Liuyang 浏阳市 | |
|---|---|
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 Location of Liuyang City within Changsha | |
  Liuyang Location of downtown in Hunan | |
| Coordinates (Liuyang government):28°09′49″N113°38′36″E / 28.1637°N 113.6433°E /28.1637; 113.6433 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Changsha |
| Seat | Guankou |
| Area | |
| 5,008 km2 (1,934 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 27.90 km2 (10.77 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| 1,278,928 | |
• Estimate (2017) | 1,515,000 |
| • Density | 255.4/km2 (661.4/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 260,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 410312 |
| Area code | 0731 |
| Website | liuyang |
Liuyang (simplified Chinese:浏阳;traditional Chinese:瀏陽;pinyin:Liúyáng) is acounty-level city, themost populous and the easternmost county-level division ofHunan Province, China. It is under the administration of theprefecture-level city ofChangsha, the provincial capital. Located on the northeastern margin of Hunan, the city is bordered to the north byPingjiang County, to the west byChangsha County andYuhua District, to the south byShifeng,Hetang Districts ofZhuzhou andLiling City, to the southeast and the east byYuanzhou District ofYichun,Shangli,Wanzai andTonggu Counties ofJiangxi. Liuyang City covers 4,997.35 km2 (1,929.49 sq mi) with registered population of 1,453,246 and resident population of 1,297,700 (as of 2014).[2] The city has foursubdistricts, 26towns and twotownships under its jurisdiction. Itsadministrative centre is atGuankou Subdistrict (关口街道).[3][4]
Liuyang is home to theHakka people with a population of more than 200,000, who immigrated here fromMeizhou ofGuangdong orJiangxi in laterMing and earlyQing dynasties.[5] It is one of the richest counties and county-level cities in tourism resources. As it was arevolutionary base area in theChinese Communist Revolution, there are manyred tourism attractions and former residences of famous figures.
Liuyang is one of the most developed counties and county-level cities. It is one of the best developed manufacturing counties and county-level cities in the province, with themanufacturing industry serving as its economic pillar. Liuyang's manufacturing engines are electronic and information,biomedicine, machinery manufacture, fireworks and firecrackers, food and beverage, materials and energy, furniture and decoration. For example, the gross domestic product of Liuyang in 2015 was CN¥111.28 billion (US$17.87 billion). Of this total, the value added of the manufacturing industry was CN¥71.37 billion (US$11.46 billion), shares 64.14 percentage of its GDP.[6]Fireworks andfirecrackers have being been its traditional industry.
Fireworks andfirecrackers originated in Liuyang and it has always been the centre of fireworks production in China, spanning more than 1,400 years.[7] Fireworks sales by Liuyang account for about half of China's gross sales of CN¥ 29.41 billion (US$4.34 billion).[8][full citation needed][9] Liuyang is also home of the International Fireworks Association.
According to historical relics discovered in Yong’an Middle School's construction site in 1991, in the Old Stone Age, there were people living in Liuyang. In the eastern Han dynasty (in 209 AD), Liuyang was established as a county, and its government was located in Juling (now the northern Guandu). In theTang dynasty, the government was moved to Huaichuan (now the Huaichuan Street), and in theYuan dynasty (in 1295 AD), the government was moved back to Juling, and Liuyang became a “state”. In theMing dynasty (in 1369 AD), Liuyang was degraded as a county, and its government was moved to Huaichuan again.In the eastern Han dynasty,Sun Quan set Liuyang (刘阳). In theThree Kingdoms-Wu, Liuyang belonged to Changsha Prefecture. In the Liu Song period of Southern Dynasties, the name was changed from Liuyang (刘阳) to Liuyang (浏阳), and the new name is used until now. In theSui dynasty, Liuyang was merged into Changsha, and in theTang dynasty (in 708 AD) Liuyang was established as a county again. In the Sui dynasty and the Tang dynasty, Liuyang belonged to Tanzhou. In theMing dynasty and theQing dynasty, Liuyang belonged to Changsha. In the 26th reign year of theRepublic of China (in 1937 AD), Liuyang belonged to the First District, Hunan Province Chief Inspector's Office. In 1949, the First District, Hunan Province Chief Inspector's Office, was renamed as Changsha prefecture. In 1952, Changsha prefecture was replaced byXiangtan prefecture, and Liuyang belonged to Xiangtan prefecture (later, it was called Xiangtan area). In February, 1983, Xiangtan area was cancelled, and Liuyang was attributed to Changsha city. On 16 January 1993, Liuyang was not a county any more, and it becomes a county-level city, called Liuyang city. In September 1927Mao Zedong assembled Left-Kuomintang troops here, in the town of Wenjiashi (文家市) on the Jiangxi border, for the Com-Intern-planned seizure of Changsha, the provincial capital, 100 km to the west. Mao led the troops 170 km south into the Jinggang Mountains. Half a year later, he was joined there by the troops ofZhu De.
