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Lists of earthquakes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Earthquakes (6.0+Mw) between 1900 and 2017

Earthquakes are caused by movements within theEarth's crust and uppermostmantle. They range from weak events detectable only byseismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the biggest disasters inhuman history. Below, there are earthquakes listed by period, region or country, year,magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.

Deadliest earthquakes

[edit]
See also:List of deadliest 20th-century earthquakes per year andList of deadliest 21st-century earthquakes per year

The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths.[1] The893 Ardabil earthquake is most likely the same as the893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word forDvin, "Dabil" as "Ardabil".[2][3]

EventDateLocationFatal­itiesMagni­tudeNotes on fatalities
1976 Tangshan earthquakeJuly 27, 1976ChinaHebei, China300,000+[4]7.6Internal Tangshan reports found 263,299 local deaths. Official nationwide deaths stated to be 242,769. Scholars estimated >300,000.[4][5]
1920 Haiyuan earthquakeDecember 16, 1920Republic of China (1912–1949)Ningxia–Gansu, China273,4007.8Previously cited death toll was 230,000 and this figure was revised in 2010.[6][7]
526 Antioch earthquakeMay 21, 526Byzantine EmpireAntioch,Byzantine Empire (modern-dayTurkey)250,000[8]7.0[9]Procopius (II.14.6), sources based onJohn of Ephesus.
1139 Ganja earthquakeSeptember 30, 1139Ganja,Seljuk Empire (modern-dayAzerbaijanAzerbaijan)230,000–300,000[10]7.0 Mw Death toll may have been a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in theJazira plain and the1138 Aleppo earthquake.[11]
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamiDecember 26, 2004IndonesiaSumatra,Indonesia227,8989.2Death toll includes those missing and presumed dead.[10]
1303 Hongdong earthquakeJuly 25, 1303Shanxi,Yuan dynasty (modern-dayChina China)200,000[12]8.0
856 Damghan earthquakeDecember 22, 856Damghan,Abbasid Caliphate (modern-dayIranIran)200,0007.9Ms
1138 Aleppo earthquakeOctober 11, 1138Aleppo,Seljuk Empire (modern-daySyriaSyria)130,000–230,000[13]7.1[13]The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on theJazira plain and the1139 Ganja earthquake in the Azerbaijani city ofGanja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was byIbn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[11]
533 Aleppo earthquakeNovember 29, 533Byzantine EmpireAleppo,Byzantine Empire (modern-daySyria)130,000[14]Unknown
1908 Messina earthquakeDecember 28, 1908Kingdom of ItalyMessina,Kingdom of Italy120,000[15]7.1 Ms The epicentre was in the Strait of Messina which separatesSicily from the Italian mainland, affecting also the city ofReggio Calabria.[16]
1948 Ashgabat earthquakeOctober 5, 1948Turkmen Soviet Socialist RepublicAshgabat,Turkmen SSR (modern-dayTurkmen­istan)110,0007.3MsPreviously cited death toll was 10,000 until a news release on December 9, 1988, advised that the correct death toll was 110,000.[10]
1923 Great Kantō earthquakeSeptember 1, 1923Empire of JapanKantō region, Japan105,385[17]7.9Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including 40,000 missing later presumed dead.
1556 Shaanxi earthquakeJanuary 23, 1556Shaanxi, modern-dayChina China100,0008.0Direct deaths thought to be just over 100,000 while about 730,000 people died from famines or migrated elsewhere.[18][19][20][21]
2010 Haiti earthquakeJanuary 12, 2010Haiti Haiti46,000–316,0007.0Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[22] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 46,000 and 85,000 (report commissioned byUSAID).[23][24]
1290 Zhili earthquakeSeptember 27, 1290Ningcheng,Yuan dynasty (modern-dayChina China)7,000–100,0006.8 Ms Estimates also suggests lower values of at least 7,000.[25]

Deadliest earthquakes by year since 1920

[edit]
DateMagni­tudeLocationDepth (km)MMIDeathsNotes
December 16, 19207.9China,Ningxia15.0XII273,407
August 14, 19216.1Eritrea,Massawa15.0VIIISome
November 11, 19228.3–8.6Chile,Atacama35.0XI1,000
September 1, 19237.9–8.2Japan,Kanagawa Prefecture23.0XI142,800
April 14, 19248.3Philippines,Davao Region15.0IX500
March 16, 19256.9–7.0China,Yunnan26.0IX5,000
October 22, 19266.0Turkey,Kars Province7.0IX360
May 22, 19277.7China,Gansu15.0XI40,912
December 1, 19287.6Chile,Maule Region20.0IX279
May 1, 19297.2Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic,Ahal Region10.0IX3,257–3,800
July 23, 19306.6Italy,Irpinia15.0X1,404
August 10, 19318.0China,Xinjiang Province20.0XI10,000
May 20, 19325.4Persia,Mazandaran province12.0VIII1,070
August 25, 19337.3China,Sichuan Province15.0X6,865–9,300
January 15, 19348.0   Nepal,Koshi15.0X10,700–12,000
May 30, 19357.7British Raj,Khanate of Kalat15.0X30,000–60,000
April 1, 19366.8China,Guangxi Province0.0IX1,001
July 31, 19376.9China,Shandong Province25.0IX3,252
April 19, 19386.6Turkey,Kırşehir Province10.0IX224
December 26, 19397.8Turkey,Erzincan Province20.0XII32,700–32,968
November 10, 19407.7Romania,Vrancea County133.0X1,000
January 11, 19415.8–6.5Yemen,Razih District35.0VIII1,200
December 20, 19427.0Turkey,Erbaa10.0IX3,000
November 26, 19437.5Turkey,Çankırı20.0XI2,824–5,000
January 15, 19447.0Argentina,San Juan15.0IX10,000
November 27, 19458.1British Raj,Makran Coast15.0X300–4,000
August 4, 19467.8Dominican Republic,Samaná15.0IX2,550
November 1, 19477.7Peru,Junín Province20.0IX233–2,233
October 5, 19487.3Soviet Union,Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic15.0X10,000–110,000
July 10, 19497.5Soviet Union,Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic18.0IX7,200
August 15, 19508.6India,Assam15.0XI4,800
May 6, 19515.9–6.2El Salvador,Usulután85.0VIII400–1,100
November 4, 19529.0Soviet Union,Russian Soviet Socialist Republic21.6XI2,336
March 18, 19537.5Turkey,Balıkesir Province10.0IX1,070
September 9, 19546.7France,Chlef Province,Algeria15.0XI1,243–1,409
March 31, 19557.4Philippines,Western Mindanao35.0VIII465
October 31, 19566.4Iran,Hormozgan15.0VII347
December 13, 19576.5Iran,Hamadan15.0VII1,130
August 16, 19586.7Iran,Lorestan15.0VII132
August 18, 19597.3United States,Montana5.0X28
February 29, 19605.8Morocco,Souss-Massa15.0X12,000–15,000
June 11, 19616.4Iran,Fars province15.0VIII60
September 1, 19627.1Iran,Qazvin province10.0IX12,225
July 26, 19636.1Yugoslavia,Macedonia15.0X1,070
March 28, 19649.2–9.3United States, Alaska25.0XI131
March 28, 19657.4–7.6Chile,Valparaíso Region70.0IX400–500
March 22, 19666.8China,Hebei20.0IX8,064
July 30, 19676.6Venezuela,Vargas25.0VIII225–300
August 31, 19687.1Iran,South Khorasan province10.0X15,900
July 25, 19696.4China,Guangdong20.0VIII3,000
May 31, 19707.9Peru,Ancash45.0VIII66,794–70,000
May 22, 19716.6Turkey,Bingöl10.0VIII875[26]
April 10, 19726.7Iran,Fars10.0IX5,374
February 6, 19737.6China,Sichuan11.0X2,175–2,204
May 10, 19747.1China,Yunnan14.0IX1,641–20,000
September 6, 19756.7Turkey,Diyarbakır26.0IX2,311
July 27, 19767.6China,Hebei12.2XI242,719–655,000
March 4, 19777.5Romania,Vrancea85.3IX1,700
September 16, 19787.4Iran,Yazd33.0IX15,000–25,000
December 12, 19798.2Colombia,Nariño33.0IX300–600
October 10, 19807.1Algeria,Chlef10.0X2,633–5,000
June 11, 19816.6Iran,Kerman33.0VIII3,000
December 13, 19826.2North Yemen,Dhamar10.0VIII2,800
October 30, 19836.6Turkey,Erzurum15.0IX1,340
September 13, 19846.3Japan,Nagano2.0VIII14
September 19, 19858.0Mexico,Michoacán20.0IX5,000–45,000
October 10, 19865.7El Salvador,San Salvador10.0IX1,000–1,500
March 6, 19877.1Ecuador,Sucumbíos10.0IX1,000
December 7, 19886.8Soviet Union,Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic5.0X25,000–50,000
January 22, 19895.3Soviet Union,Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic33.0VII274
June 20, 19907.4Iran,Gilan18.5X35,000–40,000
October 19, 19916.8India,Uttarkashi11.6IX768–2,000[27]
December 12, 19927.8Indonesia,Flores Sea offshore27.7VIII2,500[28]
September 29, 19936.2India,Latur10.0VIII9,748
June 6, 19946.8Colombia,Cauca12.1IX1,100
January 16, 19956.9Japan,Kobe21.9XI5,502–6,434
February 3, 19966.6China,Yunnan10.0X309–322
May 10, 19977.3Iran,Khorasan10.0X1,567
May 30, 19986.5Afghanistan,Takhar33.0VII4,000–4,500
August 17, 19997.6Turkey,İzmit17.0X17,127–18,373
June 4, 20007.9Indonesia,Enggano Island offshore44.0VI103[29]
January 26, 20017.6India,Bhuj16.0X13,805–20,023
March 25, 20026.1Afghanistan,Baghlan Province8.0VII1,200
December 26, 20036.6Iran,Bam15.0IX34,000
December 26, 20049.1–9.3Indonesia,Sumatra offshore30.0IX227,898
October 8, 20057.6Pakistan,Balakot15.0XI86,000–87,351
May 26, 20066.4Indonesia,Yogyakarta10.0IX5,749[30]
August 15, 20078.0Peru,Ica offshore39.0IX595
May 12, 20087.9China,Sichuan19.0XI87,587
September 30, 20097.6Indonesia,Padang offshore90.0VII[31]1,115
January 12, 20107.0Haiti,Léogâne13.0X46,000–160,000
March 11, 20119.1Japan,Sendai offshore29.0XI19,759The following tsunami led to about 18,500 deaths.
August 11, 20126.4Iran,East Azerbaijan9.0VIII306
September 24, 20137.7Pakistan,Balochistan15.0IX825
August 3, 20146.1China,Yunnan10.0IX617
April 25, 20157.8   Nepal,Gorkha District8.2X8,962
April 16, 20167.8Ecuador,Esmeraldas20.6VIII[32]676
November 12, 20177.3IranIraqIran–Iraq border Region19.0IX630
September 28, 20187.5Indonesia,Palu20.0X4,340
November 26, 20196.4Albania,Durrës10.0VIII51
October 30, 20207.0Greece
Turkey
Aegean Sea		21.0VIII119
August 14, 20217.2Haiti,Nippes10.0IX2,248
June 21, 20226.0Afghanistan,Khost10.0VIII1,052–1,163
February 6, 20237.8 & 7.7Turkey,Southeastern Anatolia
Ba'athist SyriaSyria,Aleppo andIdlib		10.0 & 7.4XII59,488–62,013These were two earthquakes of magnitudes 7.8 and 7.7.
January 1, 20247.5Japan,Ishikawa10.0X645
March 28, 20257.7Myanmar,Sagaing Region
Thailand		10.0X5,456

