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List of wars by death toll

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Thislist of wars by death toll includes some deaths directly or indirectly caused by the deadliestwars in history. These numbers encompass the deaths ofmilitary personnel resulting directly from battles or other wartime actions, as well as wartime or war-related civilian deaths, often caused by war-inducedepidemics,famines, orgenocides. Due to incomplete records, thedestruction of evidence, differing counting methods, and various other factors, the death tolls of wars are often uncertain and highly debated. For this reason, the death tolls in this article typically provide a range of estimates.

Compiling such a list is further complicated by the challenge of defining a war. Not every violent conflict constitutes a war; for instance,mass killings and genocides occurring outside of wartime are excluded, as they are not necessarily wars in themselves. This list broadly defines war as an extended conflict between two or more armed political groups. Consequently, it excludes mass death events, such ashuman sacrifices,ethnic cleansing operations, and acts ofstate terrorism orpolitical repression duringpeacetime or in contexts unrelated to war.[a]

Averaging the death ranges, the total for the wars listed is about 570 million, of them 58 million for 500 BC - AD 500, 117 million for AD 500 - 1700, and 396 million for 1700 - 2023.[1]

List

[edit]
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
WarDeath
range		DateCombatantsLocation% of global population (rough estimates)
World War II70–85 million[2][3][4]1939–1945Allied Powers vs.Axis PowersGlobal3.04–3.69%[2]
Taiping Rebellion20–70 million[5][6][7][8]1850–1864Qing Dynasty vs.Taiping Heavenly KingdomChina1.42–2.65%[2]
Mongol invasions and conquests20–60 million[9][10][11][12]1206–1368Mongol Empire vs. various states inEurasiaAsia and Europe5.55–13.54%[2][13]
Three Kingdoms34 million[14]184–280Multiple sides but predominantlyCao Wei vsShu Han vsEastern WuChina13.28–17.89%[2]
Manchu Conquest of China25 million[15][16]1618–1683Manchu vs.Ming DynastyChina4.16–5.31%[2][17]
World War I15–22 million[18][19][4]1914–1918Allied Powers vs.Central PowersGlobal0.85–1.25%[2]
Conquests of Timur7–17 million[12]1369–1405Timurid Empire vs. various states inAsiaCentral Asia, West Asia, and South Asia1.94–5.55%[2]
An Lushan rebellion13 million[20]754–763Tang Dynasty andUyghur Khaganate vs.Yan DynastyChina6.04%[21]
Spanish conquest of Mexico10.5 million[22][b]1519–1530Spanish Empire and allies vs.Aztec Empire and alliesMexico2.33%[21]
Russian Civil War7–10 million[24][4]1917–1922Multiple sides:Bolsheviks, anti-Bolshevik left,White Movement,Allied andCentral Intervention, as well asvarious separatistsRussia0.37–0.53%[25]
Chinese Civil War4–9 million[26][4]1927–1949[c]Multiple sides, but predominantly Communists vs.KuomintangChina0.19–0.43%[29]
Thirty Years' War4.5–8 million[30][31]1618–1648Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial AllianceEurope0.77–1.38%[32]
Crusades1–9 million[33][34]1095–1291OriginallyByzantine Empire vs.Seljuk Empire, but evolved intoChristians vs.MuslimsEurope and the Middle East0.31–2.8%[35]
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire7.7 million[36][d]1533–1572Spanish Empire vs.Inca EmpireSouth America1.71%[21]
Reconquista7 million[38][39]718–1492Christian peninsular kingdoms vs. Islamic peninsular kingdomsIberian Peninsula1.94%[21]
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars4–7 million[40][41]1792–1815French Republic, laterFrench Empire, vs.Coalition forcesEurope0.49–0.86%[2]
Conquests of Menelik II5–6 million[42][43]1878–1904Ethiopian Empire vs.Emirate of Harar,Kingdom of Kaffa,Kingdom of Wolaita, and alliesHorn of Africa0.39%[44]
Mahdist War4-6 million[45][46][47][48]1881-1899Mahdist Sudan vs.United Kingdom and alliesSudan