After an adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liuyang on 18 November 2015[3] and the Gejia Township was reformed as a town in the same year,[4] Jiaoxi Township also was reformed in 2018.[10] As of 2020, Liuyang City has four subdistricts, 27 towns and one township under its jurisdiction.[11] They are:
Liuyang is located in the northeast of Hunan province, and it is in the upstream regions of theLiuyang River. Thegeographical coordinates of Liuyang is 27°51′—28°34′ N, and 113°10′—114°15′ E. Liuyang covers an area of 5,007.75 square kilometers. There are 105.8 kilometers from east to west and 80.9 kilometers from north to south. Liuyang is surrounded by mountains and hills. There are 53% mountain lands, 25% hills, 21% plains around hills and 1% water in Liuyang. The terrain of Liuyang is that north-east is higher than south-west, and landscape types change because of a lot of rivers. Liuyang is in a subtropical monsoon climate zone. Annual average temperature is 17.3 °C, and annual precipitation is 1562 mm. There are two national roads, G106 and G319. Besides, there are three main rivers,Liuyang River,Laodao River andNanchuan River, which can be used as shipping lanes throughout the whole year. Liuyang lies in the south ofPingjiang county,Yueyang city, and in the east ofTonggu,Wanzai, Yichun andShangli, Jiangxi province, and in the north ofLiling andZhuzhou City, and in the east of Changsha county. Liuyang is about 50 kilometers far from Changsha city.
| Climate data for Liuyang, elevation 101 m (331 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.6 (76.3) | 28.8 (83.8) | 33.4 (92.1) | 34.8 (94.6) | 36.4 (97.5) | 37.4 (99.3) | 40.2 (104.4) | 40.5 (104.9) | 38.4 (101.1) | 35.4 (95.7) | 31.9 (89.4) | 25.1 (77.2) | 40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 27.6 (81.7) | 30.4 (86.7) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 29.9 (85.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.8 (55.0) | 22.8 (73.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 8.2 (46.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.8 (78.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.1 (82.6) | 24.5 (76.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 7.7 (45.9) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.7 (69.3) | 15.1 (59.2) | 9.3 (48.7) | 4.2 (39.6) | 14.1 (57.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) | −5.2 (22.6) | −3.6 (25.5) | 1.2 (34.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 12.5 (54.5) | 2.2 (36.0) | −2.3 (27.9) | −10.7 (12.7) | −10.7 (12.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 80.2 (3.16) | 95.9 (3.78) | 175.7 (6.92) | 186.5 (7.34) | 221.2 (8.71) | 264.1 (10.40) | 178.9 (7.04) | 120.8 (4.76) | 78.5 (3.09) | 56.3 (2.22) | 82.3 (3.24) | 56.9 (2.24) | 1,597.3 (62.9) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.4 | 13.6 | 18.2 | 17.3 | 16.4 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 158.6 |
| Average snowy days | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 6.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 83 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 80 | 81 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 65.2 | 69.6 | 82.1 | 110.7 | 137.3 | 139.0 | 221.9 | 211.8 | 171.4 | 145.7 | 119.7 | 105.5 | 1,579.9 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 20 | 22 | 22 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 52 | 52 | 47 | 41 | 37 | 33 | 35 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[12][13] | |||||||||||||
According to the sixth population census in 2010, the number of permanent resident population of Liuyang is 1,278,928, and the number of registered population is 1,407,104. In registered population, the agricultural population is 1, 252, 238, and the nonagricultural population is 154, 866. Natural population growth rate is 2.5 ‰. There are more than 300,000 Hakka whose ancestors moved fromMeizhou ofGuangdong to Liuyang.
Traditionally, there are three dialect areas in Liuyang,Gan Dialect, newXiang Dialect andHakka. Gan Dialect is Jiangxi Dialect, and it is used in downtown, northern Liuyang, eastern Liuyang and southern Liuyang. This is the most popular dialect in Liuyang, and people may call it Liuyang Dialect. Besides, newXiang Dialect is used in western Liuyang, like Puji, Zhentou, Baijia, Guanqiao, Gejia and Chengchong, and it is also used in some areas in northern Liuyang, like Beisheng and Yong'an. This kind of dialect is not exactly the same as Changsha Dialect, but it is similar to it. As forHakka, most people living in the east of Liuyang use this, and it is almost the same as Hakka inMeizhou area.
