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Literal translation,direct translation, orword-for-word translation, orword-by-word translation, orword-to-word translation is thetranslation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.[1][2]
Intranslation theory, another term for literal translation ismetaphrase (as opposed toparaphrase for ananalogous translation). It is to be distinguished from aninterpretation (done, for example, by aninterpreter).[3]
Literal translation leads to mistranslation ofidioms, which can be a serious problem formachine translation.[4]
The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classicalBible and other texts.[5]
Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example,Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation ofDante'sInferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly,Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels.[citation needed]
Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of theDivine Comedy is regarded as a prose translation.[6]
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The literal translation of the German phrase "Ich habe Hunger" into English is "I have hunger". This is not typical phrasing used in English, even though its meaning might be clear enough to be understood. A more meaningful (but no longer literal) translation of the phrase would be "I am hungry".[original research?]
Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are calledcalques.[citation needed]
The literal translation of the Italian sentence, "So che questo non va bene" is "[I] know that this not [it] goes well", which has Englishwords but Italiangrammar, making it difficult to understand. A more accurate translation is "I know that this is not good".[original research?]
Earlymachine translations (as of 1962[4] at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized commonphrases, which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in the original language. For translatingsynthetic languages, a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required.
The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional translator.
Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as "Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes." That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers".[7]
Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of apidgin. Many such mixes have specific names, e.g.,Spanglish orDenglisch. For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German wordSchaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair".[citation needed]
Literal translation ofidioms is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told aboutmachine translation, translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion toMark 14:38) intoRussian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather a joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot".[4]
