.Llandudno's active volunteer crews are called out more than ever with the rapidly increasing numbers of small pleasure craft sailing in coastal waters. The Llandudno Lifeboat is normally on display on the promenade every Sunday and bank holiday Monday from May until October.
The ancientparish church dedicated toSaint Tudno stands in a hollow near the northern point of the Great Orme and two miles (3 km) from the present town. It was established as anoratory by Tudno, a 6th-century monk, but the present church dates from the 12th century and it is still used on summer Sunday mornings. It was theAnglican parish church of Llandudno until that status was transferred first to St George's (now closed) and later to Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street.
The principalChristian Churches of Llandudno are members ofCytûn (churches together) and include theChurch in Wales (Holy Trinity and also Saint Paul's at Craig-y-Don), theRoman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea, Saint John'sMethodist Church, Gloddaeth United Church (Presbyterian), Assemblies of God (Pentecostal), LlandudnoBaptist Church, St. David's Methodist Church at Craig-y-Don, theCoptic Orthodox Church ofSaint Mary and Saint Abasikhiron, and Eglwys Unedig Gymraeg Llandudno (the United Welsh Church of Llandudno). There is also aChristadelphian meeting hall in the town.
A member of the local Methodist community isRoger Roberts, now Lord Roberts of Llandudno,Liberal Democrat Spokesman forInternational Development in theHouse of Lords.
Llandudno is home to a Jewish centre in Church Walks, which serves local and visiting Jews – one of few in North Wales. There is also a Buddhist centre, Kalpa Bhadra, on Mostyn Avenue in Craig-y-Don.
The town is host toLlandudno F.C., who currently compete inCymru North, the second tier of Welsh football; the team have competed previously in the top levelCymru Premier division. The club plays its home matches atMaesdu Park and competed in theEuropa League in 2016.[25]Llandudno Albion currently play in the third tier of Welsh football andLlandudno Amateurs play in the fourth tier.
A football club is mentioned in Llandudno as far back as 1865.[26] Gloddaeth Rovers dated back to 1878 and played for a decade; they were then replaced byLlandudno Swifts as the town's main club. Following the demise of Swifts in 1901, a new club calledLlandudno Amateurs were formed; a different team to that which exists now.
Llandudno Rugby Club plays in the town and was established in 1952.[27] It is a member of theWelsh Rugby Union.
There are also localpool,snooker anddominoes tournaments.
The 2011 census counted 20,701 usual residents of which 50.8% were born in Wales and 40.7% in England.
The population in 2021, according to the census, decreased to 19,700. 30% of the population are aged 65+, higher than the national average of 21.3%. The largest ethnic group is White with 95.9% of the population, higher than the national average of 93.8%, with the second largest being Asian/Asian British at 1.8%, lower than the national average of 2.9%. The largest religious group is Christianity who make up 52.6% of the population, higher than the national average of 43.6%, with the second largest being No religion who make up 38.4% of the population, lower than the national average of 46.5%.[1]
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There are two tiers of local government covering Llandudno, atcommunity (town) level andprincipal area (county borough) level: Llandudno Town Council andConwy County Borough Council. The town council is based atLlandudno Town Hall on Lloyd Street.[28] Llandudno is now divided into fiveelectoral wards:Craig-y-Don, Gogarth,Mostyn,Penrhyn andTudno. The wards elect county councillors toConwy County Borough Council and four community councillors each to Llandudno Town Council.[29]
Llandudno was anancient parish.[30] In 1854 Llandudno was made anImprovement Commissioners District. The district covered part of the parish of Llandudno and part of the neighbouring parish ofEglwys Rhos.[31][32][33]
Improvement commissioners districts such as Llandudno were converted intourban districts under theLocal Government Act 1894. The 1894 Act also directed that parishes could no longer straddle district boundaries; the parishes of Llandudno and Eglwys Rhos were therefore both reduced to just cover the parts within the urban district; the parts outside the urban district made a separate parish calledPenrhyn.[34] A single parish called 'Llandudno-cum-Eglwysrhos' was created in 1905 covering the same area as the urban district. The urban district's name remained 'Llandudno', with 'Llandudno-cum-Eglwysrhos' being the name of the singlecivil parish the district contained. The urban district and parish were enlarged in 1934 to absorb the Penhryn and part of the abolished parish ofLlangystennin (the rest of which, aroundLlandudno Junction, went to the borough ofConwy).[35][30]
The urban district council builtLlandudno Town Hall to serve as its headquarters in 1902.[36] In 1974 the urban district was abolished, with the area becoming a community within theAberconwy district in the new county ofGwynedd.[37] Further local government reform in 1996 saw the area become part of theprincipal area of Conwy County Borough.[38]
Llandudno falls under the UK parliamentary constituency ofBangor Aberconwy, whose is represented by theLabour MPClaire Hughes, and the Senedd constituency of Aberconwy, whose MS is the ConservativeJanet Finch-Saunders. It falls under the North Wales electoral region.