Second Congo War3–5.4 million[49][50][51]1998–2003Multiple sidesDemocratic Republic of the Congo0.05–0.09%[21]
Spanish conquest of New Granada5.25 million[52][53][e]1525–1540Spanish Empire vs.Muisca Confederation and other civilizationsSouth America1.17%[21]
Deccan wars4.6–5 million[55]1680–1707Mughal Empire vs.Maratha ConfederacySouth Asia0.75–0.82%[21]
Northern Wars3.57–4.57 million[56][57][58][59]1554–1721Multiple sidesEastern and Northern Europe0.46–1.02%
Vietnam War1.3–4.2 million[60][61][62]1955–1975North Vietnam and allies vs.South Vietnam and alliesIndochina0.027–0.153%[63]
Nigerian Civil War3.04–4.1 million[64][65]1967–1970Nigeria vs.BiafraNigeria
French Wars of Religion2–4 million[66]1562–1598French catholics vsHuguenotsFrance0.40–0.89%
Korean War2.5–3.5 million[67][26]1950–1953North Korea and allies vs.South Korea and alliesKorean Peninsula
Hundred Years' War2.3–3.5 million[68][69][40]1337–1453House of Valois vs.House of PlantagenetWestern Europe0.51–1.00%
Soviet–Afghan War1–3 million[70][4]1979–1989Soviet Union andDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan vs.Afghan mujahideenAfghanistan
Delhi Conquest of North India0.5–3 million[71]1300–1310Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian StatesSouth Asia0.14–0.86%
Bangladesh Liberation War0.3-3 million[72][73]1971India andProvisional Government of Bangladesh vs.PakistanSouth Asia
Mexican Revolution1–2.7 million[40][74]1910–1920Anti-government forces vs. Pro-government forcesMexico
Fang La Rebellion2 million[40][75]1120–1122Song Dynasty vs. Fang La rebelsChina0.56–0.63%
Ethiopian Civil War andEritrean War of Independence1.75–2 million[76][77][78]1961–1991[f]EPRDF, laterEPLF, vs.Derg andPeople's Democratic Republic of EthiopiaHorn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War andCaucasian War1.5–2 million[79]1763–1864Circassian Confederation,Principality of Abkhazia, andCaucasian Imamate vs.Russian EmpireCaucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War1–2 million[80][81]1983–2005Sudan vs.SSPDFSudan
Tây Sơn wars1–2 million[82][83]1771–1802Tây Sơn dynasty vs.Nguyễn lords,Kingdom of Cambodia,Rattanakosin Kingdom, andKingdom of FranceIndochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India1–2 million[84]1556–1605Mughal Empire vs. North Indian StatesSouth Asia
Indian Rebellion of 18570.8–2 million[85]1857–1858United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and alliesSouth Asia
Balkan Wars0.75–1.77 million[86][87]1912–1913Ottoman Empire vs.Bulgaria,Serbia,Greece, andMontenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, andRomaniaBalkans
Algerian War0.4–1.6 million[88][89]1954–1962France vs. SeparatistsNational Liberation Front,Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist PartyNorth Africa
Seven Years' War1–1.5 million[90][40]1756–1763Great Britain,Hanover,Prussia,Portugal, and allies vs.France,Habsburg empire,Saxony,Spain, and alliesGlobal
Warring States period andQin's wars of unification0.65–1.5 million[91][40]475 BCE–221 BCEMultiple sidesChina0.35–1.30%[92]
French conquest of Algeria0.98–1.48 million[93][94][95]1830–1903France vs.Regency of Algiers,Emirate of Abdelkader,Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and alliesNorth Africa
Gallic Wars0.7–1.47 million[40][96][97][98]58 BCE–50 BCERoman Republic vs.Gauls and alliesGaul0.37–1.28%
Jewish–Roman wars0.35–1.4 million[99][100]66–135Roman Empire vs.Judean provisional governmentFertile Crescent0.17–0.74%
War of the Spanish Succession0.4–1.25 million[101][102]1701–1714Habsburg Spain,Great Britain,Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs.Bourboun Spain,Kingdom of France, and alliesGlobal
Wars of Alexander the Great1 million[103][104][105]336–323 BCMacedonian Empire vs.Achaemenid Empire and alliesWest Asia and Central Asia
Japanese invasions of Korea1 million[106]1592–1598Joseon andMing dynasty vs.JapanKorean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion1 million[107]1856–1873Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan GuoChina
