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List of weather records

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In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.[1] Comparison shows seasonal variability for record increases.

Thelist of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences ofweather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modernweather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an officialweather station. This list does not includeremotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]

Temperature

[edit]
Increasingly, record temperatures have beenwarm record temperatures.[1]
2024 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.[3]

Measuring conditions

[edit]

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground,[4] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the termx degrees "in the shade").[5] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[5]The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) atFurnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.[6] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded inPort Sudan, Sudan.[7] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[8]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with theMODIS infrared spectroradiometer on theAqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in theLut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[5]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at81°48′S59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E /-81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[9][10]

Hottest

[edit]

Highest temperatures ever recorded

[edit]
Main articles:Highest temperature recorded on Earth andHeat wave
A world map showing areas withKöppenB classification (dry climates). The temperatures of the hot variants(BWh, BSh) of these climates have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.

According to theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 inFurnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[11] but the validity of this record is challengedas possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing forWeather Underground, believes that the 1913Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[12] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[13] This is lower than a 1931 measurement of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, the 55 °C temperature is verified by the WMO, although it has been disputed by some meteorologists.[14] The temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) is also matched by a 1942 record fromTirat Zvi, a Jewish settlement under the British Mandate in the Middle East).[15] In 2016 and 2017, readings inKuwait andIran also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also atFurnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (130 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.[16] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 58.0 °C (136.4 °F), measured inʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[14] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[17] thus not being recognised as world records.[18]

Highest global average temperature

[edit]

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highestglobal average temperature was recorded at 17.16 °C (62.89 °F).[19] The previous record was 17.09 °C (62.76 °F) set the day before on 21 July 2024.[19] The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.[20] September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.[21] TheCopernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.[22]

Country/RegionTemperatureTown/LocationDate
Africa
Algeria51.3 °C (124.3 °F)El Bayadh,El Bayadh Province

Ouargla,Ouargla Province

2 September 1979[23]

5 July 2018[24]

Botswana44.0 °C (111.2 °F)Maun7 January 2016[25][26]
Burkina Faso47.2 °C (117.0 °F)Dori1984[27]
Cape Verde37.3 °C (99.1 °F)Praia2004[28]
Chad48.0 °C (118.4 °F)Faya-Largeau25 May 2023[29]
Ceuta40.8 °C (105.4 °F)Ceuta19 July 2023[28]
Comoros36.2 °C (97.2 °F)Hahaya International Airport12 March 2024[30]
Egypt51.1 °C (124.0 °F)Aswan and
Asyut		4 July 1918
22 May 1973
23 July 1994[31][32][better source needed]
Eswatini (Swaziland)47.4 °C (117.3 °F)Lavumisa?[33]
Ethiopia48.9 °C (120.0 °F)Dallol,Afar1966[34]
Gabon37.5 °C (99.5 °F)Tchibanga2008[28]
Gambia49.0 °C (120.2 °F)Jenoi2001[35]
Ghana44.6 °C (112.3 °F)Navrongo1 May 2024[30]
Guinea45.0 °C (113.0 °F)Koundara,Boké Region29 March 2017[36]
Ivory Coast49.5 °C (121.1 °F)Odienne26 January 2025[37]
Kenya42.6 °C (108.7 °F)Wajir2007[28]
Madagascar43.6 °C (110.5 °F)Ejeda,Atsimo-Andrefana?[38]
Mali48.5 °C (119.3 °F)Kayes3 April 2024[30]
Mayotte35.8 °C (96.4 °F)Poroani2010[28]
Morocco50.4 °C (122.7 °F)Agadir (Inezgane Airport)11 August 2023[39]
Niger49.5 °C (121.1 °F)Diffa7 September 1978[40]
Nigeria46.4 °C (115.5 °F)Yola2010[28]
Republic of the Congo39.6 °C (103.3 °F)Impfondo13 March 2024[30]
Réunion36.9 °C (98.4 °F)Le Port6 March 2004[41]
Rwanda35.4 °C (95.7 °F)Kigali2005[28]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha34.9 °C (94.8 °F)Georgetown2010[28]
Somaliland47.8 °C (118.0 °F)Berbera2004[28]
South Africa (then theUnion of South Africa)50.0 °C (122.0 °F)Dunbrody,Eastern Cape3 November 1918[42][note 1]
Sudan49.7 °C (121.5 °F)Dongola25 June 2010[29]
Tanzania39.4 °C (102.9 °F)Abeid Amani Karume International Airport,Zanzibar City2007[28]
Togo44.0 °C (111.2 °F)Mango31 March 2024[30]
Tunisia55.0 °C (131.0 °F)Kebili7 July 1931[44][note 2]
Uganda40.0 °C (104.0 °F)Kitgum2005[28]
Zambia43.5 °C (110.3 °F)Mfuwe,Eastern Province2011[28]
Antarctica
Antarctica19.8 °C (67.6 °F)Signy Research Station,Signy Island30 January 1982[45]
Asia
Abkhazia37.0 °C (98.6 °F)Sukhumi?
Afghanistan (then,Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)49.9 °C (121.8 °F)FarahAugust 2009[46]
Bangladesh45.1 °C (113.2 °F)Rajshahi18 May 1972[47]
Bhutan40.0 °C (104.0 °F)Phuentsholing27 August 1997[48]
Brunei39.2 °C (102.6 °F)Mukim SukangJuly 2025[49]
Cambodia42.8 °C (109.0 °F)Preah Vihear andSvay Leu District27 April 2024[30]
China52.2 °C (126.0 °F)Sanbu Township,Turpan,Xinjiang16 July 2023[50]
Hong Kong39.0 °C (102.2 °F)Sheung Shui24 July 2022[51]
India51.0 °C (123.8 °F)Phalodi,Rajasthan19 May 2016[52][53]
Indonesia40.6 °C (105.1 °F)Banjarbaru,South Kalimantan16 August 1997[54][55]
Iran54.0 °C (129.2 °F)Ahvaz Airport (OIAW)29 June 2017[56]
Iraq53.9 °C (129.0 °F)Basra22 July 2016[57][58]
Israel (thenMandatory Palestine )54.0 °C (129.2 °F)Tirat Zvi21 June 1942[59][note 3]
Japan41.8 °C (107.2 °F)Isesaki,Gunma5 August 2025[60]
Jordan51.1 °C (124.0 °F)Deir Alla20 August 2010[28]
Kazakhstan49.1 °C (120.4 °F)Turkistan2010[61]
Kuwait54.0 °C (129.2 °F)Mitribah,Al Jahra Governorate21 July 2016[62][note 4]
Kyrgyzstan43.6 °C (110.5 °F)Jangy-JerJuly 1944[63]
Laos43.7 °C (110.7 °F)Tha Ngon1 May 2024[30]
Lebanon