Strongest earthquakes by magnitude

[edit]

Apie chart comparing theseismic moment release of the three strongest earthquakes for the hundred-year period from 1906 to 2005 with that for all earthquakes of magnitudes <6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, and >8 for the same period. The 2011 Japan quake would be roughly similar to Sumatra.
Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.[33] The colour indicates the continent, and the legend counts the number of quakes for each. Notice the absence of Africa.

For those which occurred before the development and deployment ofseismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[34]

RankDateLocationEventMagnitude
1May 22, 1960ChileValdivia, Chile1960 Valdivia earthquake9.4–9.6[35]
2March 27, 1964United StatesPrince William Sound, Alaska, United States1964 Alaska earthquake9.2–9.3[36]
December 26, 2004IndonesiaSumatra, Indonesia2004 Indian Ocean earthquake9.2–9.3[37][38]
4March 11, 2011Japan Pacific Ocean,Tōhoku region, Japan2011 Tōhoku earthquake9.0–9.1[39][40]
5November 4, 1952Soviet UnionKamchatka,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake8.8–9.0[41]
6February 27, 2010ChileMaule, Chile2010 Chile earthquake8.8[42]
July 30, 2025RussiaKamchatka, Russia2025 Kamchatka earthquake8.8[43]
January 31, 1906EcuadorColombiaEsmeraldas, Ecuador – Colombia1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake8.5–8.8[44]
9February 3, 1965United StatesRat Islands, Alaska, United States1965 Rat Islands earthquake8.7[45]
August 15, 1950IndiaChinaAssam, India –Tibet, China1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake8.7[46]
11April 1, 1946United StatesAleutian Islands, Alaska, United States1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake8.6[46]
March 9, 1957United StatesAndreanof Islands, Alaska, United States1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake8.6[46]
March 28, 2005IndonesiaSumatra, Indonesia2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake8.6[46]
April 11, 2012IndonesiaSumatra, Indonesia2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes8.6[46]
15November 11, 1922ChileAtacama, Chile1922 Vallenar earthquake8.3–8.6[47]
February 1, 1938Dutch East IndiesBanda Sea, Indonesia (then part of theDutch East Indies)1938 Banda Sea earthquake8.5–8.6
17March 2, 1933JapanIwate Prefecture, Japan1933 Sanriku earthquake8.4–8.5[48]
October 13, 1963Soviet UnionKuril Islands,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union1963 Kuril Islands earthquake8.5[49]
September 12, 2007IndonesiaBengkulu Province, Indonesia2007 Bengkulu earthquakes8.4–8.5[50]

Pre-instrumental earthquakes

[edit]
DateLocationEventMagnitude (est.)
July 8, 1730Spanish EmpireValparaíso, Chile (then part of theSpanish Empire)1730 Valparaíso earthquake9.1–9.3[51]
October 17, 1737Russian EmpireKamchatka Peninsula,Russian Empire1737 Kamchatka earthquake9.0–9.3
December 16, 1575Spanish EmpireValdivia, Chile (then part of theSpanish Empire)1575 Valdivia earthquake9.0
November 24, 1604Spanish EmpireArica, Chile (then part of theSpanish Empire)1604 Arica earthquake9.0
May 17, 1841Russian EmpireKamchatka,Russian Empire1841 Kamchatka earthquake9.0
November 17, 1837ChileValdivia, Chile1837 Valdivia earthquake8.8–9.5[52]
August 31, 1420Chile Pacific Ocean, Atacama region (nowAtacama, Chile)1420 Caldera earthquake8.8–9.4
November 25, 1833Dutch East IndiesSumatra, Indonesia (then part of theDutch East Indies)1833 Sumatra earthquake8.8–9.2
August 13, 1868Peru Arica, Peru (now part of present-day Chile)1868 Arica earthquake8.8–9.1[53]
November 26, 1852Dutch East IndiesBanda Islands, Indonesia (then part of theDutch East Indies)1852 Banda Sea earthquake8.8[54]
October 28, 1707Japan Pacific Ocean,Shikoku region, Japan1707 Hōei earthquake8.7–9.3[55]
January 26, 1700Spanish Empire Pacific Ocean, US, and Canada (then claimed by theSpanish Empire and theBritish Empire)1700 Cascadia earthquake8.7–9.2
May 9, 1877PeruIquique, Chile (then Peru)1877 Iquique earthquake8.7–8.9
October 20, 1687Spanish Empire Lima, Peru (then part of theSpanish Empire)1687 Peru earthquake8.7
July 13, 869Japan Pacific Ocean,Tōhoku region, Japan869 Jōgan earthquake8.6–9.0
October 28, 1746Spanish Empire Lima, Peru (then part of theSpanish Empire)1746 Lima–Callao earthquake8.6–8.8
September 20, 1498Japan Pacific Ocean,Chūbu region, Japan1498 Meiō earthquake8.6
March 28, 1787Spanish EmpireOaxaca, Mexico (then part of theSpanish Empire)1787 New Spain earthquake8.6
February 2, 1816Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean,Lisbon, Portugal1816 North Atlantic earthquake8.6
November 1, 1755Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean,Lisbon, Portugal1755 Lisbon earthquake8.5–9.0
April 2, 1762Chittagong,Bangladesh (thenKingdom of Mrauk U)1762 Arakan earthquake8.5–8.8
July 21, 365Greece Mediterranean Sea,Crete, Greece365 Crete earthquake8.5
August 24, 1356Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean,Lisbon, Portugal1356 Lisbon earthquake8.5
July 25, 1668Qing dynastyShandong, China1668 Shandong earthquake8.5[56]
May 24, 1751Spanish EmpireConcepción, Chile (then part of theSpanish Empire)1751 Concepción earthquake8.5
March 31, 1761Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean,Lisbon, Portugal1761 Lisbon earthquake8.5[57]
April 4, 1819ChileCopiapó, Chile1819 Copiapó earthquake8.5[52]
November 19, 1822ChileValparaíso, Chile1822 Valparaíso earthquake8.5
February 20, 1835ChileConcepción, Chile1835 Concepción earthquake8.5
February 8, 1843Guadeloupe region, Lesser Antilles1843 Guadeloupe earthquake8.5[58]
February 16, 1861Dutch East IndiesSumatra, Indonesia (then part of theDutch East Indies)1861 Sumatra earthquake8.5
June 15, 1896Empire of Japan Pacific Ocean,Tōhoku region,Empire of Japan1896 Sanriku earthquake8.5
June 6, 1505NepalHimalayas, northernNepal1505 Lo Mustang earthquake8.2–8.8