American Civil War0.6–1 million[108][109]1861–1865United States vs.Confederate StatesNorth America
Mozambican Civil War0.5–1 million[110][111]1977–1992People's Republic of Mozambique, laterRepublic of Mozambique, and allies vs.RENAMO and alliesMozambique
First Sudanese Civil War0.5–1 million[112][113]1955–1972Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, laterDemocratic Republic of the Sudan, vs.Sudan Defence ForceSudan
Somali Civil War0.35–1 million[114][115]1981/1988/1991[g]–presentMultiple sidesHorn of Africa
Burmese–Siamese wars0.26–0.9 million[40][123][124]1547–1855Thailand vs.MyanmarSoutheast Asia
First Indochina War0.4–0.84 million[125][126]1946–1954Viet Minh,Pathet Lao, andKhmer Issarak vs.French UnionIndochina
Angolan Civil War0.8 million[127][111]1975–2002People's Republic of Angola, laterRepublic of Angola, and allies vs.Democratic People's Republic of Angola and alliesAngola
Burundian Civil War0.55–0.8 million[128][129][111]1993–2005Burundi vs.Ethnic Hutu vs.Tutsi MilitantsRwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War0.77 million[130]218–201 BCERoman Republic vs.Ancient CarthageSouthern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession0.75 million[131]1740–1748France,Prussia,Spain, and allies vs.Habsburg monarchy,Great Britain,Dutch Republic, and alliesEurope, the Americas, and South Asia
Third Punic War0.75 million[132][133]149–146 BCERoman Republic vs.Ancient CarthageNorth Africa
Iran–Iraq War0.45–0.7 million[99][134][135]1980–1988Islamic Republic of Iran vs.Iraqi RepublicIran and Iraq
Nine Years' War0.68 million[136]1688–1697Kingdom of France vs.Grand AllianceEurope
Crimean War0.61–0.67 million[137][138][139]1853–1856Russian Empire vs.Ottoman Empire, France, and United KingdomCrimea, Black Sea, Caucasus, and the Balkans
Syrian civil war0.58–0.61 million[140][141]2011–2024Multiple sidesLevant
Mexican War of Independence0.6 million[142]1810–1821Mexican patriots vs.Spanish EmpireNorth and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars0.6 million[143]1362–1443Vijayanagara Empire andMusunuri Nayakas vs.Bahmani SultanateSouth Asia
Turkish War of Independence0.4–0.6 million[144][145][146]1919–1923Turkey vs.Greece,France,United Kingdom, andArmeniaAnatolia
Tigray War0.16–0.6 million[147][148]2020–2022Ethiopia andEritrea vs.Tigray People's Liberation Front and alliesHorn of Africa
Roman–Germanic wars0.54 million[149][150]113 BCE – 774Roman Republic, laterRoman Empire andByzantine Empire, vs.Germanic tribesGermania
First Punic War0.4–0.54 million[151][152]264–241 BCERoman Republic vs.Ancient CarthageSouthern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Paraguayan War0.15–0.5 million[153]1864–1870Empire of Brazil,Argentina, andUruguay vs.ParaguaySouth America
Uganda–Tanzania War andUgandan Bush War0.1–0.5 million[154][155][156][157]1978–1986Uganda vs.Tanzania, National Liberation Front, andNational Resistance MovementUganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict0.1–0.5 million[158][159]1962–presentIndonesia vs.Free Papua MovementNew Guinea
Eighty Years' War0.1–0.5 million[160]1566–1648Spanish Empire vs.Separatist Dutch RepublicLow Countries
Russo-Ukrainian War0.35–0.48 million[h]2014–presentUnion of People's Republics, laterRussia andNorth Korea vs.UkraineEastern Europe and the Black Sea
Spanish Civil War0.35–0.47 million[168][169][170]1936–1939[i]Nationalists vs.RepublicansIberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict0.45 million[174]1964–presentColombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels,FARC,ELN, and other paramilitary groupsSouth America
Franco-Prussian War0.43 million[175][176]1870–1871Second French Empire, laterThird French Republic vs.North German ConfederationCentral Europe
