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Lithuanian Nationalist Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withLithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union.
Political party in Lithuania
Lithuanian Nationalist Union
Lietuvių tautininkų sąjunga
LeaderAntanas Smetona
FoundedAugust 1924; 101 years ago (1924-08)
DissolvedJune 1940; 85 years ago (1940-06)
Merger of
Merged intoLithuanian Activist Front[1]
HeadquartersVilnius,Lithuania
NewspaperLietuvis(1924–28)
Lietuvos aidas(1928–40)[2][3]
Vairas(1929–40)[4]
Mūsų kraštas(1930–33)
Youth wingYoung Lithuania[5]
Paramilitary wingGeležinis Vilkas(1927–30)[6]
IdeologyLithuanian nationalism[7]
Corporate statism[8]
Anti-communism[9]
Political positionRight-wing[10] tofar-right[a]
ReligionRoman Catholicism
International affiliationFascist International
(observer)[11]
Colours Gold Blue
Slogan"Lithuania for Lithuanians!"[1]
Party flag
^ a: In the 1930s, the party became increasingly more radical and sympathetic tofascism.[12][10]

TheLithuanian Nationalist Union (Lithuanian:Lietuvių tautininkų sąjunga orLTS), also known as theNationalists (Tautininkai), was the ruling political party inLithuania during the authoritarian regime of PresidentAntanas Smetona from 1926 to 1940. The party was established in 1924 but was not popular. It came to power as a result of theDecember 1926 military coup. From 1927 to 1939, the Council of Ministers included only members of the LTS. In 1936, other parties were officially disbanded, leaving LTS theonly legal party in the country. At the end of the 1930s new members started bringing in new ideas, right wing and closer toItalian fascism. The party was disestablished after theSoviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940. A party of the same name (known as theLithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union since 2017) was reestablished in 1990 and claims to be the successor of the interwar LTS.

History

[edit]

The party was established during a conference inŠiauliai on 17–19 August 1924 as a merger of theParty of National Progress (established in 1916) and theEconomic and Political Union of Lithuanian Farmers (established in 1919). The party did not enjoy popular support and in theMay 1926 parliamentary elections won only three seats of 85.[10] However, its leadersAntanas Smetona andAugustinas Voldemaras were popular and influential public figures[citation needed]. The party was conservative and nationalistic, and stressed the need for a strong army and a strong leader.

During theDecember 1926 coup, the military deposed the democratically elected government and invited Smetona to become the newpresident and Voldemaras the newprime minister. The Nationalists and theLithuanian Christian Democrats formed a new government. However, the relationship between the two parties soon became tense. Christian Democrats regarded the coup as a temporary measure and wanted to hold new elections to theSeimas. In April 1927, Smetona dissolved the Seimas and Christian Democrats resigned from the government in May. New elections to Seimas were not calleduntil 1936. The Nationalists remained the only party in the government until a political crisis after theGerman ultimatum regardingKlaipėda Region forced LTS to admit two members of the opposition to the Council of Ministers.[3]

Voldemaras establishedIron Wolf (Geležinis Vilkas) as a paramilitary wing of the Nationalists. In September 1929, Smetona removed Voldemaras and installed his co-brother-in-lawJuozas Tūbelis as prime minister.[6] The new constitutions of 1928 and 1938 established a presidential dictatorship. Political opponents were suppressed.

Ahead of theJune 1936 election, other political parties were banned, leaving LTS the only legal party in Lithuania. In the 1930s, the party became increasingly radical and sympathetic toItalian Fascism but opposedNazism.[13][14][10]

Major periodicals published by the party includedLietuvis (1924–28),Lietuvos aidas (1928–40),Mūsų kraštas (1930–33), andVairas (1914–40).[10]

Chairmen

[edit]

The party's chairmen were:[10]

Election results

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Seimas
DateVotesSeatsPositionSize
No.%± ppNo.±
May 192643,8414.31New
3 / 85
Increase 3OppositionSteady 7th
June 1936??New
42 / 49
Increase 39MajoritySteady 1st

References

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  1. ^abTadeusz Piotrowski,Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997,ISBN 0-7864-0371-3,Google Print, pp. 163-168.
  2. ^Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Lietuvos aidas".Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 340–341.LCCN 74-114275.
  3. ^abKamuntavičius, Rūstis; Vaida Kamuntavičienė; Remigijus Civinskas; Kastytis Antanaitis (2001).Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp. 396–397.ISBN 5-415-01502-7.
  4. ^Urbonas, Vytas (2002).Lietuvos žurnalistikos istorija (in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla. p. 160.ISBN 9955-456-49-3.
  5. ^Kamuntavičius, Rūstis; Vaida Kamuntavičienė; Remigijus Civinskas; Kastytis Antanaitis (2001).Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp. 385–386.ISBN 5-415-01502-7.
  6. ^abBerend, Iván T. (1998),Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II, University of California Press, p. 134
  7. ^Hiden, John and Salmon, Patrick;The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century; p. 56.ISBN 0582082463
  8. ^Badie, Bertrand;Berg-Schlosser, Dirk;Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011).International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011).ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved9 September 2020.[...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples wereEstado Novo in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the AustrianStandestaat (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe.
  9. ^Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated bySenn, Alfred Erich. Brill Rodopi. p. 149.ISBN 9789004302037.
    • Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893–1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated byAlfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. p. 301.ISBN 9789004302037.
  10. ^abcdefTamošaitis, Mindaugas (27 May 2019) [2008]."Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga".Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
  11. ^Griffin, Roger.The Nature of Fascism St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121
  12. ^Payne, Stanley G. (1995).A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 145.ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4.
  13. ^Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated byAlfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. p. 301.ISBN 9789004302037.
  14. ^‘Nazis Escape Death Sentence in Lithuania: President Smetona Changes Sentence to Ward Off Trouble with Germans’; Reading Eagle, 18 May 1935, p. 1.

External links

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