Strongest earthquakes by magnitude each year since 1907

[edit]
YearDateMag­ni­tu­deLocationDepth (km)MMIDeathsInju­ries
1907January 4, 1907[59]8.2Dutch East Indies, Sumatra25.0IV-V2,188-
1908March 26, 1908[60]7.5Mexico, Guerrero25.0–--
1909July 7, 1909[61]7.7Afghanistan, Badakhshan200.0–--
1910April 12, 1910[62]8.1JapanTaiwan Sakishima Islands-Taiwan region235.0–60-
1911June 15, 1911[63]7.9Japan, Ryukyu Islands150.0IX--
1912May 23, 1912[64]7.9Myanmar, Shan15.0IX--
1913March 14, 1913[65]7.9Philippines, Mindanao15.0IX138-
1914May 26, 1914[66]8.2Dutch East Indies, Papua15.0-100+-
1915May 1, 1915[67]7.8Russian Empire, Kuril Islands30.0-–-
1916January 1, 1916[68]8.0Territory of New Guinea, East New Britain35.0-–-
1917May 1, 1917[69]8.2New Zealand, Kermadec Islands15.0-–-
1918August 15, 1918[70]8.3Philippines, Mindanao20.0-52-
1919April 30, 1919[71]8.1Tonga25.0-–-
1920June 5, 1920[72]8.2Taiwan, Hualien20.0VII–-
1921November 15, 1921[73]7.8Afghanistan, Badakhshan240.0V–-
1922November 11, 1922[74]8.3–8.6Chile, Atacama70.0-500-
1923February 3, 1923[75]8.4Soviet Union, Kamchatka Krai15.0-3-
1924April 10, 1924[76]8.1Philippines, Mindanao15.0-500-
1925November 10, 1925[77]7.3Dutch East Indies, Papua15.0---
1926October 26, 1926[78]7.6Dutch East Indies, Papua35.0---
1927May 22, 1927[79]7.7Republic of China, Gansu15.0-40,900-
1928June 17, 1928[80]8.0Mexico, Oaxaca15.0-4-
1929June 26, 1929[81]8.1United Kingdom, South Sandwich Islands region15.0---
1930December 3, 1930[82]7.5British Burma, Bago10.0IX30-
1931June 3, 1931[83]7.9China, Xinjiang10.0X10,000-
1932June 3, 1932[84]8.1Mexico, Jalisco35.0X400-
1933March 2, 1933[85]8.4–8.5Japan, Sanriku coast15.0V3,000-
1934January 15, 1934[86]8.0   Nepal,Sagarmatha Zone15.0X10,700-
1935September 20, 1935[87]7.8New Guinea,Sandaun Province35.0VII00
1936April 1, 1936[88]7.8Dutch East Indies,Talaud Islands35.0IX00
1937January 7, 1937[89]7.8 China,Qinghai15.0VIII00
1938February 1, 1938[90][46]8.5–8.6Dutch East Indies,Maluku offshore60.0VII00
1939December 21, 1939[91]8.1Dutch East Indies,Central Sulawesi offshore150.0VII00
1940May 24, 19408.2Peru,Lima45.0VIII179–3003,500
1941November 18, 19418.0 Japan,Miyazaki offshore35.0VII20
1942August 24, 19428.2Peru,Ica35.0IX3025
1943April 6, 19438.1Chile,Coquimbo35.0VIII110
1944December 7, 19448.1 Japan,Wakayama offshore30.0VIII1,2232,135
1945November 27, 19458.1 India,Balochistan offshore15.0X4,0000
1946April 1, 19468.6United States,Alaska offshore15.0VI1730
1947May 27, 1947[92]7.6Dutch East Indies,Papua offshore15.0VI00
November 1, 1947Peru,Junin20.0IX2330
1948January 24, 19487.8Philippines,Panay15.0X500
1949August 22, 19498.0Canada,Haida Gwaii10.0VIII00
1950August 15, 19508.6IndiaChina India–China,Assam–Tibet border region15.0XI4,8000
1951November 24, 19517.8Taiwan,East Rift Valley30.0VII851,200
1952November 4, 19529.0Soviet Union,Kamchatka21.6XI2,3360
1953November 25, 1953[93]7.9Japan,Yokohama25.0V10
1954March 29, 1954[94]7.8 Spain,Andalusia626.2IV00
1955February 27, 1955[95]7.5New Zealand,Kermadec Islands15.0I00
1956July 9, 19567.7Greece,Dodecanese Islands20.0IX560
1957March 9, 19578.6United States,Aleutian Islands, Alaska25.0VIII20
1958November 6, 19588.3Soviet Union,Kuril Islands35.0X051
1959May 4, 19597.9Soviet Union,Kamchatka55.0VIII113
1960May 22, 19609.5Chile,Valdivia25.0XII2,0004,000
1961August 19, 1961[96]7.6Peru,Madre de Dios Region612.2IV00
1962May 21, 1962[97]7.5Fiji offshore390.0I00
1963October 13, 19638.5Soviet Union,Kuril Islands35.0IX00
1964March 27, 19649.2–9.3United States, Alaska,Prince William Sound25.0XI1310
1965February 3, 19658.7United States, Alaska,Aleutian Islands30.3VI00
1966October 17, 19668.1Peru,Arequipa38.0IX1253,000
1967July 22, 19677.3Turkey,Sakarya Province30.0X860
1968May 16, 19688.3Japan,Hokkaidō26.0VIII52330
1969August 11, 1969[98]8.2Soviet Union,Kuril Islands30.0VIII00
1970July 31, 19708.0Colombia,Amazonas Department644.8IV14
1971July 26, 19718.0Papua New Guinea,Kokopo37.0IX35
19721972[99]8.0Philippines,Mindanao60.0VII00
1973June 17, 19737.8Japan,Hokkaidō43.3VIII027
1974October 3, 19748.1Peru,Lima13.0IX782,400
1975May 26, 19757.8northAtlantic Ocean33.0VI00
1976August 17, 19768.0Philippines,Moro Gulf33.0VIII8,00010,000
1977August 19, 19778.3Indonesia,Bima25.0VI1891,100
1978June 12, 19787.6Japan,Miyagi44.0VIII281,325
1979December 12, 19798.1Colombia,Nariño offshore
Ecuador,Esmeraldas offshore		24.0IX6000
1980July 17, 1980[100]7.7Solomon Islands,Santa Cruz Islands33.0VI00
1981September 1, 1981[101]7.5New Zealand, offshore25.0IV00
1982June 19, 19827.3El Salvador, offshore73.0VII430
1983March 18, 1983[102]7.7Papua New Guinea,New Ireland70.0VII00
May 26, 1983Japan, off the coast of Honshu15.1VIII104324
1984February 7, 1984[103]7.5Solomon Islands,Honiara18.1VIII00
1985September 19, 19858.0Mexico, Mexico City27.9IX5,000-45,00040,000
1986May 7, 1986[104]8.0United States,Aleutian Islands, Alaska19.0VII00
1987November 30, 1987[105]7.8United States,Gulf of Alaska10.0VI00
1988March 6, 1988[106]7.7United States,Gulf of Alaska15.0V00
1989May 23, 1989[107]8.0Australia,Macquarie Island10.0V00
1990July 16, 19907.7Philippines,Luzon24.4IX1,6213,000
1991April 22, 19917.7Costa Rica,Limón10.0IX127759
1992December 12, 19927.8Indonesia,Sunda Islands23.5VIII2,5000
1993August 8, 19937.8Guam, Offshore59.3IX071
1994October 5, 19948.3Russia,Kuril Islands3.0IX121,742
1995October 9, 19958.1Mexico,Colima33.0VIII49100
July 30, 1995Chile,Antofagasta40.0VII358
1996February 17, 19968.2Indonesia,Biak11.5VIII166423
1997December 5, 1997[108]7.8Russia,Kamchatka Peninsula23.5VIII00
1998March 25, 19988.1Antarctica,Balleny Islands10.000
1999September 21, 19997.6Taiwan,Nantou County15.5IX2,44411,305
2000November 16, 20008.0Papua New Guinea,New Ireland13.0VII20
2001June 23, 20018.4Peru,Arequipa33.0VIII1452,713
2002November 3, 20027.9United States,Alaska4.2IX01
2003September 26, 20038.3Japan,Hokkaidō23.5IX0849
2004December 26, 20049.3Indonesia,Sumatra10.0IX227,898125,000
2005March 28, 20058.6Indonesia,Simeulue21.0IX1313300
2006November 15, 20068.3Russia,Kuril Islands10.0VI01
2007September 12, 20078.4–8.5Indonesia,Sumatra34.0VIII230
2008May 12, 20087.9China,Sichuan19.0XI87,587374,177
2009September 29, 20098.1Samoa, Offshore18.0VII1897
2010February 27, 20108.8Chile,Concepción22.9IX55012,000
2011March 11, 20119.0–9.1Japan,Honshu29.0IX19,7476,000
2012April 11, 20128.6Indonesia, Indian Ocean20.0VII1012
2013May 24, 20138.3Russia,Sea of Okhotsk598.1VI00
2014April 1, 20148.2Chile,Iquique25.0VIII69
2015September 16, 20158.3Chile,Coquimbo22.4IX2134
2016December 17, 20167.9Papua New Guinea,New Ireland94.5VII00
2017September 7, 20178.2Mexico,Chiapas47.4IX98250
2018August 19, 20188.2Fiji, offshore600.0V00
2019May 26, 20198.0Peru,Loreto122.6VIII20
2020July 22, 20207.8United States,Alaska Peninsula offshore28.0VII00
2021July 28, 20218.2United States,Alaska Peninsula offshore32.2VII00
2022September 11, 20227.6Papua New Guinea,Morobe61.4VIII2142
September 19, 2022Mexico,Michoacán25.5VIII235
2023February 6, 20237.8Turkey,Southeastern Anatolia17.9XII59,488–62,013121,704
2024January 1, 20247.5Japan,Ishikawa10.0X6451,393
2025July 30, 20258.8Russia,Kamchatka Peninsula35.0IX125

