Livno Ливно | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Panorama of Livno | |
  Livno | |
| Coordinates:43°43′N17°14′E / 43.717°N 17.233°E /43.717; 17.233 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Canton 10 |
| Township | Livno |
| First mentioned | 28 September 892 |
| Area | |
• Total | 29.19 km2 (11.27 sq mi) |
| • Land | 29.19 km2 (11.27 sq mi) |
| • Water | 0 km2 (0 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
• Total | 7,927 |
| • Density | 271.6/km2 (703.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 |
| Postal code | 80240 |
| Area code | +387 34 |
Livno (pronounced[lǐːʋno]) is a town and the administrative center of theTownship of Livno andCanton 10 of theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity ofBosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the riverBistrica at the southeastern edge of theLivno Field at the foot of Kruzi plateau which is located beneath theCincar mountain and rocky hill Crvenice. Livno is the centre of the Canton 10 which mainly covers an area of the historical and geographical region ofTropolje.[1][2] As of 2013, it has a population of 37,487 inhabitants.The town, with its historic ruins and old city from the 9th century, was first mentioned in 892, developing at the crossroads between theAdriatic coast and inland, i.e., regions ofBosnia,Dalmatia,Herzegovina, andKrajina.[3]
The plains of Livno have been populated since approximately 2000 BC. In the lateBronze Age, the Neolithic population was replaced by more Indo-European tribes known as theIllyrians. The region was inhabited by the Illyrian tribe ofDalmatae whose capital wasDelminium in today's Tomislavgrad. They left remains that testify about their presence in this area. The most important are thegradine, remains of Illyrian settlements distributed along theLivno Field. The three most important areVelika gradina,Mala gradina andKasalov gradac.[4]
After theRoman conquest of the area, it was part of the province ofDalmatia. During the twenties of the first century AD, the Roman government built a road connectingSalona, a city on the coast withServitium, a city at theperipanonic lowlands. Its route passed through the Livno Field where two road stations have been established. The station of Pelva was located in the area of the villageLištani and in the area of Livno station Bariduo was based.[5]
Livno celebrates its founding date as 28 September 892 AD, being mentioned in a document fromDuke Mutimir which was released at that time. It was the centre of Hlebiana (ή Χλεβίανα)županija (province) of theKingdom of Croatia, as mentioned in the tenth-century workDe Administrando Imperio (chapter 30). From 1199Emeric until 1326Mladen II Šubić of Bribir, who was a resident of Livno, it was part of theChelmensis territory. From 1326 until 1463 Livno was part of theBosnian Kingdom. One of the noble families of the Bosnian Kingdom bought Livno,Duvno, andKupres (12th to 13th century) then called "Tropolje," (Three Fields). Cemeteries with large medieval tombstones were found in the area and the anthropological research carried out in 1982 on skeletons from 108 graves with "stećci" type slabs near Livno, indicates a population of autochthonous Vlach origin[6]
The beginning of the 15th century saw theOttoman Empire advance, invade, and occupy Bosnia for the next 400 years. The mosque complex in the picture (left) is theHajji Ahmed the Ducat Minter's Mosque (more commonly known as theGlavica ("Head")Mosque, called after the knap above the town on which it is erected) Constructed upon a design byMimar Sinan in 1574. (some date to 1587), it is situated on a hill overlooking the old town of Livno, the riverBistrica and the spring Duman in the upper section of the old town of Livno. The mosque complex consists of a compact main building of the mosque under a dome and an uncharacteristically short minaret, with a clock tower which was erected around 1659, and is still in use today. Within the perimeter is an almost 500-year-old necropolis with characteristic early Bosnian Muslim tombstones and later ones.[7][8]
In 1878, Livno wasoccupied by Austro-Hungarian forces. Soldiers from Dalmatia and an infantry division from Osijek fiercely fought against 3,000 Ottoman and Muslim militias around Livno, finally capturing the town on September 27. TheCongress of Berlin approved ofAustro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina that year.
From 1918 it was part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929 the kingdom was renamed theKingdom of Yugoslavia and divided into ninebanates (banovine). Livno was divided into theLittoral Banovina, with its centre in the city ofSplit. This division brought Livno politically closer to Croatia. In 1939, the banates were further redrawn so that there was a Croatian banate (Banovina Hrvatska) of which Livno was also part.