Polish–Ottoman Wars0.43 million[177][178]1485–1699Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Holy League, and allies vs.Ottoman Empire and alliesCentral Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars0.42 million[179]280 BCE–30 BCERoman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels, andPtolemaic KingdomPeloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt, and Italian Peninsula
Maratha invasions of Bengal0.4 million[180][181]1741–1751Maratha Confederacy vs.Bengal NawabSouth Asia
Colombian War of Independence0.4 million[182]1810–1825Colombian patriots vs.Spanish EmpireSouth America
Third Indochina War0.4 million[183]1975–1991Democratic Kampuchea,China, andThailand vs.Vietnam,Laos, andPeople's Republic of Kampuchea vs.Communist Party of ThailandIndochina
War in Darfur0.4 million[184]2003–2020Sudan vs.SRF andSLM/ASudan
Mexican war on drugs0.35–0.4 million[185][186]2006–presentMexico vsdrug cartelsMexico
Song–Đại Việt war0.25–0.4 million[187][188]1075–1077Song Dynasty vs.Đại ViệtIndochina
Cuban Wars of Independence andSpanish–American War0.39 million[189][190]1868–1898United States,Cuban Revolutionaries, andPhilippine Revolutionaries vs.Spanish EmpireCaribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War0.38 million[191]2013–2020South Sudan vs.SPLM-IO,Nuer White Army, andSSDMSouth Sudan
Yemeni civil war0.37 million[192][193]2014–presentMultiple sidesYemen
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)0.36 million[194][195]2001–2021Taliban and allies vs. United States-led coalition and the Afghan Government[j]Afghanistan
Boko Haram insurgency0.35 million[196]2009–presentMultinational Joint Task Force vs.Boko HaramNigeria
Franco-Dutch War0.34 million[197]1672–1678Kingdom of France vs.Dutch RepublicWestern Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars0.34 million[198][199]1415–1718Ottoman Empire vs.Holy LeagueMediterranean Sea, Greece, and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars andSierra Leone Civil War0.3–0.32 million[200][201][202]1989–2003Liberian government,Revolutionary United Front vs.National Patriotic Front of Liberia,Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia,Sierra LeoneWest Africa
Cambodian Civil War0.27–0.31 million[203][204][205][111]1967–1975Khmer Rouge and allies vs.Kingdom of Cambodia, later theKhmer Republic, and alliesIndochina
Goguryeo–Sui War0.3 million[206][207]598–614Sui Dynasty vs.GoguryeoManchuria and the Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars0.3 million[208]1833–1876Carlists vs.Liberals andRepublicansIberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict0.27–0.3 million[209]2003–2017Multiple sidesLevant
Gulf War0.17–0.3 million[210][211]1990–1991[k]Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs.IraqKuwait and Iraq
Social War (91–87 BC)0.1–0.3 million[212][99]91–87 BCERoman Republic and allies vs. Marsic and Samnite rebels, and alliesItalian Peninsula
Roman conquest of Britain0.13–0.29 million[213][214][215]43–84Roman Empire vs.Celtic BritonsGreat Britain
Philippine–American War0.21–0.28 million[216][217]1899–1913United States vs.Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu, and Sultanate of MaguindanaoPhilippines
Kalinga War0.25 million[218]262–261 BCEMaurya Empire vs.KalingaSouth Asia
First Congo War0.25 million[219]1996–1997Zaire vs.AFDLDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War0.25 million[220]1926–1929Mexico vs.CristerosMexico
Greek War of Independence0.24 million[221][222]1821–1829Ottoman Empire vs. SeparatistFirst Hellenic RepublicBalkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict0.23 million[223][224]1948–presentNational Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration CouncilMyanmar
American Revolution0.18–0.23 million[225][226]1775–1783American Patriots vs.Great BritainNorth America
Chechen conflict0.08–0.23 million[l]1994–2009Russia vs. SeparatistChechen Republic of IchkeriaCaucasus
Indian Annexation of Hyderabad0.2 million[233][234]1947–1948India vs.HyderabadSouth Asia
La Violencia0.2 million[235]1948–1958Colombian Conservative Party vs.Colombian Liberal PartySouth America