44.3 °C (111.7 °F)

Houche Al Oumara;Zahle3 September 2020[64][65]
Macau39.0 °C (102.2 °F)Coloane22 August 2017[36]
Malaysia40.1 °C (104.2 °F)Chuping9 April 1998[66]
Maldives35.8 °C (96.4 °F)Hanimaadhoo27 February 2025
Mongolia44.0 °C (111.2 °F)Khongor,Darkhan-Uul Province24 July 1999[67]
Myanmar47.2 °C (117.0 °F)Myinmu14 May 2010[68][69]
  Nepal46.4 °C (115.5 °F)Ataria16 June 1995[70]
North Korea40.5 °C (104.9 °F)Hoeryong30 July 1977
Oman51.6 °C (124.9 °F)Joba16 June 2021[71]
Pakistan53.7 °C (128.7 °F)Turbat28 May 2017[62]
Philippines (first recorded under theUnited StatesInsular Government)42.2 °C (108.0 °F)Tuguegarao,Cagayan Valley12 April 1912
11 May 1969[72]
Qatar50.4 °C (122.7 °F)Doha14 July 2010[29]
Russia (Asian part)39.6 °C (103.3 °F)Bayevo, Altai Krai7 June 2023[73]
Saudi Arabia52.0 °C (125.6 °F)Jeddah22 June 2010[74][29]
Singapore37.0 °C (98.6 °F)Tengah
Ang Mo Kio		17 April 1983[75]
13 May 2023[76]
South Korea41.0 °C (105.8 °F)Hongcheon,Gangwon Province1 August 2018[77]
Sri Lanka39.8 °C (103.6 °F)Trincomalee13 May 1890[78]
11 April 2019[79]
Syria49.4 °C (120.9 °F)Al-Hasakah30 July 2000[80][81]
Taiwan41.6 °C (106.9 °F)Fuyuan21 August 2022[82]
Tajikistan48.0 °C (118.4 °F)Panji Poyon?[83]
Thailand45.4 °C (113.7 °F)Tak15 April 2023[84]
Turkey50.5 °C (122.9 °F)Silopi,Şırnak Province25 July 2025[85]
Turkmenistan (then theTurkmen SSR,Soviet Union)50.1 °C (122.2 °F)Repetek Biosphere State Reserve,Karakum Desert28 July 1983[86][87]
United Arab Emirates52.1 °C (125.8 °F)Sweihan,Al AinJuly 2002[88][89]
Uzbekistan (then theUzbek SSR,Soviet Union)50.0 °C (122.0 °F)TermezJuly 1944
Vietnam44.2 °C (111.6 °F)Tương Dương District,
Nghệ An Province		7 May 2023[90]
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia34.0 °C (93.2 °F)RAF Akrotiri,
Dhekelia		?[91][92]
Albania44.0 °C (111.2 °F)Kuçovë25 July 2023[93]
Andorra39.4 °C (102.9 °F)Borda Vidal28 June 2019[94]
Armenia43.7 °C (110.7 °F)Meghri
Yerevan		1 August 2011[95][96]
12 July 2018[97]
Austria40.5 °C (104.9 °F)Bad Deutsch-Altenburg8 August 2013[98]
Azerbaijan46.0 °C (114.8 °F)Julfa andOrdubad1 July 2018
Belarus38.9 °C (102.0 °F)Gomel7 August 2010[29]
Belgium41.8 °C (107.2 °F)Begijnendijk,Flemish Brabant[note 5]25 July 2019[99]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(thenAustria–Hungary-occupiedBosnia Vilayet,Ottoman Empire)		46.2 °C (115.2 °F)Mostar31 July 1901[100][101]
Bulgaria45.2 °C (113.4 °F)Sadovo,Plovdiv Province5 August 1916[102]
Croatia (then theSR Croatia,SFR Yugoslavia)42.8 °C (109.0 °F)Ploče5 August 1981[103]
Cyprus46.2 °C (115.2 °F)Athalassa Visitor Centre4 September 2020[104][105]
Czech Republic40.4 °C (104.7 °F)Dobřichovice,Prague-West District20 August 2012[106]
Denmark36.4 °C (97.5 °F)Holstebro,Midtjylland10 August 1975[107]
Estonia35.6 °C (96.1 °F)Võru11 August 1992[108]
Faroe Islands26.3 °C (79.3 °F)Vágar Airport2003[28]
Finland37.2 °C (99.0 °F)Joensuu Airport,Liperi29 July 2010[109][29]
France46.0 °C (114.8 °F)Vérargues,Hérault28 June 2019[101]
Germany42.6 °C (108.7 °F)Lingen,Lower Saxony[note 5]25 July 2019[110]
Greece48.0 °C (118.4 °F)Elefsina,Attica10 July 1977[111]
Guernsey35.0 °C (95.0 °F)Rocquaine Bay2003[28]
Hungary41.9 °C (107.4 °F)Kiskunhalas20 July 2007[112]
Iceland (then theKingdom of Iceland)30.5 °C (86.9 °F)Teigarhorn,Djúpivogur22 June 1939[113][114]
Ireland (then part of theUnited Kingdom)33.3 °C (91.9 °F)Kilkenny Castle,County Kilkenny26 June 1887[115]
Isle of Man28.9 °C (84.0 °F)Isle of Man Airport12 July 1983
Italy48.8 °C (119.8 °F)Floridia,Sicily11 August 2021[116][117][118]
Kosovo42.5 °C (108.5 °F)Klina25 July 2025[119]
Latvia37.8 °C (100.0 °F)Ventspils4 August 2014[120][121]
Liechtenstein37.4 °C (99.3 °F)Ruggell13 August 2003[122][123]
Lithuania37.5 °C (99.5 °F)Zarasai,Utena County30 July 1994[124]
Luxembourg40.8 °C (105.4 °F)Steinsel,Luxembourg andRemich,Remich[note 5]25 July 2019[125][126]
Malta43.8 °C (110.8 °F)Malta International Airport9 August 1999[127][128]
Moldova42.4 °C (108.3 °F)Fălești7 August 2012[129]
Monaco35.1 °C (95.2 °F)Monaco20 July 2022[82]
Montenegro44.8 °C (112.6 °F)Podgorica
Danilovgrad		16 August 2007
8 August 2012[130]
Netherlands40.7 °C (105.3 °F)Gilze en Rijen,North Brabant[note 5][note 6]25 July 2019[132]
North Macedonia45.7 °C (114.3 °F)Demir Kapija,Demir Kapija24 July 2007[133]
Northern Cyprus46.6 °C (115.9 °F)Lefkoniko2010[28]
Norway35.6 °C (96.1 °F)Nesbyen,Buskerud20 June 1970[134]
Poland40.2 °C (104.4 °F)Prószków[note 7]29 July 1921[136]