Liuyang is one of the most developed counties in Hunan, it ranked the 11th in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020.[14] According to preliminary accounting of the statistical authority, thegross domestic product of Liuyang City in 2017 was 136,510 millionyuan (20,218 millionUS dollars), up by 10.8 percent over the previous year. Of this total, thevalue added of the primary industry was 10,680 million yuan (1,582 million US dollars), up by five percent, that of the secondary industry was 93,940 million yuan (13,913 million US dollars), up by 11 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 31,890 million yuan (4,723 million US dollars), up by 12.3 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 7.82 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 68.82 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 23.36 percent. The per capita GDP by year-end household population in 2017 was 92,006 yuan (13,627 US dollars).[15]
Liuyang cultivates food crops, like rice. Main cash crops are flue-cured tobacco, medicinal materials, vegetables, oil-seed camellias, flowers and plants. Liuyang has been mining some natural resources, likesepiolite,chrysanthemum stone,coal andphosphorite. Industries include fireworks production, bio-pharmaceuticals and food processing. Liuyang fireworks have been in the global market for more than 100 years, and they were sold toHong Kong,Macao and theSoutheast Asia in theGuangxu period of theQing dynasty, and fireworks become an important brand and pillar industry of Liuyang. Liuyang fireworks are protected as an original product and hold the honor of China's famous brand. In 2010, Liuyang's GDP was up to 55.677 billion RMB (8.225 billion dollars). Theadded value of theprimary sector was 5.169 billion RMB (0.764 billion dollars). The added value of thesecondary sector was 37.905 billion RMB (5.599 billion dollars). The added value of thetertiary sector was 12.603 billion RMB (1.862 billion dollars). The total value of out-put of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Fishery was 8.006 billion RMB (1.183 billion dollars). In agriculture, except for grain production, the annual output of flue-cured tobacco was 131,670,000 tons. Liuyang's total industrial output value was 90.289 billion RMB (13.338 billion dollars). There are 89 cooperates with a more than 100,000,000 RMB turnover. Total sales of fireworks industry is 12.43 billion RMB (1.84 billion dollars), and the revenue of fireworks industry is 0.97 billion RMB. The total industrial output value of Liuyang Biomedical Park is 17.082 billion RMB (2.523 billion dollars). The volume of export goods is 0.39 billion dollars. Liuyang's general financial revenue is 3.324 billion RMB, including 29% fireworks' revenue. The per-capita disposable income of rural residents is 10,747 RMB (1,588 dollars), and the per-capita disposable income of city dwellers is 21,258 RMB (3,140 dollars).
Liuyang's main grain crops are rice, and Liuyang is one of the top counties for food production in Hunan province. Main cash crops areflue-cured tobacco, vegetables, flowers and plants, and oil-seed camellias. Production of fruits, corns, bamboo shoots, phyllostachys pubescens, and medicinal materials also has a certain scale. In fish breeding and poultry feeding, except for traditional pigs raising, black goats and bees' raising are also competitive to some extent. Liuyang enjoys the honor as a city of flowers and plants' cultivation in China, and it is famous for Hongzhimu (a kind of plants). In regional distribution of agricultural industry, eastern Liuyang focus on fruits, and western Liuyang focus on flowers and plants, and northern Liuyang focus on tobacco, and these contribute to a grain, vegetables, flue-cured tobacco, flowers and plants-oriented agricultural economy. Liuyang is one of the top 100 counties that have advantages in grain production, and it is a big city for raising pigs and black goats. Vegetable production in Liuyang is up to 304,239 tons, and it is in the second place in Hunan province. The meat output is 80,450 tons, and it is in the 21st place in China. Liuyang runs scale operation, and the quantity of black goats is more than 700 thousand.