Greco-Persian Wars0.2 million[236]499–449 BCEGreek city-states vs.Achaemenid EmpireSoutheast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Arab–Israeli conflict0.2 million[m]1948[n]–presentIsrael vs.Arab League,Iran,Hezbollah,Hamas, and theHouthi movementLevant
Guatemalan Civil War0.14–0.2 million[242][243]1960–1996Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary UnityCentral America
North Yemen Civil War0.1–0.2 million[244][245]1962–1970Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab RepublicYemen
Italo-Senussi Wars0.07–0.2 million[246][247][248]1911–1934Kingdom of Italy vs.Senusiyya,Ottoman EmpireNorth Africa
Portuguese Colonial War0.14–0.18 million[249][250][251]1961–1974Estado Novo vs.MPLA,PAIGC,FNLA, among othersAngola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War0.1–0.18 million[252]1899–1902Colombian Conservative Party vs.Colombian Liberal PartySouth America
Sri Lankan Civil War0.08–0.17 million[253][254]1983[o]–2009Sri Lankan government vs. SeparatistLiberation Tigers of Tamil EelamSri Lanka
Civil conflict in the Philippines0.16 million[256][257]1968–presentFilipino government vs.Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters,Communist Party of the Philippines, andAbu SayyafPhilippines
Russo-Japanese War0.12–0.16 million[258]1904–1905Empire of Japan vs.Russian EmpireEast Asia
Sudanese civil war (2023–present)0.15 million[259][260]2023–presentSudan and allies vs.Rapid Support Forces and alliesSudan
Algerian Civil War0.15 million[261]1992–2002Multiple sidesNorth Africa
Lebanese Civil War0.12–0.15 million[262][263][264]1975–1990Multiple sidesLevant
Greek Civil War0.08–0.15 million[265][266][111]1946–1949Kingdom of Greece vs.Provisional Democratic GovernmentBalkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars0.13–0.14 million[267][268]1991–2001Separatist forces andNATO vs.Yugoslavia, laterFederal Republic of YugoslaviaBalkans
Irish Nine Years' War0.13 million[269]1593–1603Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebelsIreland
Chaco War0.08–0.13 million[270][271][272]1932–1935Paraguay vs. BoliviaSouth America
Kurdish–Turkish conflict0.12 million[273][274]1921–2025Turkey vs.Kurdish Republic of Ararat, laterKurdistan Worker's PartyMiddle East
Federal War0.1 million[275]1859–1863Federal Venezuelan rebels vs. Conservative Venezuelan governmentSouth America

Charts and graphs

[edit]
Number of combatants that died due to fighting in interstate and civil wars. This excludes civilian deaths, which can make the death tolls much larger.[276]
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.[277]
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.[278]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Some examples would includeOperation Condor (60,000–80,000 killed), theCultural Revolution (1–20 million killed), theRubber Terror (1.5–13 million killed), theexcess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (6–9 million killed), theTransatlantic slave trade, theArab slave trade, theSlavery in the Ottoman Empire, theHuman sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000–250,000 killed yearly in theAztec Empire alone), theDzungar genocide (420,000–480,000 killed), theCircassian genocide, thePartition of India, or theHerero and Nama genocide (34,000–110,000 killed). For further information, seeList of genocides andList of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
  2. ^Almost all of these deaths were caused byOld World diseases and not violent conflict.[23]
  3. ^Before 1927, violence erupted during the1911 Revolution, which brought an end to theQing dynasty and led to the establishment of theRepublic of China.Although major fighting had ceased by 1949, theChinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the de facto independentRepublic of China inTaiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. Meanwhile, thePeople's Republic of China attempted to annex Taiwan several times during theTaiwan Strait Crises. Large-scale human-caused deaths persisted during theWhite Terror (Taiwan) and under the People's Republic of China, which initiated theCampaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–1953). This campaign resulted in the execution of an estimated 712,000 to 2,000,000 people.[27][28]