Strongest earthquakes by magnitude by country/territory

[edit]
  • This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
  • The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.
  • Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for bothEcuador andColombia.
  • Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on theMoment magnitude scale (Mw).
Country/TerritoryMagnitudeDateMore information
Afghanistan7.8November 15, 1921[109]
Albania6.7November 30, 1967[110]
Algeria7.1October 10, 19801980 El Asnam earthquake
American Samoa6.4October 11, 1944[111]
Andorra6.7MeFebruary 2, 14281428 Catalonia earthquake
Angola6.0May 24, 1914[112]
Anguilla6.3February 16, 1906[113]
Antarctica8.1March 25, 19981998 Balleny Islands earthquake
Antigua and Barbuda8.0MsApril 16, 1690[114]
Argentina7.5November 23, 19771977 San Juan earthquake
Armenia6.8MsDecember 7, 19881988 Armenian earthquake
Aruba4.7August 27, 2011[115]
Australia8.0May 23, 1989[116]
Austria5.6–6.5September 15, 15901590 Neulengbach earthquake
Azerbaijan7.0–7.3September 30, 11391139 Ganja earthquake
Bahamas3.2February 22, 1992[117]
Bangladesh8.5–8.8April 2, 17621762 Arakan earthquake
Barbados6.5February 18, 2014 &July 16, 2015[118][119]
Belgium6.0–6.5MsSeptember 18, 16921692 Northwestern Europe earthquake
Belize4.7mbJune 28, 1985[120]
Benin4.4mbSeptember 11, 2009[121]
Bermuda5.3August 27, 1988[122]
Bhutan7.6–8.6May 4, 17141714 Bhutan earthquake
Bolivia8.2June 9, 19941994 Bolivia earthquake
Bosnia and Herzegovina6.1October 26, 19691969 Banja Luka earthquake
Botswana6.7MLOctober 11, 1952[123]
Brazil7.6November 9, 1963[124]
British Indian Ocean Territory7.3November 30, 19831983 Chagos Archipelago earthquake
British Virgin Islands5.9June 26, 1985[125]
Brunei5.2mbFebruary 22, 1992[126]
Bulgaria7.2March 31, 1901 &April 4, 19041901 Black Sea earthquake &1904 Kresna earthquakes
Burundi5.4October 30, 1966[127]
Cameroon5.9September 12, 1945[128]
Canada8.7–9.2January 26, 17001700 Cascadia earthquake
Cape Verde6.5August 15, 1941[129]
Caribbean Netherlands5.2March 10, 2017[130]
Cayman Islands7.7January 28, 20202020 Caribbean earthquake
Central African Republic4.9mbFebruary 6, 1994[131]
Chile9.4–9.6May 22, 19601960 Valdivia earthquake
China8.6August 15, 19501950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Christmas Island6.9July 24, 1979[132]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands7.9June 18, 2000[133]
Colombia8.5–8.8January 31, 19061906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Comoros6.2August 23, 1918[134]
Congo5.2April 26, 1998[135]
Costa Rica7.7April 22, 19911991 Limon earthquake
Croatia6.7July 2, 18981898 Trilj earthquake
Cuba7.1February 20, 1917[136]
Curaçao4.4October 31, 2024[137]
Cyprus7.0–7.5May 11, 12221222 Cyprus earthquake
Czech Republic4.8 ML December 23, 1985[138]
Democratic Republic of the Congo6.9December 13, 1910[139]
Denmark4.4mbFebruary 19, 2010[140]
Djibouti6.5August 20, 1989[141]
Dominica6.4January 8, 1959[142]
Dominican Republic7.8August 4, 19461946 Dominican Republic earthquake
East Timor7.2September 29, 1905[143]
Ecuador8.5–8.8January 31, 19061906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Egypt7.3November 22, 19951995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
El Salvador8.0MIDecember 19, 1862[144]
Equatorial Guinea4.9mbMarch 28, 1999[145]
Eritrea6.6December 28, 1977[146]
Estonia4.5–4.7mbOctober 25, 1976Osmussaar earthquake
Eswatini4.4mbAugust 4, 1987[147]
Ethiopia6.5August 25, 1906[148]
Falkland Islands7.4August 17, 1908[149]
Faroe Islands3.2February 21, 2007[150]
Fiji8.2August 19, 20182018 Fiji earthquakes
Finland4.7 Muk November 4, 1898[151]
France6.4–6.5 Muk January 25, 17991799 Vendée earthquake
French Guiana6.9August 4, 1885[152]
French Polynesia5.6March 6, 1965[153]
Gabon6.0September 23, 1974[154]
Georgia (country)Georgia7.0April 29, 19911991 Racha earthquake
Germany6.4 ML February 18, 17561756 Düren earthquake
Ghana6.8July 10, 1862[155]
Greece8.5+July 21, 365365 Crete earthquake
Greenland7.4November 20, 19331933 Baffin Bay earthquake
Grenada7.0MsDecember 3, 1831[156]
Guadeloupe8.5 Muk February 8, 18431843 Guadeloupe earthquake
Guam7.8August 8, 19931993 Guam earthquake
Guatemala7.7August 6, 19421942 Guatemala earthquake
Guinea6.3December 22, 19831983 Guinea earthquake
Guyana5.5January 31, 2021[157]
Haiti8.1MsMay 7, 18421842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
Honduras7.6February 8, 2025[158]
Hong Kong3.8MLJanuary 5, 2020[159]
Hungary6.2–6.5June 28, 17631763 Komárom earthquake
Iceland7.0January 22, 1910[160]
India8.6August 15, 19501950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Indonesia9.1–9.3December 26, 20042004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Iran7.9MsDecember 22, 856856 Damghan earthquake
Iraq7.0September 22, 1666[161]
Ireland4.0 ML June 6, 2012[162]
Israel7.3December 5, 10331033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Italy7.4January 11, 16931693 Sicily earthquake
Jamaica7.7January 28, 20202020 Caribbean earthquake
Japan9.0–9.1March 11, 20112011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Jersey5.4July 30, 1926[163]
Jordan7.3December 5, 10331033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Kazakhstan8.0July 11, 1889 &January 3, 19111889 Chilik earthquake &1911 Kebin earthquake
Kenya6.7January 6, 1928[164]
Kiribati5.9mbMay 23, 1982[165]
Kosovo6.1MLFebruary 26, 1755 &August 10, 1921[166]
Kuwait4.7mbJune 2, 1993 &November 11, 2020[167][168]
Kyrgyzstan8.0July 11, 1889 &January 3, 19111889 Chilik earthquake &1911 Kebin earthquake
Laos6.7December 22, 1925[169]
Lebanon7.5July 9, 551551 Beirut earthquake
Liberia4.5mbNovember 25, 1995[170]
Libya6.8April 19, 1935[171]
Liechtenstein3.6December 12, 2013[172]
Luxembourg2.9MLSeptember 3, 1986[173]
Madagascar6.2July 4, 1919[174]
Malawi6.3March 10, 19891989 Malawi earthquake
Malaysia6.6August 11, 1923[175]
Maldives7.4February 29, 1944[176]
Mali4.2mbJanuary 11, 1999[177]
Malta5.5April 21, 2023[178]
Marshall Islands5.7March 22, 1982[179]
Martinique7.5–8.0January 11, 18391839 Martinique earthquake
Mauritania4.6mbSeptember 3, 1993 &March 1, 2012[180][181]
Mauritius6.4June 19, 1976[182]
Mayotte5.9May 15, 2018[183]
Mexico8.6March 28, 17871787 New Spain earthquake
Federated States of Micronesia7.8August 16, 1911[184]
Moldova3.9mbApril 2, 1988[185]
Monaco6.3July 19, 1963[186]
Mongolia8.3July 23, 19051905 Bolnai earthquake
Montenegro6.9April 15, 19791979 Montenegro earthquake
Morocco6.8November 27, 1755 &September 8, 20231755 Meknes earthquake &2023 Al Haouz earthquake
Mozambique7.0February 22, 20062006 Mozambique earthquake
Myanmar8.5–8.8April 2, 17621762 Arakan earthquake
Namibia5.4April 4, 2021[187]
  Nepal8.2–8.8June 6, 15051505 Lo Mustang earthquake
Netherlands5.3April 13, 19921992 Roermond earthquake
New Caledonia7.9August 9, 1901[188]
New Zealand8.2January 23, 1855 &May 1, 19171855 Wairarapa earthquake[189]
Nicaragua7.7September 2, 19921992 Nicaragua earthquake
Niger4.6mbJanuary 18, 2017[190]
Nigeria4.5mbMarch 7, 2000[191]
North Korea7.7September 29, 1973[192]
North Macedonia6.7March 8, 1931[193]
Northern Mariana Islands7.7December 28, 1940 &July 29, 2016[194][195]
Norway6.8August 30, 2012[196]
Oman5.7March 30, 1966[197]
British Raj8.1November 27, 19451945 Balochistan earthquake
Palau6.5May 31, 1982[198]
Palestine7.3December 5, 10331033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Panama7.9–8.3MsSeptember 7, 18821882 Panama earthquake
Papua New Guinea8.2May 6, 1919[199]
Paraguay6.5February 28, 1989[200]
Peru (now part of present-day Chile)8.5–9.3August 13, 18681868 Arica earthquake
Philippines8.3August 15, 19181918 Celebes Sea earthquake
Poland5.6December 3, 1786[201]
Portugal8.5–9.0November 1, 17551755 Lisbon earthquake
Puerto Rico8.0May 2, 17871787 Boricua earthquake
Réunion5.3mbApril 5, 2007[202]
Romania7.9October 26, 18021802 Vrancea earthquake
Russia9.0–9.3October 16, 17371737 Kamchatka earthquake
Rwanda5.9February 3, 20082008 Lake Kivu earthquake
Saint Barthélemy5.4November 18, 1990[203]
Saint Kitts and Nevis6.5March 16, 1985[204]
Saint Lucia7.3March 19, 1953[205]
Saint Martin5.0July 4, 2012[206]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon7.2November 18, 19291929 Grand Banks earthquake
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines6.1July 6, 1940[207]
Samoa8.3–8.5June 26, 19171917 Samoa earthquake
São Tomé and Príncipe5.5December 19, 2019[208]
Saudi Arabia7.3November 22, 19951995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
Senegal5.5May 21, 1986[209]
Serbia6.0May 15, 1927[210]
Seychelles5.2mbApril 28, 1995[211]
Slovakia6.2–6.5June 28, 17631763 Komárom earthquake
Slovenia6.1MLApril 14, 18951895 Ljubljana earthquake
Solomon Islands8.1April 1, 20072007 Solomon Islands earthquake
Somalia6.0January 22, 1929[212]
South Africa6.8December 31, 1932[213]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands8.1–8.3August 12, 20212021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes
South Korea7.5June 26, 16811681 Yangyang earthquake
South Sudan7.2May 20, 19901990 South Sudan earthquakes
Spain7.8March 29, 1954[94]
Sri Lanka5.7August 30, 1973[214]
Sudan6.0May 12, 1938[215]
 Switzerland6.0–7.1October 18, 13561356 Basel earthquake
Syria7.6MsMay 20, 12021202 Syria earthquake
Taiwan8.2June 5, 19201920 Hualien earthquake
Tajikistan7.5July 10, 19491949 Khait earthquake
Tanzania7.0July 8, 1919[216]
Thailand6.1May 5, 20142014 Mae Lao earthquake
Tonga8.3–8.5June 26, 19171917 Samoa earthquake
Trinidad and Tobago7.5 Mfa January 10, 1888[217]
Tunisia7.2 or lessOctober 9, 859[218]
Turkey7.8–8.0MsAugust 17, 16681668 North Anatolia earthquake
Turkmenistan8.2MsJuly 7, 1895[219]
Tuvalu5.4February 5, 1983[220]
Uganda6.5June 30, 1952[221]
Ukraine6.7September 11, 19271927 Crimean earthquakes
United Arab Emirates5.0March 11, 2002[222]
United Kingdom6.1MLJune 7, 19311931 Dogger Bank earthquake
United States9.2–9.3March 28, 19641964 Alaska earthquake
U.S. Virgin Islands7.2November 18, 18671867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
Uruguay5.5MsJune 5, 18881888 Río de la Plata earthquake
Uzbekistan7.4MsOctober 21, 19071907 Qaratog earthquake
Vanuatu8.1September 20, 1920[223]
Venezuela7.6–7.7April 29, 1894 &October 29, 19001894 Venezuelan earthquake[224] &1900 San Narciso earthquake
Vietnam6.8November 1, 1935[225]
Wallis and Futuna7.6May 23, 1956[226]
Yemen6.7December 18, 1908[227]
Zambia6.5May 1, 1919[228]
Zimbabwe5.5September 25, 1963[229]