Liuyang fireworks have a history of more than 1,400 years. During theNorthern Song dynasty, Liuyang fireworks prospered greatly. During theQing dynasty (in 1723), Liuyang fireworks served astribute. Since 1875, Liuyang fireworks have been exported toJapan,Korea,India,Iran,the UK,United States,Russia, etc. In the 1990s, Liuyang's fireworks were the area's biggest export. However, in 1998, Liuyang fireworks went through a bottleneck period because of technological deficiencies. Since 1998, Liuyang has been reforming its industry. It is currently undergoing industrial consolidation and the upgrading of technology. Liuyang sets a ban on more than 10 thousand illegal factories, and Liuyang sets a standard to ensure the safety of fireworks production. Liuyang cooperates with some institutions of higher education and research institutes to invent fireworks with better technology and safety. On 8 August 2001, Liuyang fireworks went public in Shanghai. In 2003, Liuyang succeeded in getting a fireworks display project inBrazil. Liuyang has invested more than one million dollars to buy lands in Brazil to build fireworks factories. There are more than 30 fireworks companies in Liuyang.[citation needed]
Liuyang has three mainindustrial districts ofEconomic and Technological Development Zone,High-Tech Industrial Development Zone andTwo-oriented Industrial Park, the economy of its three industrial districts occupies a large proportion of the city. As of 2015, the gross output value of industries in the city reaches CNY 236.66 billion (US$38.00 billion), that of the total in three industrial districts is CNY 123.57 billion (US$19.84 billion). The total financial revenue of Liuyang reaches 11.19 billion yuan (US$1.80 billion), that of the three industrial districts has 4.16 billion yuan (US$0.67 billion), accounting for 37.19% of the total.[16]
Liuyang Economic and Technological Development Zone is a nationalbiological industry base created on 10 January 1998, located inDongyang Town. Its pillar industry comprisesbiological pharmacy,Information technology andHealth food. As of 2015, It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of the zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$13.7 billion) and itsbusiness income is 100.2 billion yuan (US$16.1 billion).[17] Its builtup area covers 16.5 km2 (6.4 sq mi).[18]
The Daweishan Nature Reserve is home to thered-billed leiothrix and many other species. The Liuyang area is abundant in mineral deposits such ascoal,tungsten,sulphur,phosphorus, andbarite. There are four main special local products of Liuyang,glycinemax,grass cloth,chrysanthemum stone andfireworks.
In 2010, Liuyang attracted 5.7 million tourists which brought an income of 3.5 billion RMB. Since Liuyang was established as a county in theHan dynasty, it is abundant in historical tourist resources. There are two national relic protection units, theFormer Residence of Tan Sitong andSite of Joining Forces in Wenjiashi of Autumn Harvest Uprising inWenjiashi Town. There are eight provincial culture and relics sites, like Xin'an Wind-Rain Bridge that was built in theMing dynasty and theLiuyang Confucius Temple built in theSong dynasty. There are 13 Changsha city cultural relics' protection units, like theStone Frost Temple built in theTang dynasty. There are 17 county cultural relics' protection units, like Yaotou Mountain site and Luobei Mountain site.[19]
TheOuyang Yuqian Grand Theater, named after Chinese dramatistOuyang Yuqian, was founded in 2002 and is used for drama, musical and children's theater performances.
Major Buddhist Temples in Liuyang includeWenjin Temple (built in Tang dynasty) and Shishuang Temple. Major Taoist Temples includeYaowang Shengchong Palace. Major tourist destinations includeFormer Residence of Tan Sitong,Former Residence of Song Renqiong,Former Residence of Wang Zhen,Former Residence of Yang Yong, andFormer Residence of Hu Yaobang.
TheLiling–Liuyang railway, more commonly known as "Liliu railway", is a branch fromLiling to Yonghe Town of Liuyang, through downtown.[20] It opened on May 1, 1966, in order to provide rail access to Yonghe phosphorus mine and Qibaoshan iron mine. It was closed in 2004, after a serious train crash the previous year.
TheHangzhou–Changsha high-speed railway passes through the southwestern Liuyang's Baijia Town, Zhentou Town and Guanqiao Town.[20]
TheG60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway passes across the southwestern Liuyang's Guanqiao Town.[20]
The Liuyang–Liling Expressway, commonly abbreviated as "Liuli Expressway", is a north–south highway passing through the western city.[20]
The Changsha–Liuyang Expressway, locally known as "Changliu Expressway", is a west–east highway passing through the central Liuyang city.[20]
The National Highway G106, more commonly known as "G106", is a north–south highway traveling through central Liuyang city.[20]
The National Highway G319, commonly abbreviated as "G319", is a west-southeast highway passing through the city's downtown, commercial, and industrial subdistricts.[20]
The Provincial Highway S103, which heads west toChangsha and east to Liuyang, passing through the southwestern part of the city.[20]
The Provincial Highway S309, connecting downtown Liuyang to Paibu Town ofJiangxi province.[20]
The Provincial Highway S310 passes through the city's towns of Dayao, Chengtanjiang, Zhonghe and Wenjiashi, leading eastwards to Jiangxi province.[20]
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