  4. ^Almost all of these deaths were caused byOld World diseases and not violent conflict.[37]
  5. ^Almost all of these deaths were caused byOld World diseases and not violent conflict.[54]
  6. ^In the midst of these conflicts, theOgaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia occurred in the Horn of Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximately 37,000 people. This war was a phase of the broaderEthiopian–Somali conflict.
  7. ^Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. TheCentral Bank of Somalia,[116] theUnited Nations,[117][118] the USOffice of the Secretary of Defense,[119] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of theSiad Barre administration.[120] Political scientistJames Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armedIsaaq clan militias began tolaunch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town ofHargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, because the fighting had begun previously, but a major party to the conflict was defeated.[121] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectivelybegun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.[122]
  8. ^Sources:[161][162][163][164][165][166][167]
  9. ^While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during theWhite Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000liberals,socialists of different stripes,Protestants,intellectuals,homosexuals,Freemasons,Jews, andBasque,Catalan,Andalusian, andGalician nationalists.[171][172][173]
  10. ^
  11. ^A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during theIraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regardingWeapons of Mass Destruction.
  12. ^Sources:[227][228][229][230][231][232]
  13. ^Sources:[237][238][239][240][111]
  14. ^While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the1948 Arab–Israeli War or the1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during theIntercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine.[241]
  15. ^Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954.[255]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Christopher McFadden (Oct 22, 2023). "10 weapons that have killed the most people since war began".Interesting Engineering: Military,https://interestingengineering.com/military/the-worlds-10-deadliest-weapons
  2. ^abcdefghi"International Programs – Historical Estimates of World Population".United States Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on 6 March 2013.
  3. ^Ponting, Clive (1999).The Twentieth Century: A World History (1st American ed.). New York: H. Holt. p. 281.ISBN 978-0-8050-6088-1.
  4. ^abcdeWhite, Matthew (2012).The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. Internet Archive. New York: W.W. Norton.ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  5. ^Croddy, Eric (2022-11-23).China's Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey. Springer Nature.ISBN 978-3-031-09165-0. Retrieved2025-12-18.
  6. ^Han, Lianchao; Thayer, Bradley A. (2022-09-30).Understanding the China Threat. Taylor & Francis.ISBN 978-1-000-72098-3. Retrieved2025-12-18.
  7. ^"Taiping Rebellion".Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2024.
  8. ^Platt, Stephen R. (2012).Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf. p. xxiii.ISBN 978-0-307-27173-0.
  9. ^Ho, Ping-Ti (1970). "An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China".Histoire et institutions, 1. pp. 33–54.doi:10.1515/9783111542737-007.ISBN 978-3-11-154273-7.OCLC 8159945824.
  10. ^McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978).Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172.ISBN 9780140510768.