Earthquakes with the most property damage

[edit]
Main article:List of costliest earthquakes

This is the top ten major earthquakes by the US dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.

RankEventLocationMagnitudeProperty damage
12011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunamiJapanJapan9.1$360 billion[230][231]
21995 Great Hanshin earthquakeJapanJapan6.9$200 billion[232]
32023 Turkey–Syria earthquakesTurkeyBa'athist SyriaTurkey
Syria		7.8$164 billion[233][234]
42008 Sichuan earthquakeChina China7.9$150 billion[235]
52011 Christchurch earthquakeNew Zealand New Zealand6.3$40 billion[236]
62004 Chūetsu earthquakeJapanJapan6.6$28 billion[237][238]
72011 Sikkim earthquakeIndia India6.9$22 billion[239]
81999 İzmit earthquakeTurkeyTurkey7.6$20 billion[237]
92009 L'Aquila earthquakeItalyItaly6.3$16 billion[240]
102012 Northern Italy earthquakesItalyItaly6.1$16 billion[241]

Most studied earthquakes

[edit]

The 50 most studied earthquakes according to theInternational Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.

RankEvent origin timeISC Event #PapersISC codeEvent
12011-03-11 05:46:23164612822069TOHOKU20112011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
22008-05-12 06:28:00132281211706WENCHUAN20082008 Sichuan earthquake
32004-12-26 00:58:527453151967SUMATRA20042004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
41999-09-20 17:47:161718616771CHI-CHI19991999 Jiji earthquake
51995-01-16 20:46:51124708558SHYOGO19951995 Great Hanshin earthquake
62010-02-27 06:34:1314340585551MAULE20102010 Chile earthquake
71994-01-17 12:30:54189275548NORTHRIDGE19941994 Northridge earthquake
82009-04-06 01:32:4213438018525LAQUILA20092009 L'Aquila earthquake
91989-10-18 00:04:14389808520LOMAPRIETA19891989 Loma Prieta earthquake
102015-04-25 06:11:26607208674516GORKHA20152015 Nepal earthquake
111992-06-28 11:57:35289086440LANDERS19921992 Landers earthquake
121999-08-17 00:01:381655218428IZMIT19991999 İzmit earthquake
132016-04-15 16:25:06610289055366KUMAMOTO20162016 Kumamoto earthquakes
142013-04-20 00:02:47607304721342LUSHAN20132013 Lushan earthquake
151964-03-28 03:36:13869809333ALASKA19641964 Alaska earthquake
161960-05-22 19:11:20879136290VALDIVIA19601960 Valdivia earthquake
172023-02-06 01:17:34625613033277TURKYIE-SYRIA20232023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
182016-08-24 01:36:33611462212259AMATRICE20162016 Central Italy earthquake
192010-09-03 16:35:4615155483257DARFIELD20102010 Canterbury earthquake
202001-01-26 03:16:401763683256BHUJ20012001 Gujarat earthquake
211985-09-19 13:17:50516095253MEXICOCITY19851985 Mexico City earthquake
222022-01-15 04:14:45621831271252HUNGATONGAHUNGAAPAI20222022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
232016-11-13 11:02:59615035032251KAIKOURA20162016 Kaikōura earthquake
241971-02-09 14:00:40787038244SANFERNANDO19711971 San Fernando earthquake
251976-07-27 19:42:53711732235TANGSHAN19761976 Tangshan earthquake
262003-09-25 19:50:077134409221TOKACHI-OKI20032003 Tokachi earthquake
272019-07-06 03:19:55616203758221RIDGECREST2019B2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
281980-11-23 18:34:52635924212IRPINIA19801980 Irpinia earthquake
292004-10-23 08:55:587421058205MID-NIIGATA20042004 Chūetsu earthquake
302012-05-20 02:03:53601025379205EMILIA2012A2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
312011-02-21 23:51:4216168897204CHRISTCHURCH20112011 Christchurch earthquake
321976-05-06 20:00:12713583199FRIULI19761976 Friuli earthquake
332005-03-28 16:09:357486110197NIAS20052005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
342004-09-28 17:15:247406045197PARKFIELD20042004 Parkfield earthquake
352023-02-06 10:24:50625614289195TURKYIE-SYRIA2023A2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
362016-10-30 06:40:19609624987194NORCIA20162016 Central Italy earthquakes
371923-09-01 02:58:35911526193KANTO19231923 Great Kantō earthquake
381999-10-16 09:46:451643776184HECTOR-MINE19991999 Hector Mine earthquake
392005-10-08 03:50:377703077181KASHMIR20052005 Kashmir earthquake
402017-08-08 13:19:49610874246178JUIZHAIGOU20172017 Jinghe earthquake
412001-11-14 09:26:122331800176KUNLUN20012001 Kunlun earthquake
422015-09-16 22:54:30611531714175ILLAPEL20152015 Illapel earthquake
432014-04-01 23:46:47610102185167IQUIQUE20142014 Iquique earthquake
442021-05-21 18:04:13620437814166MADUO20212021 Maduo earthquake
451979-10-15 23:16:57657282165IMPERIAL19791979 Imperial Valley earthquake
462002-11-03 22:12:416123395164DENALI20022002 Denali earthquake
471999-11-12 16:57:191650092162DUZCE19991999 Düzce earthquake
482010-04-04 22:40:43600257057158EL-MAYOR-CUCAPAH20102010 Baja California earthquake
492019-07-04 17:33:50616217956158RIDGECREST2019A2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
502010-01-12 21:53:1014226221157HAITI20102010 Haiti earthquake

Modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC'sOverview of the ISC Event Bibliography.