From 1941–45, Livno was part of the AxisIndependent State of Croatia and was labelled as a pro-Ustaše region. The territory that partisans liberated and managed to keep under their control from November 1942 to January 1943 (dubbed theRepublic of Bihać) included all of ruralWestern Herzegovina west of Neretva and Široki Brijeg, including Livno. Livno and its area, under partisan control from August to October 1942, was very important for partisan resistance, as keyCroatian Peasant Party members from Livno Florijan Sučić and Ivan Pelivan joined the partisans resistance and mobilized many other Croats.[9]
When the German and ItalianZones of Influence were revised on 24 June 1942, Livno fell inZone II [hr], administered civilly by Croatia but militarily by Italy.[10]
Croatian writerIvan Goran Kovačić joined thePartisans in Croata, writing his epic poem"Jama" ("The Pit") during his time with the resistance. He finished it in Livno. When Croatian Ustaše forces drove the partisans out of Livno in October 1942.
After the end ofWorld War II, Livno was a part ofSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina inYugoslavia. After its collapse in 1991 and during the Bosnian War, it was under the control ofCroat Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
TheWashington Agreement saw to the end of Herzeg-Bosnia, and Livno became a part of theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Livno is 96 km[11] fromSplit,Croatia, and 127 km[11] fromMostar.
| Ethnic composition - Livno Municipality | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013. | 1991. | 1981. | 1971. | 1961. | 1953. | 1948. | |||
| Total | 37,487 (100,0%) | 40,600 (100,0%) | 40,438 (100,0%) | 42,186 (100,0%) | 40,291 (100,0%) | 38,749 (100,0%) | 36,664 (100,0%) | ||
| Croats | 29,273 (85,76%) | 29,324 (72,23%) | 28,918 (71,51%) | 31,657 (75,04%) | 31,133 (77,27%) | 30,603 (78,98%) | 29,647 (80,86%) | ||
| Muslims/Bosniaks | 4,138 (12,12%) | 5,793 (14,27%) | 4,418 (10,93%) | 5,087 (12,06%) | 2,068 (5,133%) | ||||
| Serbs | 446 (1,307%) | 3,913 (9,638%) | 3,898 (9,639%) | 4,791 (11,36%) | 5,503 (13,66%) | 5,204 (13,43%) | 4,452 (12,14%) | ||
| Unaffiliated | 137 (0,401%) | ||||||||
| Others | 49 (0,144%) | 445 (1,096%) | 240 (0,594%) | 159 (0,377%) | 38 (0,094%) | 2,942 (7,59%) | 2,565 (7,00%) | ||
| Albanians | 40 (0,117%) | 25 (0,062%) | 9 (0,021%) | 5 (0,012%) | |||||
| Unknown | 22 (0,064%) | ||||||||
| Roma | 8 (0,023%) | 2 (0,005%) | |||||||
| Montenegrins | 6 (0,018%) | 41 (0,101%) | 33 (0,078%) | 44 (0,109%) | |||||
| Slovenes | 6 (0,018%) | 5 (0,012%) | 6 (0,014%) | 22 (0,055%) | |||||
| Macedonians | 5 (0,015%) | 7 (0,017%) | 5 (0,012%) | 7 (0,017%) | |||||
| Ukrainians | 3 (0,009%) | ||||||||
| Yugoslavs | 1,125 (2,771%) | 2,881 (7,124%) | 434 (1,029%) | 1,471 (3,651%) | |||||
| Hungarians | 3 (0,007%) | 5 (0,012%) | |||||||
| Ethnic composition - Livno City | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013. | 1991. | 1981. | 1971. | 1961. | |||
| Total | 9,045 (100,0%) | 10,080 (100,0%) | 9,002 (100,0%) | 7,207 (100,0%) | 5,181 (100,0%) | ||
| Croats | 4,921 (62,08%) | 3,504 (34,76%) | 2,890 (32,10%) | 2,483 (34,45%) | 2,156 (41,61%) | ||
| Muslims/Bosniaks | 2,679 (33,79%) | 3,899 (38,68%) | 2,714 (30,15%) | 3,075 (42,67%) | 885 (17,08%) | ||
| Serbs | 144 (1,829%) | 1,556 (15,44%) | 1,206 (13,40%) | 1,212 (16,82%) | 1,033 (19,94%) | ||
| Unaffiliated | 101 (1,274%) | ||||||
| Albanians | 40 (0,505%) | 24 (0,267%) | 9 (0,125%) | 5 (0,097%) | |||
| Others | 30 (0,378%) | 175 (1,736%) | 40 (0,444%) | 72 (0,999%) | 16 (0,309%) | ||
| Macedonians | 3 (0,038%) | 4 (0,044%) | 6 (0,116%) | ||||
| Slovenes | 3 (0,038%) | 3 (0,033%) | 1 (0,014%) | 17 (0,328%) | |||
| Unknown | 3 (0,038%) | ||||||
| Montenegrins | 2 (0,025%) | 24 (0,267%) | 18 (0,250%) | 22 (0,425%) | |||