Portugal47.4 °C (117.3 °F)Amareleja,Beja1 August 2003[137]
Romania44.5 °C (112.1 °F)Ion Sion,Brăila County10 August 1951[138]
Russia (European part)45.4 °C (113.7 °F)Utta,Kalmykia12 July 2010[139]
San Marino40.3 °C (104.5 °F)Serravalle3 August 2017
9 August 2017[36]
Serbia44.9 °C (112.8 °F)Smederevska Palanka,Podunavlje24 July 2007[140]
Slovakia40.3 °C (104.5 °F)Hurbanovo20 July 2007[141]
Slovenia40.8 °C (105.4 °F)Cerklje ob Krki8 August 2013[142]
Spain47.6 °C (117.7 °F)La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio)14 August 2021[143]
Svalbard21.7 °C (71.1 °F)Longyearbyen25 July 2020
Sweden38.0 °C (100.4 °F)Ultuna,Uppsala County
Målilla,Kalmar County		9 July 1933
29 June 1947[144]
 Switzerland41.5 °C (106.7 °F)Grono,Moesa District11 August 2003[145]
Ukraine42.0 °C (107.6 °F)Luhansk12 August 2010[146][29]
United Kingdom40.3 °C (104.5 °F)Coningsby,Lincolnshire19 July 2022[147]
Vatican City40.8 °C (105.4 °F)Vatican City28 June 2022[82]
North America
Anguilla34.2 °C (93.6 °F)The Valley12 September 2015[148]
Antigua and Barbuda34.9 °C (94.8 °F)V. C. Bird International Airport,St. John's12 August 1995[149][150]
Barbados35.6 °C (96.1 °F)Saint JamesSeptember 2023[151]
Belize42.3 °C (108.1 °F)Barton Creek10 April 2024[30]
British Virgin Islands35.0 °C (95.0 °F)Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport22 July 2016[152]
Canada49.6 °C (121.3 °F)Lytton, British Columbia29 June 2021[153][154][155][156][157]
Cayman Islands35.3 °C (95.5 °F)Owen Roberts International Airport,Grand Cayman21 July 2023[158]
Costa Rica41.5 °C (106.7 °F)Cerro Huacalito,Guanacaste Province23 March 2024[30]
Cuba39.7 °C (103.5 °F)Veguitas (Granma Province)12 April 2020[159]
Dominica36.6 °C (97.9 °F)Canefield Airport27 August 2023[160]
Dominican Republic43.0 °C (109.4 °F)Mao31 August 1954[161]
Greenland30.1 °C (86.2 °F)Ivittuut23 June 1915[162][163][164]
Guatemala45.0 °C (113.0 °F)Estanzuela,Zacapa12 May 1998[165][166]
Honduras43.3 °C (109.9 °F)San Pedro Sula23 March 1987[167]
Martinique37.6 °C (99.7 °F)Caravelle1 October 2025
Mexico52.0 °C (125.6 °F)San Luis Río Colorado,Sonora6 July 1966[168]
Nicaragua38.4 °C (101.1 °F)ManaguaMay 2024
Panama40.0 °C (104.0 °F)San Francisco20 March 1998[169]
Puerto Rico40.0 °C (104.0 °F)Mona Island2 July 1996[170]
United States56.7 °C (134.06 °F)Furnace Creek,Death Valley,California10 July 1913[12][171][13]
United States Virgin Islands37.2 °C (99 °F)Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay		4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[170]
31 July 1988[170]
Oceania
Australia50.7 °C (123.3 °F)Oodnadatta,South Australia
Onslow,Western Australia		2 January 1960[172][173][174]
13 January 2022[175][176][177]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands33.2 °C (91.8 °F)Cocos (Keeling) Islands3 December 2024[178]
Fiji37.4 °C (99.3 °F)Vatukoula2003[28]
Marshall Islands35.6 °C (96.1 °F)Utirik Atoll24 August 2016[152]
Nauru34.6 °C (94.3 °F)Nauru Arc-22003[28]
New Caledonia39.9 °C (103.8 °F)Boulouparis2002[28]
New Zealand42.4 °C (108.3 °F)Rangiora,Canterbury7 February 1973[179]
Palau35.6 °C (96.1 °F)Roman Tmetuchl International Airport2 June 2024[30]
Samoa35.3 °C (95.5 °F)Asau24 December 1968[180]
Solomon Islands36.1 °C (97.0 °F)Honiara,Guadalcanal Province1 February 2010[29]
Tonga35.5 °C (95.9 °F)Niuafoou1 February 2016[152]
Vanuatu36.2 °C (97.2 °F)Lamap Malekula8 February 2016[152]
Wallis and Futuna35.8 °C (96.4 °F)Futuna Airport10 January 2016[152]
South America
Argentina48.9 °C (120.0 °F)Rivadavia,Salta Province[note 8]11 December 1905[182][183][184]
Aruba36.5 °C (97.7 °F)Queen Beatrix International Airport,Oranjestad2003[28]
Bolivia46.7 °C (116.1 °F)Villamontes,Tarija Department29 October 2010[29][note 9]
Bonaire36.3 °C (97.3 °F)Flamingo International Airport,Kralendijk2008[28]
Brazil44.8 °C (112.6 °F)Araçuaí,Minas Gerais19 November 2023[185]
Chile44.9 °C (112.8 °F)Quillón,Biobio Region[note 10]26 January 2017[186][187]
Colombia45.0 °C (113.0 °F)Puerto Salgar,Cundinamarca29 December 2015[188]
French Guiana39.3 °C (102.7 °F)Grand-Santi2024
Guyana40.1 °C (104.2 °F)Ebini26 September 2023[189]
Paraguay46.4 °C (115.5 °F)Mariscal Estigarribia,Boquerón28 January 2025[190]
Peru41.6 °C (106.9 °F)Iñapari7 October 2023[191]
Uruguay44.0 °C (111.2 °F)Paysandú,Paysandú Department
Florida,Florida Department		20 January 1943[192][193]
14 January 2022[194]
Venezuela43.6 °C (110.5 °F)Santa Ana de Coro,Falcón29 April 2015[148]