International Seismological Centre.Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018.

Lists by time period

[edit]

By century

[edit]

By decade

[edit]

By year

[edit]

Lists by location

[edit]

By country

[edit]

By region

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". United States Geological Survey. Archived fromthe original on September 1, 2009. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2011.
  2. ^Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005).A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175.ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
  3. ^Gupta, H. (2011).Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566.ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
  4. ^ab王瓒玮 (July 28, 2016)."唐山大地震四十年：反思与"记忆"".东方历史评论. 广东省东方历史研究基金会. Reprinted as:王瓒玮 (July 28, 2016)."唐山大地震40年：从死亡人数到天灾还是人祸仍是一地鸡毛".界面新闻. Archived fromthe original on January 15, 2021.
  5. ^夏明方 (2020)."家庭的解体与重生：历史视野下的唐山大地震". In 夏明方 (ed.).文明的"双相"——灾害与历史的缠绕. 广西师范大学出版社. p. 79. Archived fromthe original on July 22, 2020 – via 澎湃新闻, 13 July 2020.
  6. ^"Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". Xinhua News Agency. Archived fromthe original on August 20, 2013.
  7. ^Utsu, T."Search Page".Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). RetrievedJune 3, 2010.
  8. ^Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawchech, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (June 2005)."The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."(PDF).Annals of Geophysics.48 (3):347–435. RetrievedOctober 8, 2015.
  9. ^National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
  10. ^abc"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World". United States Geological Survey. Archived fromthe original on September 1, 2009. RetrievedApril 22, 2022.
  11. ^abAmbraseys, Nicholas N.,"The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
  12. ^"Ruins of the Hongdong Earthquake (1303)".China Virtual Museums. RetrievedNovember 28, 2015.
  13. ^abGrǖnthal G.; Wahlström R. (2009)."A harmonized seismicity data base for the EuroMediterranean region"(PDF).Proceedings of the 27th ECGS Workshop 'Seismicity Patterns in the Euro-Med Region:15–21.
  14. ^National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
  15. ^"Le Mani su Messina". Dario De Pasquale.2006.Sikelia
  16. ^Rovida, Andrea; Locati, Mario; Camassi, Romano; Lolli, Barbara; Gasperini, Paolo (2016)."1908 December 28 04:20:27.00 Stretto di Messina".CPTI15 V4.0 Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes.National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology.doi:10.6092/INGV.IT-CPTI15. RetrievedMarch 9, 2022.
  17. ^"Today in Earthquake History". United States Geological Survey.
  18. ^颤抖的地球—地震科学Archived 13 November 2023 at theWayback Machine (2005). Researched byChina Earthquake Administration seismologists 冯万鹏,薑文亮,龚丽霞,公茂盛,胡进军; Revised by CEA seismologists 王文清,续春荣,张宝红; Edited by CEA chiefs 谢礼立,张景发. Tsinghua University Press. Pages XIII, 162. "1556年陕西华县8级大地震，死亡的83万人中, 据估计死于瘟疫者不下七八成" [Among the 830,000 died, it is estimated that no less than 70% or 80% died from plagues]
  19. ^邬福肇; 曹康泰; 陈章立, eds. (1998)."第三章 地震灾害预防".中华人民共和国防震减灾法释义. 法律出版社.Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. RetrievedAugust 4, 2023.１５５６年我国陕西的华县８级大地震，共死亡约８３万人，但实际上其中７０多万人死于其后的瘟疫和饥荒。
  20. ^高东旗; 王常有; 杜玉萍; 王晓燕 (2008)."大地震后传染病的防疫要点".华北国防医药 (3).1556年陕西发生大地震，当时死亡10万人，而第2年发生大瘟疫，却死亡70多万人 [100,000 died in 1556, while a plague struck the subsequent year and led to a further death of 700,000-odd.]
  21. ^China Earthquake Administration, ed. (2008).地震知识百问百答. 地震出版社. Archived fromthe original on May 9, 2009.实则直接死于地震的只有十数万人，其余70余万人均死于瘟疫和饥荒 [Actually, direct deaths from earthquake amount to 100,000-odd, the remaining 700,000-odd died from plagues and famine]
  22. ^Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010 (January 11, 2011), U.S. Geological Survey.
  23. ^Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute],Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
  24. ^Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll (June 1, 2011), BBC.
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  26. ^"22 Mayıs 1971 Bingöl Depremi Ms:6.8".AFAD (in Turkish). RetrievedApril 5, 2022.
  27. ^ANSS."M 6.8 – 32 km E of Uttarkashi, India 1991".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. RetrievedMarch 28, 2022.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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  29. ^ANSS."M 7.9 – 103 km S of Bengkulu, Indonesia 2000".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  30. ^ANSS."M 6.3 – 10 km E of Pundong, Indonesia 2006".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  31. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 30 km WSW of Pariaman, Indonesia 2022".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2022.
  32. ^ANSS."M 7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador 2016".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2022.
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  35. ^Satake, K.;Atwater, B. (2007),"Long-Term Perspectives on Giant Earthquakes and Tsunamis at Subduction Zones"(PDF),Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,35 (1): 355,Bibcode:2007AREPS..35..349S,doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140302,archived(PDF) from the original on January 9, 2016, retrievedMarch 21, 2016
  36. ^ANSS."M 9.2 – The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake 1964".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  37. ^Stein, Seth; Okal, Emile A. (January 1, 2007)."Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process".Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.97 (1A):S279–S295.Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97S.279S.doi:10.1785/0120050617.ISSN 1943-3573.
  38. ^Fujii, Yushiro; Satake, Kenji; Watada, Shingo; Ho, Tung-Cheng (December 1, 2021)."Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth".Pure and Applied Geophysics.178 (12):4777–4796.doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6.ISSN 1420-9136.
  39. ^Romano, F.; Piatanesi, A.; Lorito, S.; D'Agostino, N.; Hirata, K.; Atzori, S.; Yamazaki, Y.; Cocco, M. (April 27, 2012)."Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake".Scientific Reports.2 (1): 385.Bibcode:2012NatSR...2..385R.doi:10.1038/srep00385.ISSN 2045-2322.PMC 3338116.PMID 22545193.
  40. ^Wang, Zhen; Kato, Teruyuki; Zhou, Xin; Fukuda, Jun'ichi (November 28, 2016)."Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data".Earth, Planets and Space.68 (1): 193.Bibcode:2016EP&S...68..193W.doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0572-4.ISSN 1880-5981.
  41. ^MacInnes, B. T.; Weiss, R.; Bourgeois, J.; Pinegina, T. K. (2010),"Slip Distribution of the 1952 Kamchatka Great Earthquake Based on Near-Field Tsunami Deposits and Historical Records"(PDF),Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100 (4):1695–1709,Bibcode:2010BuSSA.100.1695M,doi:10.1785/0120090376
  42. ^ANSS."M 8.8 - 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake 2010".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  43. ^ANSS."M 8.8 – 126 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia 2025".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  44. ^ANSS."M 8.8 - 1906 Ecuador-Colombia Earthquake 1906".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  45. ^ANSS."M 8.7 - 1965 Western Aleutian Islands (Hawadax/Rat Islands) Earthquake 1965".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  46. ^abcdefISC (June 27, 2022),ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 9.1,International Seismological Centre
  47. ^Kanamori, Hiroo; Rivera, Luis; Ye, Lingling; Lay, Thorne; Murotani, Satoko; Tsumura, Kenshiro (2019)."New constraints on the 1922 Atacama, Chile, earthquake from Historical seismograms".Geophysical Journal International.219 (1):645–661.doi:10.1093/gji/ggz302.
  48. ^ANSS."M 8.4 - 1933 Sanriku (Sanriku-oki) Earthquake, Japan 1933".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  49. ^ANSS."M 8.5 - 1963 Kuril Islands Earthquake 1963".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  50. ^ANSS."M 8.4 - 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia 2007".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  51. ^Carvajal, M.; Cisternas, M.; Catalán, P.A. (2017). "Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile".Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.122 (5):3648–3660.Bibcode:2017JGRB..122.3648C.doi:10.1002/2017JB014063.hdl:10533/238887.S2CID 133806784.
  52. ^abJin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014)."Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile".Geodesy and Geodynamics.5 (1):34–40.Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
  53. ^Carvajal, M.; Gubler, A.; Davies, G.; Wang, K.; Sun, T.; Catalán, P. A. (2025)."Large Size of Two 19th-Century Chile-Peru Earthquakes Inferred From Trans-Pacific Tsunami Records".Geophysical Research Letters.52 (12) e2024GL113849.doi:10.1029/2024GL113849.ISSN 1944-8007.
  54. ^H. Ringer; J. P. Whitehead; J. Krometis; R. A. Harris; N. Glatt-Holtz; S. Giddens; C. Ashcraft; G. Carver; A. Robertson; M. Harward; J. Fullwood; K. Lightheart; R. Hilton; A. Avery; C. Kesler; M. Morrise; M. H. Klein (2021)."Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami"(PDF).Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.126 (4) e2020JB021107.arXiv:2009.14272.Bibcode:2021JGRB..12621107R.doi:10.1029/2020JB021107.S2CID 222066748. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 9, 2022. RetrievedJune 19, 2021.
  55. ^"M 9.3Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan"(PDF).AIST.
  56. ^"Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE".NGCD. RetrievedDecember 9, 2020.
  57. ^NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database."Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON".ngdc.noaa.gov. RetrievedFebruary 1, 2021.
  58. ^Hough S.E. (2013)."Missing great earthquakes".Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.118 (3):1098–1108.Bibcode:2013JGRB..118.1098H.doi:10.1002/jgrb.50083.S2CID 128458643.