| Yugoslavs | 946 (9,385%) | 2 093 (23,25%) | 333 (4,621%) | 1,041 (20,09%) | |||
| Hungarians | 2 (0,022%) | 4 (0,056%) | |||||
| Roma | 2 (0,022%) | ||||||
The territory of the municipality is 994 km2 (384 sq mi). Livno is both the cultural and industrial center of the canton. It is the biggest city in the canton and situated 730 meters above sea level. TheBistrica river flows through the city and is itself is 3 km (1.9 mi) long, which means that it is a very small river. Livno is also situated in theLivanjsko field which is the largest field in the entire country. The field is situated between the mountainsDinara andKamešnica in the south, Tušnica in the east,Cincar in the north andŠator in the west.Livanjsko field is 405 km2 (156 sq mi), making it almost half of the Livno municipality.
Livno has a stable continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. It is situated between the mountains Cincar and Kamesnica which make the climate more continental than the climate inMostar andČapljina for example. The winters in that part of the country are not as cold as in Livno. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. TheKöppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[12]
| Climate data for Livno (1961–1990, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 30.9 (87.6) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.6 (99.7) | 38.2 (100.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 28.6 (83.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | 13.7 (56.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 21.9 (71.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 10.6 (51.1) | 5.6 (42.1) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) | 0.9 (33.6) | 4.1 (39.4) | 8.3 (46.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.6 (65.5) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.2 (57.6) | 9.5 (49.1) | 4.8 (40.6) | 0.6 (33.1) | 8.9 (48.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) | −3.4 (25.9) | −0.8 (30.6) | 2.8 (37.0) | 6.5 (43.7) | 9.1 (48.4) | 10.6 (51.1) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.5 (45.5) | 3.7 (38.7) | 0.1 (32.2) | −3.6 (25.5) | 3.2 (37.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −29.6 (−21.3) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −9.0 (15.8) | −3.7 (25.3) | −2.4 (27.7) | 0.4 (32.7) | 0.6 (33.1) | −4.3 (24.3) | −9.7 (14.5) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −26.4 (−15.5) | −29.6 (−21.3) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 95.4 (3.76) | 93.1 (3.67) | 96.7 (3.81) | 95.2 (3.75) | 73.3 (2.89) | 91.5 (3.60) | 50.5 (1.99) | 75.1 (2.96) | 85.2 (3.35) | 116.0 (4.57) | 149.2 (5.87) | 125.4 (4.94) | 1,146.6 (45.14) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.4 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 139.8 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) | 10.5 | 8.5 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 9.8 | 36.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74.5 | 71.5 | 67.7 | 65.5 | 65.8 | 66.7 | 60.7 | 63.3 | 69.9 | 72.8 | 74.7 | 74.8 | 69.0 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 110.0 | 119.7 | 153.8 | 175.1 | 217.0 | 240.3 | 306.8 | 279.1 | 222.4 | 185.4 | 121.3 | 100.7 | 2,231.7 |
| Source:Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina[13][14] | |||||||||||||
Livno is home to many sport clubs, the most famous of which areTroglav 1918football club, andMNK Seljakfutsal club.Basketball is represented byKK Livno andŽKK Livno.
M16 road, passing throughKupres andŠujica, connects Livno withCroatia andCentral Bosnia. M6.1 starts atBosansko Grahovo, runs through Livno connecting it with Tomislavgrad, Herzegovina andMostar. Going northwards M15 connects Livno with Glamoč and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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