Other high-temperature records

[edit]
Country/RegionTemperatureTown/LocationDateRecordInfo
Australia37.8 °C (100.0 °F)Marble Bar, Western Australia31 October 1923 to7 April 1924 (160 days)Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)[195][196][197][198][199][200]-
Iran70.7 °C (159.3 °F)Lut Desert2005Highest natural ground surface temperature[201][202]-
USA (California)48.9 °C (120.0 °F)Death Valley9 July 1917 to17 August 1917 (40 days)Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)[203][204]-
USA (California)48.3 °C (118.9 °F)Imperial, California24 July 2018Highest temperature during rain[205]-
Oman44.2 °C (111.6 °F)Khasab weather station17 June 2017Highest overnight low temperature[206][note 11][208]-
Oman42.6 °C (108.7 °F)Qurayyat, Muscat Governorate25 June 2018Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day[209]-
USA (California)42.5 °C (108.5 °F)Death ValleyJuly 2024Highest average monthly temperature[210][211]-
Russia38.0 °C (100.4 °F)Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic20 June 2020Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle[212][213][214][215]-
Canada49.6 °C (121.3 °F)Lytton, British Columbia29 June 2021Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north[155][156][157]-

Humidity

[edit]
  • Highest dew point temperature: Adew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed atDhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.[216] (The relative humidity was 69%).
  • Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).[216]
  • Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity inJask,Iran, on 21 July 2012.[217]

Coldest

[edit]

Lowest temperatures recorded

[edit]
Main articles:Lowest temperature recorded on Earth andCold wave

The lowest temperature recorded is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), inVostok Station,Antarctica on 21 July 1983.