  59. ^ANSS."M 8.2 - 97 km WNW of Sinabang, Indonesia 1907".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  60. ^ANSS."M 7.5 - 6 km S of Copala, Mexico 1908".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  61. ^ANSS."M 7.7 - 52 km ESE of Farkh?r, Afghanistan 1909".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  62. ^ANSS."M 8.1 - 163 km NW of Hirara, Japan 1910".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  63. ^ANSS."M 7.9 - 108 km NW of Naze, Japan 1912".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  64. ^ANSS."M 7.9 - 32 km NW of Taunggyi, Myanmar 1912".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  65. ^ANSS."M 7.9 - 47 km ESE of Kalbay, Philippines 1913".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  66. ^ANSS."M 8.2 - 130 km SE of Biak, Indonesia 1914".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  67. ^ANSS."M 7.8 - 266 km SSW of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia 1915".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  68. ^ANSS."M 8.0 - 60 km SE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1916".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  69. ^ANSS."M 8.2 - Kermadec Islands region 1917".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  70. ^ANSS."M 8.3 - 75 km SSW of Malisbeng, Philippines 1918".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  71. ^ANSS."M 8.1 - 166 km ENE of Neiafu, Tonga 1919".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  72. ^ANSS."M 8.2 - 47 km SE of Hualien City, Taiwan 1920".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  73. ^ANSS."M 7.8 - 71 km SSW of Jurm, Afghanistan 1921".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  74. ^ANSS."M 8.5 - 94 km ENE of Vallenar, Chile 1922".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  75. ^ANSS."M 8.4 - 121 km ESE of Mil'kovo, Russia 1923".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  76. ^ANSS."M 8.1 - 6 km E of Tibanbang, Philippines 1924".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  77. ^ANSS."M 7.3 - 60 km WNW of Sorong, Indonesia 1925".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  78. ^ANSS."M 7.6 - 158 km WSW of Abepura, Indonesia 1926".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  79. ^ANSS."M 7.7 - 31 km SSW of Wuwei, China 1927".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  80. ^ANSS."M 8.0 - 15 km ESE of San Gabriel Mixtepec, Mexico 1928".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  81. ^ANSS."M 8.1 - South Sandwich Islands region 1929".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  82. ^ANSS."M 7.5 - 36 km SSW of Pyu, Myanmar 1930".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  83. ^ANSS."M 7.9 - 172 km SE of Altay, China 1931".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  84. ^ANSS."M 8.1 - 4 km ENE of Tonaya, Mexico 1932".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  85. ^ANSS."M 8.4 - 1933 Sanriku (Sanriku-oki) Earthquake, Japan 1933".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  86. ^ANSS."M 8.0 - Nepal 1934".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  87. ^ANSS."M 7.8 - New Guinea, Papua New Guinea 1935".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  88. ^ANSS."M 7.8 - 161 km SE of Sarangani, Philippines 1936".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  89. ^ANSS."M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China 1937".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  90. ^Cummins, Phil R.; Pranantyo, Ignatius R.; Pownall, Jonathan M.; Griffin, Jonathan D.; Meilano, Irwan; Zhou, Siyuan (April 2020)."Earthquakes and tsunamis caused by low-angle normal faulting in the Banda Sea, Indonesia".Nature Geoscience.13 (4):312–318.Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..312C.doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0545-x.hdl:10138/327490.S2CID 211729349. RetrievedAugust 15, 2022.
  91. ^ANSS."M 8.1 – 68 km SSW of Gorontalo, Indonesia 1939".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  92. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 138 km SW of Insrom, Indonesia 1947".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  93. ^ANSS."M 7.9 – off the east coast of Honshu, Japan 1953".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  94. ^abANSS."M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar 1954".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  95. ^ANSS."M 7.5 – Kermadec Islands region 1955".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  96. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region 1961".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  97. ^ANSS."M 7.5 – Fiji region 1962".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  98. ^ANSS."M 8.2 – Kuril Islands 1969".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  99. ^ANSS."M 8.0 – Mindanao, Philippines 1972".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  100. ^ANSS."M 7.9 – 199 km S of Lata, Solomon Islands 1980".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  101. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – off the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand 1981".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  102. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 157 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1983".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  103. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 85 km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands 1984".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  104. ^ANSS."M 8.0 – 85 km SSW of Atka, Alaska 1986".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  105. ^ANSS."M 7.9 – 200 km WSW of Yakutat, Alaska 1987".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  106. ^ANSS."M 7.8 – Gulf of Alaska 1988".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  107. ^ANSS."M 8.0, Macquarie Island region 1989".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  108. ^ANSS."1997 M 7.8 – 156 km S of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  109. ^ANSS."M 7.8 – 71 km SSW of Jurm, Afghanistan 1909".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  110. ^ANSS."M 6.7 – 7 km WNW of Lukovo, North Macedonia 1967".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  111. ^ANSS."M 6.4 – 188 km SW of Vailoatai, American Samoa 1944".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  112. ^ANSS."M 6.0 – 67 km N of Sumbe, Angola 1914".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  113. ^ANSS."M 6.3 – 121 km NNW of The Valley, Anguilla 1906".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  114. ^National Geophysical Data Center (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. RetrievedJune 9, 2024.
  115. ^ANSS."M 4.7 - 101 km NNE of Punto Fijo, Venezuela 1989".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  116. ^ANSS."M 8.0 – Macquarie Island region 1989".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  117. ^ANSS."M 3.2 - 27 km SW of Freeport, Bahamas 1992".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  118. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 171 km NNE of Greenland, Barbados 2014".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  119. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 128 km NE of Bathsheba, Barbados 2015".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  120. ^ANSS."M 4.7 – 55 km ESE of Dangriga, Belize 1985".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  121. ^ANSS."M 4.4 – 13 km NNE of Abomey-Calavi, Benin 2009".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  122. ^ANSS."M 5.3 - 121 km S of Hamilton, Bermuda 1988".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  123. ^Simon, RE; Kwadiba, MTO; King, JG; Moidaki, M (2012). "A History of Botswana's Seismic Network".Botswana Notes and Records.44:184–192.JSTOR 43855570.
  124. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 132 km SW of Tarauacá, Brazil 1963".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  125. ^ANSS."M 5.9 - 65 km NNE of Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands 1985".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  126. ^ANSS."M 5.2 – 68 km N of Tutong, Brunei 1992".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  127. ^ANSS."M 5.4 – 20 km S of Gitega, Burundi 1966".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  128. ^ANSS."M 5.9 – 93 km NW of Ouésso, Republic of the Congo 1945".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  129. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 267 km NNW of Ponta do Sol, Cabo Verde 1941".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  130. ^ANSS."M 5.2 – 64 km N of Coro, Venezuela 2017".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  131. ^ANSS."M 4.9 – 55 km N of Zemio, Central African Republic 1994".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  132. ^ANSS."M 6.9 - south of Java, Indonesia 1979".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  133. ^ANSS."M 7.9 – South Indian Ocean 2000".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  134. ^ANSS."M 6.2 – 1 km NNE of Vanadjou, Comoros 1918".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  135. ^ANSS."M 5.2 – 116 km SW of Impfondo, Republic of the Congo 1998".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  136. ^ANSS."M 7.1 – 84 km SW of Niquero, Cuba 1917".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  137. ^ANSS."M 4.4 - 73 km WNW of Dorp Rincon, Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba 2024".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  138. ^ANSS."M 4.8 – 0 km NW of Skalná, Czechia 1985".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  139. ^ANSS."M 6.9 – 39 km WSW of Karema, Tanzania 1910".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  140. ^ANSS."M 4.4 – 47 km WNW of Thyborøn, Denmark 2010".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  141. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 12 km ENE of Gâlâfi, Djibouti 1989".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  142. ^ANSS."M 6.4 – 18 km SSE of Berekua, Dominica iscgem881160".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  143. ^ANSS."M 7.2 – 58 km ENE of Lospalos, Timor Leste 1905".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  144. ^White, R. A.; Ligorria, J. P.; Cifuentes, I. L. (2004)."Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000".Natural Hazards in El Salvador.Geological Society of America. p. 394.ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