Llandudno istwinned with theFlemish town ofWormhout 10 miles (16 km) fromDunkirk. It was there that many members of the Llandudno-based 69thTerritorialRegiment were ambushed and taken prisoner. Later, at nearbyEsquelbecq on 28 May 1940, the prisoners were shot.[39]
The 1st (North Wales) Brigade was headquartered in Llandudno in December 1914 and included a battalion of theRoyal Welch Fusiliers, which had been raised and trained in Llandudno. During the 1914–18 war this Brigade, a major part of the 38th Welsh Division, took part in theBattle of the Somme and the Brigade was ordered to takeMametz Wood. Two days of fighting brought about the total destruction ofMametz village by shelling. After the war, the people of Llandudno (including returning survivors from the 38th Welsh Division) contributed generously to the fund for the reconstruction of the village of Mametz.[40]
Llandudno is also twinned withChampery, Switzerland since August 2022.[citation needed]
Llandudno hosted the WelshNational Eisteddfod in 1864, 1896 and 1963, and in 2008 welcomed theUrdd NationalEisteddfod to Gloddaeth Isaf Farm,Penrhyn Bay. The town also hosted the Liverpool Olympic Festival in 1865 and 1866.
Matthew Arnold gives a vivid and lengthy description of 1860s Llandudno – and of the ancient tales ofTaliesin andMaelgwn Gwynedd that are associated with the local landscape – in the first sections of the preface[41] toOn the Study of Celtic Literature (1867). It is also used as a location for dramatic scenes in the stage play and filmHindle Wakes byStanley Houghton, and the 1911 novel,The Card, byArnold Bennett, and its subsequentfilm version.
Elisabeth of Wied, the Queen Consort of Romania and also known as writer Carmen Sylva, stayed in Llandudno for five weeks in 1890. On leaving, she described Wales as "a beautiful haven of peace".[42] Translated into Welsh as "hardd,hafan,hedd", it became the town's official motto.
Other famous people with links to Llandudno include the Victorian statesmanJohn Bright and multi-capped Welsh international footballersNeville Southall,Neil Eardley,Chris Maxwell andJoey Jones. Australia's 7th Prime MinisterBilly Hughes attended school in Llandudno.Gordon Borrie QC (Baron Borrie), Director General of the Office of Fair Trading from 1976 to 1992, was educated at the town'sJohn Bright Grammar School when he lived there as a wartime evacuee.
The international art galleryOriel Mostyn is in Vaughan Street next to the post office. It was built in 1901 to house the art collection of Lady Augusta Mostyn. It was requisitioned in 1914 for use as an army drill hall and later became a warehouse, before being returned to use as an art gallery in 1979. Following a major revamp the gallery was renamed simply 'Mostyn' in 2010.
Llandudno has its own mini arts festival 'LLAWN' (Llandudno Arts Weekend) which has been running for the past three years (LLAWN01 −2013,LLAWN02 – 2014,LLAWN03 – 2015).LLAWN is a mini festival that rediscovers and celebrates Llandudno's past in rather a unique way; via art, architecture, artefact, sound, performance, and participation. The festival takes place over three days of the weekend in late September, originally conceived as a way to promote what those in the hospitality sector refer to as the ‘shoulder season’, which means a lull in the tourist calendar. The festival is supported by Arts Council Wales, Mostyn Estates, Conwy County Borough Council, MOSTYN and Llandudno Town Council.[43]
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The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Town of Llandudno.
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