Table of values
Country/RegionTemperatureTown/LocationDate
Africa
Algeria−13.8 °C (7.2 °F)Mécheria28 January 2005[218]
Burkina Faso5.0 °C (41.0 °F)MarkoyeJanuary 1975[27]
Egypt−18.0 °C (−0.4 °F)Gabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m
While −6 °C inSaint Katherine City at 1,586 m.
Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of theAfrican Plate,
but geographically it is considered to be in Asia.		?[219][220]
Botswana−15.0 °C (5.0 °F)Tsabong?[221]
Eswatini (Swaziland)−6.7 °C (19.9 °F)Big Bend?[33]
Gambia4.0 °C (39.2 °F)Jenoi2003[35]
Ghana11.0 °C (51.8 °F)Kumasi,Tafo?[222]
Guinea2.5 °C (36.5 °F)Bareing2 January 1982[223]
Lesotho−21.0 °C (−5.8 °F)?[224]
Madagascar−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)Antsirabe,Vakinankaratra?[38]
Morocco (then theFrench protectorate in Morocco)−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F)Ifrane11 February 1935[225]
Niger−2.4 °C (27.7 °F)Bilma13 January 1995[40][226]
Réunion−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)Gite de Bellecombe10 September 1975[41]
South Africa−20.1 °C (−4.2 °F)Buffelsfontein, nearMolteno,Eastern Cape23 August 2013[227]
Spain (Canarias)−14.5 °C (5.9 °F)Teide,Tenerife29 January 2018[228]
Sudan−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)ZalingeiDecember 1961
January 1962[229]
Antarctica
Antarctica−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)Vostok Station21 July 1983[230][231][note 12]
Asia
Afghanistan−52.2 °C (−62.0 °F)ShahrakJanuary 1964[46]
Armenia (then theArmenian SSR,Soviet Union)−42.0 °C (−43.6 °F)Paghakn andAshocq1961[95]
Azerbaijan−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F)Julfa and Ordubad?[232]
Bangladesh (then theBengal Presidency ofBritish India)1.1 °C (34.0 °F)Dinajpur3 February 1905[233]
China−53.0 °C (−63.4 °F)Mohe City,Heilongjiang22 January 2023[234][235][236]
Cambodia7.0 °C (44.6 °F)Mondulkiri,Ratanakiri andPreah Vihear29 January 2007[237]
Hong Kong−6.0 °C (21.2 °F)Tai Mo Shan24 January 2016
India/Pakistan (disputed territory ofLadakh inKashmir)−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)Dras,Ladakh9 January 1995[238]
Indonesia−9.0 °C (15.8 °F)Dieng Plateau24 June 2019[239]
Iran−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)Saqqez1972[240]
Israel−14.2 °C (6.4 °F)Merom Golan10 January 2015[241]
Japan−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)Asahikawa,Hokkaidō25 January 1902[60]
Jordan−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)Shoubak15 December 2013[242]
Kazakhstan−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F)AtbasarJanuary 1893[49]
Kuwait−4.8 °C (23.4 °F)Salmy3 January 2009[243][244]
Kyrgyzstan−53.6 °C (−64.5 °F)Fergana Valley?[245]
Lebanon

−23.1 °C (−9.6 °F)