  145. ^ANSS."M 4.9 – 8 km NNW of Malabo, Equatorial Guinea 1999".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  146. ^ANSS."M 6.6 – 144 km NE of Massawa, Eritrea 1977".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  147. ^ANSS."M 4.4 – 16 km ENE of Sidvokodvo, Eswatini 1987".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  148. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 8 km E of Goba, Ethiopia 1906".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  149. ^ANSS."M 7.4 - Falkland Islands region 1908".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  150. ^ANSS."M 3.2 - 198 km NE of Kirkja, Faroe Islands 2007".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  151. ^"Largest earthquake in Finland". Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University ofOulu). Archived fromthe original on May 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 21, 2022.
  152. ^Marcelo Assumpção, Alberto V. Veloso (2020)."The 1885 M 6.9 Earthquake in the French Guiana–Brazil Border: The Largest Midplate Event in the Nineteenth Century in South America".Seismological Research Letters.91 (5):2497–2510.Bibcode:2020SeiRL..91.2497A.doi:10.1785/0220190325.S2CID 219502957.
  153. ^ANSS."M 5.6 – South Pacific Ocean 1965".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  154. ^ANSS."M 6.2 – 64 km NNE of Lastoursville, Gabon 1974".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  155. ^Musson, R. M. W. (February 2014)."The Seismicity of Ghana".Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.12 (1):157–169.Bibcode:2014BuEE...12..157M.doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9555-z.
  156. ^"NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2022.
  157. ^ANSS."M 5.5 – 82 km SSE of Lethem, Guyana 2021".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  158. ^ANSS."M 7.6 - 209 km SSW of George Town, Cayman Islands 2025".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  159. ^ANSS."M 3.8 – 14 km SW of Tai O, Hong Kong 2020".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  160. ^ANSS."M 7.0 – 79 km N of Norðurþing, Iceland 1910".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  161. ^Onur, T.; Gok, R.; Abdulnaby, W.; Mahdi, H.; Numan, N.M.; Al-Shukri, H.; Shakir, A.; Chlaib, H.; Ameen, T.H.; Abd, N. (2016)."A Comprehensive Earthquake Catalogue for Iraq in Terms of Moment Magnitude".Seismological Research Letters.88 (3):798–811.doi:10.1785/0220160078.OSTI 1466119.
  162. ^ANSS."M 4.0 – 60 km W of Belmullet, Ireland 2012".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  163. ^ANSS."M 5.4 – 18 km E of Saint Helier, Jersey 1926".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  164. ^ANSS."M 6.7 – 33 km WNW of Nyahururu, Kenya 1928".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  165. ^ANSS."M 5.9 – Gilbert Islands, Kiribati region 1982".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  166. ^"Të gjitha tërmetet që kanë ndodhur në territorin e Kosovës" [All earthquakes that have occurred in the territory of Kosovo] (in Albanian). September 24, 2019.
  167. ^ANSS."M 4.7 – 44 km S of Al Jahra, Kuwait 1993".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  168. ^ANSS."M 4.7 – 38 km NW of Al Wafrah, Kuwait 2020".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  169. ^ANSS."M 6.7 – 41 km S of Luang Namtha, Laos 1925".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  170. ^ANSS."M 4.5 – 16 km SW of Tubmanburg, Liberia 1995".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  171. ^ANSS."M 6.8 – near the coast of Libya 1935".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  172. ^ANSS."M 3.6 – 1 km SSW of Balzers, Liechtenstein 2013".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  173. ^ANSS."M 2.9 – 2 km E of Wilwerwiltz, Luxembourg 1986".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  174. ^ANSS."M 6.2 – 283 km WSW of Anakao, Madagascar 1919".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  175. ^ANSS."M 6.6 – 26 km NNW of Lahad Datu, Malaysia 1923".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  176. ^ANSS."M 7.4 – 212 km E of Fuvahmulah, Maldives 1944".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  177. ^ANSS."M 4.2 – 75 km NW of Kolokani, Mali 1999".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  178. ^ANSS."M 5.5 – 109 km SE of Birżebbuġa, Malta 2023".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  179. ^ANSS."M 5.6 – Marshall Islands region 1982".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  180. ^ANSS."M 4.6 – Mauritania 1993".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  181. ^ANSS."M 4.6 – 76 km E of Zouerate, Mauritania 2012".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  182. ^ANSS."M 6.1 – 279 km NE of Port Mathurin, Mauritius 1976".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  183. ^ANSS."M 5.9 – 32 km E of Pamandzi, Mayotte 2018".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  184. ^ANSS."M 7.8 – State of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia 1911".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  185. ^ANSS."M 3.9 – 12 km S of Ocnița, Moldova 1988".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  186. ^ANSS."M 6.3 – Ligurian Sea 1963".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  187. ^ANSS."M 5.4 – 68 km NNW of Khorixas, Namibia 2021".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  188. ^National Geophysical Data Center (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. RetrievedJune 9, 2024.
  189. ^ANSS."M 8.2 – Kermadec Islands region 1917".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  190. ^ANSS."M 4.6 – 259 km WNW of Bilma, Niger 2017".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  191. ^ANSS."M 4.5 – 34 km S of Siluko, Nigeria 2000".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  192. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 61 km SSE of Ungsang-nodongjagu, North Korea 1973".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  193. ^ANSS."M 6.7 – 3 km SW of Kuklis, North Macedonia 1931".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  194. ^ANSS."M 7.7 – Mariana Islands region 1940".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  195. ^ANSS."M 7.7 – Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands 2016".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  196. ^ANSS."M 6.8 – 89 km NW of Olonkinbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen 2012".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  197. ^ANSS."M 5.7 – 291 km ESE of Sur, Oman 1966".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  198. ^ANSS."M 6.4 – 121 km ESE of Kayangel, Palau 1982".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  199. ^ANSS."M 8.2 – 183 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1919".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  200. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 86 km E of General Enrique Mosconi, Argentina 1989".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  201. ^Wiejacz, Paweł; Debski, Wojciech (2009)."Podhale, Poland, earthquake of November 30, 2004".Acta Geophysica.57 (2):346–366.Bibcode:2009AcGeo..57..346W.doi:10.2478/s11600-009-0007-8.S2CID 128410108.
  202. ^ANSS."M 5.3 – 15 km WSW of Sainte-Rose, Reunion 2007".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  203. ^ANSS."M 5.4 – 26 km NE of Upper Hell's Gate; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba 1990".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  204. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 18 km SE of Market Shop; Saint Kitts and Nevis 1985".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  205. ^ANSS."M 7.3 – 18 km WSW of Soufrière, Saint Lucia 1953".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  206. ^ANSS."M 5.0 – 13 km ESE of Blowing Point Village, Anguilla 2012".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  207. ^ANSS."M 6.1 – 13 km W of Barrouallie; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1940".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  208. ^ANSS."M 5.5 – 87 km ENE of Santo Antonio; Sao Tome and Principe 2019".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  209. ^ANSS."M 5.5 – 289 km W of Mermoz Boabab, Senegal 1986".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  210. ^ANSS."M 6.0 – 8 km WNW of Kragujevac, Serbia 1927".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  211. ^ANSS."M 5.2 – South Indian Ocean 1995".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  212. ^ANSS."M 6.0 – northwestern Somalia 1929".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  213. ^ANSS."M 6.8 – 118 km ESE of Richards Bay, South Africa 1932".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  214. ^ANSS."M 5.9 – 275 km E of Kalmunai, Sri Lanka 1973".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  215. ^ANSS."M 6.0 – 70 km SSW of Tokar, Sudan 1938".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  216. ^ANSS."M 7.0 – 17 km SSW of Sumbawanga, Tanzania 1919".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
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  218. ^Kázmér, Miklós (May 19, 2020)."Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study"(PDF).Arabian Journal of Geosciences.14 (3) 214.doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06372-w.S2CID 231738302. RetrievedJuly 22, 2022.
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  220. ^ANSS."M 5.8 – 290 km N of Kulia Village, Tuvalu 1983".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  221. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 53 km N of Rukungiri, Uganda 1952".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  222. ^ANSS."M 5.0 – 14 km NW of Reef Al Fujairah City, United Arab Emirates 2002".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  223. ^ANSS."M 8.1 – 97 km WSW of Isangel, Vanuatu 1920".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  224. ^Salcedo-Hurtado, Elkin de J.; Audemard, Franck A.; García-Millán, Nathalie (2021)."Parámetros focales del terremoto del 28 de abril de 1894 en los Andes venezolanos usando datos macrosísmicos" [Focal parameters of the April 28, 1894 earthquake in the Venezuelan Andes using macrosismic data].Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (in Spanish).45 (175):591–606.doi:10.18257/raccefyn.1195.ISSN 0370-3908.
  225. ^ANSS."M 6.8 – 27 km SE of Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam 1935".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  226. ^ANSS."M 7.6 – 144 km SSW of Leava, Wallis and Futuna 1956".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  227. ^ANSS."M 6.7 – 170 km E of Hadibu, Yemen 1908".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  228. ^ANSS."M 6.5 – 12 km WNW of Chama, Zambia 1919".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  229. ^ANSS."M 5.5 – 38 km SW of Siavonga, Zambia 1963".Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
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