| Lithuanian Liberty Army | |
|---|---|
| Lietuvos laisvės armija (LLA) | |
 Brassard used by the LLA'sVanagai sector | |
| Active | 13 December 1941 – 17 April 1946 |
| Allegiance |  Lithuania |
| Size | c. 10,000 (summer 1944) |
| Engagements | Guerrilla war in the Baltic states |
| Commanders | |
| Founder and first commander | Kazys Veverskis |
TheLithuanian Liberty Army (sometimes also named asLithuanian Freedom Army) (Lithuanian:Lietuvos laisvės armija orLLA) was aLithuanian underground military organization established byKazys Veverskis [lt] (codename Senis), aVilnius University Law Faculty student, on December 13, 1941. Its goal were to re-establish independent Lithuania via political and military means.
It was part of the anti-Nazi resistance during theGerman occupation of Lithuania during World War II as it opposed German policies, but did not begin armed resistance. The armed struggle began in mid-1944 whenRed Army reached the Lithuanian borders after theMinsk offensive.
The LLA became the first wave of theLithuanian partisans, armed anti-Soviet guerrilla fighters. It attempted to become the central command of the armed struggle. However, the organization was liquidated by the Soviet security forces (NKVD andMGB) by April 1946.[1] The organization's remnants were absorbed by other partisans. The guerrilla war continued until 1953.
The LLA distanced itself from other political resistance organizations in Lithuania.[2] It believed that various organizations and factions splintered Lithuanian unity by petty bickering. The LLA was supposed to be a disciplined, military-based organization.[3] It was the only sizable organization from the Lithuanian resistance that did not participate in the activities of theSupreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (created in 1943)[2] and did not support the creation of the Plechavičius-ledLithuanian Territorial Defense Force because it thought that ultimately the Lithuanian soldiers would be needlessly sacrificed, but the LLA did not dare to speak concretely and directly against it.[3] The organization also strictly prohibited its members from leaving Lithuania (i.e. retreating with theWehrmacht).[1]
Veverskis was in charge of the headquarters, personally oversaw writing of orders and directives,[2] and published newspaperKarinės ir politinės žinios (Military and Political News), targeting members of LLA and its commanders, andKaržygys (Warrior), targeting general public.[1][3] The LLA operated an illegal printing press in Vilnius which published the Military and Political News every ten days, with a circulation of 500 to 1,000 copies.[4]
His right-hand man was lieutenantAdolfas Eidimtas (codename Žybartas, Vygantas). Veverskis also actively recruited new members, particularly those serving in theLithuanian Auxiliary Police.[3] Among the recruits were twelve former colonels of theLithuanian Army, who became commanders of LLA districts. The Army was organized in four regions (Vilnius,Kaunas,Šiauliai, andPanevėžys), which were further subdivided into districts based on theadministrative divisions of Lithuania.[2] According to regulations, each district had to have headquarters with operational, reconnaissance, organizational, and personnel departments. It unsuccessfully planned to send troops to combat PolishHome Army in theVilnius Region (see thePolish–Lithuanian relations during World War II).[2]
On July 1, 1944, LLA declared the state of war and ordered all its able members to mobilize into platoons, stationed in forests.[3] The organization, possibly drawing from the experiences of the1941 anti-Soviet June uprising, envisioned a brief uprising followed by the establishment of the independent Lithuanian state.[5] The departments were replaced by two sectors – operational, calledVanagai (Hawks or Falcons; abbreviated VS), and organizational (abbreviated OS).Vanagai, commanded byAlbinas Karalius [lt] (codename Varenis),[1] were the armed fighters while the organizational sector was tasked withpassive resistance, including supply of food, information, and transport toVanagai.[3] Staff headquarters were in thePlokštinė forest [lt] nearPlateliai Lake,Samogitia where LLA had a training camp.[6] On July 19, 1944, Veverskis, generalMotiejus Pečiulionis [lt] and engineer Bronius Snarskis established theLithuanian Defence Committee (Lithuanian:Lietuvos gynimo komitetas) which was supposed to unite all anti-Soviet resistance groups and factions, but was destroyed in April 1945 when the Soviet secret services arrested its leadership.[6][7]
Many LLA members retreated to Germany, becoming thedisplaced persons,[2] others responded to the call starting theLithuanian partisan movement. During interrogation, Eidimtas told theNKVD that LLA numbered up to 10,000 men by mid-1944,[2] but that is likely an exaggeration.[5] The LLA obtained a limited amount of armament and munitions from Nazi Germany.[8] In August–September 1944, LLA sent about 100 fighters to a German reconnaissance (Abwehr) school; they returned asparatroopers.[1] The organization was not successful in fighting the Soviets.[citation needed] According to official statistics fromNKVD, the Soviets killed 659 and arrested 753 members of the LLA by January 26, 1945.[5] Founder Veverskis was killed in December 1944, Eidimtas was arrested in April 1945, the headquarters were liquidated in December 1945.[3] This represented the failure of highly centralized resistance, as the organization was too dependent on Veverskis and other top commanders.[5] Lower-level organization remained, especially inSamogitia andAukštaitija, and was absorbed by the partisan movement. Remnants of its organizational structure survived until the end of the guerrilla war in 1953.[3] One of the LLA members,Jonas Žemaitis, became the commander of theUnion of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters.[9]