YammouneJanuary 20, 1964[246]
Malaysia−5 °C (23 °F)Mount Kinabalu7 April 2023[247]
Maldives17.2 °C (63.0 °F)Hulhulé Island, located atIbrahim Nasir International Airport11 April 1978[248]
Mongolia−55.6 °C (−68.1 °F)Züüngovi,Uvs Province26 December 1966[249][250]
Myanmar−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)Hakha30 December 1990[251][29]
  Nepal−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)Sagarmatha?[70]
North Korea (thenJapanese Korea)−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F)Chunggangjin12 January 1933[252]
Oman−9.7 °C (14.5 °F)Jabel ShamsJanuary 2015[253]
Pakistan/India (undemarcatedKashmir area indisputed territory ofKashmir)−24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)Skardu7 January 1995[254]
Philippines6.3 °C (43.3 °F)Baguio18 January 1961[72][255][note 13]
Qatar1.5 °C (34.7 °F)Abu Samra5 February 2017[36]
Russia (Asia) (first in theRussian Empire, then in theRussian SFSR,Soviet Union)−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F)Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both inSakha Republic		15 January 1885
5, 7 February 1892
6 February 1933[257]
Saudi Arabia−12.0 °C (10.4 °F)Turaif?[258]
Singapore19.0 °C (66.2 °F)Paya Lebar14 February 1989[75]
South Korea−32.6 °C (−26.7 °F)Yangpyeong5 January 1981[259]
Sri Lanka−2.6 °C (27.3 °F)Nuwara Eliya14 January 1929[260][261]
Syria−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)IdlibJanuary 1951[262]
Taiwan−18.4 °C (−1.1 °F)Yushan31 January 1970[263][264]
Thailand−1.4 °C (29.5 °F)Sakon Nakhon2 January 1974[265]
Turkey−46.4 °C (−51.5 °F)Çaldıran,Van Province9 January 1990[266]
Turkmenistan−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)Daşoguz Region?[86]
United Arab Emirates−5.4 °C (22.3 °F)Jebel Jais,Fujairah3 February 2017[36]
Vietnam (thenDR Vietnam)−6.1 °C (21.0 °F)Sa Pa4 January 1974[267]
Europe
Albania−34.7 °C (−30.5 °F)BizëN/A[268][a][b]
Austria−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)Grünloch doline19 February 1932[269][270]
Belarus (then theByelorussian SSR,Soviet Union)−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)Slavnom,Vitebsk Region17 January 1940[271]
Belgium−30.1 °C (−22.2 °F)Valley of theLesse inRochefort20 January 1940[272]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then theSR Bosnia and Herzegovina,SFR Yugoslavia)−42.5 °C (−44.5 °F)Igman inSarajevo Canton24 January 1963[273]
Bulgaria−38.3 °C (−36.9 °F)Tran25 January 1947[102]
Croatia−34.6 °C (−30.3 °F)Gračac13 January 2003[274][note 14]
Cyprus−12.8 °C (9.0 °F)Trikoukia, Prodromos30 January 1964[275]
Czech Republic (then part ofCzechoslovakia)−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)Litvínovice11 February 1929[106]
Denmark−31.2 °C (−24.2 °F)Thisted Municipality,North Denmark Region8 January 1982[107]
Estonia−43.5 °C (−46.3 °F)Jõgeva,Jõgeva County17 January 1940[108]
Finland−51.5 °C (−60.7 °F)Pokka,Kittilä,Lapland28 January 1999[109][276]
France−41.2 °C (−42.2 °F)Mouthe,Doubs17 January 1985[277]
Germany−45.9 °C (−50.6 °F)Funtensee,Berchtesgadener Land,Bavaria24 December 2001[278]
Greece−27.8 °C (−18.0 °F)Ptolemaida27 January 1963[279]
Hungary−35.0 °C (−31.0 °F)Görömbölytapolca16 February 1940[112]
Iceland (thenDanish Iceland)−37.9 °C (−36.2 °F)Grímsstaðir21 January 1918[113]
Ireland (then part of theUnited Kingdom)−19.1 °C (−2.4 °F)Markree Castle,County Sligo16 January 1881[115]
Italy−50.6 °C (−59.1 °F)Busa Riviera,Pale di San Martino7 January 2022[280]
Latvia−43.2 °C (−45.8 °F)Daugavpils8 February 1956[120]
Lithuania−42.9 °C (−45.2 °F)Utena,Utena County1 February 1956[124]
Luxembourg−20.2 °C (−4.4 °F)2 February 1956[281]
Malta1.4 °C (34.5 °F)Malta International Airport29 January 1981[127][128]
Moldova−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F)Brătușeni,Edineț District20 January 1963[129]
Monaco−5.2 °C (22.6 °F)Monaco10 February 1986[282]
Netherlands (thenNazi-occupied Netherlands)−27.4 °C (−17.3 °F)Winterswijk,Gelderland27 January 1942[283]
North Macedonia (then theSR Macedonia,SFR Yugoslavia)−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F)Berovo,Berovo Municipality27 January 1954[284]
Norway (then part ofSweden–Norway)−51.4 °C (−60.5 °F)Karasjok,Finnmark1 January 1886[134]
Poland−41.1 °C (−42.0 °F)Litworowy Kocioł,Western Tatras17 February 2025[285]
Portugal−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)Penhas da Saúde,Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro		16 January 1945 and
5 February 1954[286]
Romania−38.5 °C (−37.3 °F)Bod,Brașov County25 January 1942[287]
Russia (Europe) (then theRussian SFSR,Soviet Union)−58.1 °C (−72.6 °F)Ust-Shchuger,Komi Republic31 December 1978[288]
Serbia−39.8 °C (−39.6 °F)Karajukića Bunari,Zlatibor District26 January 2006[289]
Slovakia (thenCzechoslovakia)−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)Vígľaš-Pstruša11 February 1929[141]
Slovenia (thenSR Slovenia,SFR Yugoslavia)−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F)Babno Polje15 February 1956
16 February 1956
13 January 1968[note 15][290]
Spain−32.0 °C (−25.6 °F)Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)[note 16]2 February 1956[291]
Sweden−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)Vuoggatjålme,Lappland2 February 1966[144][292]
 Switzerland−41.8 °C (−43.2 °F)La Brévine12 January 1987[145]
Ukraine (then theUkrainian SSR,Soviet Union)−41.9 °C (−43.4 °F)Luhansk8 January 1935[146][293]
United Kingdom−27.2 °C (−17.0 °F)Braemar,Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra,Sutherland		11 February 1895
10 January 1982
30 December 1995[294][295]
North America
Antigua and Barbuda16.1 °C (61.0 °F)V. C. Bird International Airport,Antigua31 December 1974 and
28 January 1976[149][150]
Canada−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F)Snag,Yukon3 February 1947[230][296][297]
Cayman Islands11.1 °C (52.0 °F)Owen Roberts International Airport,Grand Cayman11 February 1968[298]
Cuba0.0 °C (32.0 °F)Indio Hatuey,Matanzas Province3 February 2026[299]
Dominican Republic−7.0 °C (19.4 °F)Valle Nuevo,La Vega Province17 January 1983[300]
Greenland−69.6 °C (−93.3 °F)Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet22 December 1991[212]
Guatemala−11.5 °C (11.3 °F)Olintepeque,Quetzaltenango Department?[165]
Martinique14.1 °C (57.4 °F)Le Lamentin25 December 1964[301]
Mexico−25.1 °C (−13.2 °F)Madera, Chihuahua27 December 1997[302]
Panama2.0 °C (35.6 °F)Bajo Grande,Chiriquí Province20 February 1995[169]
Puerto Rico4.4 °C (40 °F)Aibonito
San Sebastián		9 March 1911[303]
24 January 1966[170]
US Virgin Islands10.6 °C (51 °F)Anna's Hope,Saint Croix31 January 1954[170]
United States
(Alaska)		−62.2 °C (−80 °F)Prospect Creek,Alaska23 January 1971[304][305]
United States
(contiguous)		−56.7 °C (−70 °F)Rogers Pass,Montana20 January 1954[306][307]
South America
Argentina−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F)Sarmiento,Chubut Province1 June 1907[308][note 17]
Brazil−14.0 °C (6.8 °F)Caçador,Santa Catarina11 June 1952[309][310]
Chile−28.5 °C (−19.3 °F)Balmaceda,Aysen Region16 June 1958[311]
Colombia−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)Páramo de Berlín,Tona,Santander11 December 1974[312]
Curaçao18.9 °C (66.0 °F)Willemstad12 December 2017[313]
Guyana12.7 °C (54.9 °F)Timehri,Demerara-MahaicaAugust 2006[314]
French Guiana16.9 °C (62.4 °F)Maripasoula23 January 1964[315]
Paraguay−7.5 °C (18.5 °F)Pratts Gill,Boquerón Department13 July 2000[316]
Peru−25.2 °C (−13.4 °F)Mazo Cruz,Puno Region30 June 1966[317]
Uruguay−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)Melo,Cerro Largo Department14 June 1967[192][193]
Oceania
Australia−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)Charlotte Pass, New South Wales29 June 1994[173][318]
United States
(Hawaii)		−11.1 °C (12.0 °F)Mauna Kea,Hawaii17 May 1979[319]
Nauru20.0 °C (68.0 °F)Yaren District?[citation needed]
New Zealand−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)Ranfurly,Central Otago18 July 1903[320]
Samoa11.1 °C (52.0 °F)Afiamalu29 September 1971[180]
Solomon Islands17.0 °C (62.6 °F)Tigoa,RennellJune 2016[321]