  11. ^Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005).Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p.34.ISBN 0-12-765660-X
  12. ^ab"Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century".Necrometrics.
  13. ^abdirahmanjama (2019-04-26)."Death Toll of the Mongol Conquests".History at Normandale. Retrieved2025-05-09.
  14. ^de Crespigny, Rafe.The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A history of China in the Third Century AD.
  15. ^"To history, today's violence is a speck".South China Morning Post. 28 October 2011.
  16. ^"5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China".Business Insider. 6 October 2014.
  17. ^"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?".PRB. Retrieved2025-05-09.
  18. ^Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd; Renz, Irina (2012).Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War (Revised ed.). Brill.ISBN 9789004233768.
  19. ^E. Showalter, Dennis; Graham Royde-Smith, John."World War I - Killed, wounded, and missing".Encyclopædia Britannica.
  20. ^White, Matthew (2012).The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. p. 93.ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  21. ^abcdefg"World Population by Year".Worldometer. Retrieved2025-05-11.
  22. ^Borah/Cook 1989: "El pasado de México: aspectos sociodemográficos" 218-219
  23. ^"De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios".remilitari.com. Retrieved2025-08-17.
  24. ^Mawdsley, Evan (24 February 2009).The Russian Civil War. Simon and Schuster. p. xi.ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.But their hold on power was bought at the price of great suffering and an unknown but terrible number of deaths—perhaps seven to ten million in all.
  25. ^"The World Economy".OECD. 2006-09-17. Retrieved2025-05-14.
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  71. ^Conquest of Malwa (1305): 10,000-20,000 Hindus killedMuhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351)- Campaigns against the Rajputs: 50,000–100,000 Rajputs killedRebellion against Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1327–1351): 100,000–200,000 casualtiesFiruz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)- Campaigns against the Jats and Rajputs: 20,000–40,000 killed. Total deaths: 500,000–3,000,000 deathsSources:1. Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabakat-i-Nasiri2. Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'sir3. Amir Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh4. Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi
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  84. ^Historian John F. Richards estimates that the cumulative impact of Akbar’s campaigns in the north, including the Siege of Ranthambore and the Third Battle of Panipat, led to the deaths of 1 million people or more, both from direct military action and the resulting famines and displacements (John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, 1993). Similarly, Satish Chandra’s analysis highlights the widespread destruction and execution orders that contributed to a high civilian death toll (Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals, 1997).The total number of deaths resulting from the Mughal conquest of North India (1526–1605) is difficult to ascertain, as historical records from the period do not provide exact cumulative figures. However, estimates from modern historians suggest that between 1 million and 2 million people, including both military personnel and civilians, perished as a result of warfare, massacres, and famines caused by the Mughal campaigns.
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  102. ^Levy, Jack S. (1983).War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky.doi:10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm.JSTOR j.ctt130jjmm.
  103. ^Arrian (1884).The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian. Cornell University Library. London, Hodder and Stoughton.
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  106. ^Jones, Geo H. (1899)."The Japanese Invasion of Korea — 1592"(PDF).The China Review.23 (5): 234.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved2018-05-13.Thus ended for a time one of the bloodiest wars in history. During the two years and more the loss of life was frightful; nothing remains upon which to base a reliable estimate, but the War Monument at Kiuto, and the accounts of such battles as Kyong-chu, Choung-chu, Haing chu, the Im Chiu River, Pyongyang, Yenan, the massacre at Söul, Ulsan, and Chiu-chu, and fifty other engagements would make a million lives a conservative estimate.
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  145. ^These are according to the figures provided byAlexander Miasnikyan, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign MinisterGeorgy Chicherin in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder, and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: seeVahakn N. Dadrian. (2003).The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books,pp. 360–361Archived 9 June 2022 at theWayback Machine.ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
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  147. ^York, Geoffrey (October 21, 2022)."Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say".The Globe and Mail.Archived from the original on October 22, 2022.Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.
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