Other low-temperature records

[edit]
  • Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F);Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[322]
  • Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F);Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.[212]
  • Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −56.7 °C (−70.1 °F);Verkhoyansk, Russia for the month of January 1892.[323]
  • Coldest temperature in the tropics: −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F);Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966.[317]

Record extreme temperature differences

[edit]
  • Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F);Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[230]
  • Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F);Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.[324]
  • Fastest 2 minute temperature drop: 15.0 °C (27.0 °F) atSydney Airport, Australia, on 23 January 2010, from 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) at 3:11PM to 26.0 °C (78.8 °F) at 3:13PM.[325]
  • Largest temperature range in one area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020;Verkhoyansk,Sakha Republic, Russia[326][327][328][215]

Precipitation

[edit]

Rain

[edit]

Snow

[edit]
  • Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow onMount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[337]
  • Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell inTamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[338][339]
  • Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft);Mount Baker,Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[338]
  • Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft);Mount Rainier,Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[230]
  • Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) onMount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[340]
  • Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city ofTampico,Mexico, in February 1895 during theGreat Freeze.[341][342]

Wind speeds

[edit]

Tornadoes

[edit]
Main article:Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside ofBangladesh.

Deadliest in history

[edit]

Outbreaks

[edit]
  • Largest: The2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 ratedEF4 and 4 rated EF5.[351]
  • Most severe: The1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expertThomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.[352]

Tropical cyclones

[edit]
Main article:List of tropical cyclone records

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

[edit]
  • Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg);eye ofSuper Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[230]
  • Most intense in theWestern Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye ofHurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[353]
  • Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg);Craig Key,Florida, United States, eye of theLabor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than theAtlantic basin, especially before the invention ofweather satellites.[354]
  • Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg);Rakiraki District,Viti Levu,Fiji, duringCyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at thelandfall site, it is estimated that Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.[355] A reading of 880hPa (26inHg) fromBathurst Bay,Queensland,Australia, duringCyclone Mahina, on 4 March 1899 is disputed to have been recorded by Captain William Porter, the same person who recorded the currently established mark of 914hPa (27inHg).[356] Further evidence to back up this claim comes in the form of an eyewitness estimate for the storm surge at Ninian Bay, 30 km from Bathurst Bay, which was said to be approximately 13m. This figure would be consistent with the pressure of 880hPa allegedly recorded by Capt. Porter.[357]

Most precipitation

[edit]
Main article:List of the wettest tropical cyclones
  • Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, duringCyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

Other severe weather

[edit]
A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) incircumference
Satellite loop of the record-breaking supercell near Chicago producing intense lightning on June 13, 2022

Hail

[edit]
Main article:List of costly or deadly hailstorms

Lightning

[edit]
  • Longest lightning bolt: 829 km (515 mi) ± 8 km. On 22 October 2017, extended from eastern Texas to near Kansas City,United States.[361]
  • Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 inUruguay and northernArgentina.[361]

Ultraviolet index

[edit]
  • Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, aUV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia'sLicancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderatesunburn in as little as 4 minutes.[362]

Thunderstorm cloud height

[edit]
  • Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was asupercell that occurred onMay 24, 2016 nearNueva Rosita, in rural areas of theMexican state ofCoahuila, in theBig Bend area of theRio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of 68,000 ft (21 km; 12.9 mi). Lightning from this storm was detected as far as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) away from the center of the storm.[363]A supercell thunderstorm that struckChicago,Illinois andsurrounding areas on June 13, 2022, may have surpassed its height, being at least over 60,000 ft (18 km; 11 mi) and potentially reaching as high as 65,000–70,000 ft (20–21 km; 12.3–13.3 mi) above the ground.[364]

Other categories

[edit]
See also:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata,Evenkiyskiy,Russia (66°53′N93°28′E / 66.883°N 93.467°E /66.883; 93.467, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[366]
The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standardlapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[365][366]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The guide highlights Bizë as the coldest area within Tirana County, noting the −34.7 °C minimum as a defining climatic feature of the region’s high-altitude terrain. Rather than treating the value as exceptional, it is presented as a distinguishing trait of Bizë’s geography within the county’s climatic profile.
  2. ^The recorded low of −34.7 °C at Bizë is the lowest well-documented temperature in an inhabited area in Albania, though the source explicitly states Bizë is one of the country's coldest villages rather than the absolute coldest. Temperatures of this level are relatively typical for Albania’s continental mountain regions, notably the higher elevations like Mount Korab and the Northern Alps, which annually experience −25 °C temperatures, often approach −35 °C, and occasionally experience exceptional lows near −40 °C, although rarely with formal documentation due to the limited presence of weather stations in those regions.
  1. ^A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.[43]
  2. ^According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 55.0°C atKelibia,Tunisia.[44]
  3. ^According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia with Kuwait.
  4. ^According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia with Israel.
  5. ^abcdPart of theJuly 2019 European heat wave
  6. ^A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 inDeelen,Gelderland.[131]
  7. ^Record measured onGerman territory at that time:Proskau,LandkreisOppeln,Oberschlesien (nowPrószków,Opole Voivodeship). The record inPoland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village ofZbiersk at 40.0 °C.[135]
  8. ^According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) atCampo Gallo,Argentina on 16 October 1936.[181] Another record, of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), registered inVilla de María del Río Seco,Córdoba Province, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious.
  9. ^Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
  10. ^This record is disputed because of theforest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
  11. ^The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.[207]
  12. ^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983.Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) nearDome F inQueen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured byremote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. SeeLowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
  13. ^It is reported by a local news outlet that temperatures ofMount Pulag, which is 2,926 meters above sea level, plunged to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F), although it was not verifiable.[256]
  14. ^A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.[274]
  15. ^The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded atKomna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
  16. ^The records of −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) of Clot del Tuc de la Llança, Catalonia, and −35.4 °C (−31.7 °F) of Vega de Liordes, León, both registered in January 2021, are not recognized by AEMET.
  17. ^the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley ofRío de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.[181]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023".NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023.Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
  2. ^"World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes".World Meteorological Organization. Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved15 December 2024.
  3. ^"The 2024 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2024"(PDF). Copernicus Programme. 15 January 2025.Archived(PDF) from the original on 15 January 2025.
  4. ^"WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation". Archived fromthe original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved23 February 2022.
  5. ^abcMildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. (2011)."Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth".Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.2011 (7):855–860.Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M.doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
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  357. ^"Cyclone - Cyclone Mahina, Cape York, Queensland 1899 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub".knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved11 April 2025.
  358. ^ab"Appendix I – Weather Extremes"(PDF). San Diego, California:National Weather Service. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved1 June 2010.
  359. ^NWS (30 July 2010)."Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived fromthe original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved3 August 2010.
  360. ^"Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found".National Geographic. Archived fromthe original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved20 August 2010.
  361. ^ab"WMO certifies megaflash lightning record in USA".World Meteorological Organization. 31 July 2025. Retrieved2 August 2025.
  362. ^"Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com. 8 July 2014.Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved24 May 2015.
  363. ^Belles, Jonathan (24 May 2016)."Supercell Thunderstorm Towers Nearly 70,000 Feet, About Twice the Cruising Altitude of Commercial Planes".The Weather Channel. Retrieved7 September 2024.
  364. ^"June 13, 2022: Supercell Storm Brings a Swath of Severe Wind Damage and Two Tornadoes to the Chicago Metro".National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois.
  365. ^ab"World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved7 October 2012.
  366. ^ab"World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved7 October 2012.

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