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List of vice presidents of the United States

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Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the vice president of the United States

Thevice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in theexecutive branch of the United States federal government after thepresident of the United States.[1] The vice president also serves as the president of theSenate and may choose to cast atie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[2] Two vice presidents—George Clinton andJohn C. Calhoun—served under more than one president.

There have been 50 U.S. vice presidents since the office was created in 1789. The incumbent vice president isJD Vance, who assumed office as the 50th vice president on January 20, 2025.[3][4] Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second-most votes forpresident in theElectoral College. But after theelection of 1800 produced a tie betweenThomas Jefferson andAaron Burr, requiring theHouse of Representatives to choose between them, lawmakers acted to prevent such a situation from recurring. TheTwelfth Amendment was added to theConstitution in 1804, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[5][2]

The vice president is the first person in thepresidential line of succession—that is, they assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[6] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way.[a] Also, six vice presidents have gone on to be elected as president in their own right.[b]

Before adoption of theTwenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Sixteen of these vacancies occurred: seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers ofCongress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context ofscandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process.[2] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office asacting president.[7] Three vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment:George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985;Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007; andKamala Harris on November 19, 2021.

Vice presidents

List of vice presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[c]PortraitName
(birth–death)		TermParty[d]ElectionPresident
1John Adams
(1735–1826)
[8][9]		April 21, 1789[e]
–
March 4, 1797		Pro-Administration[f]1788–89George Washington[g]
Federalist1792
2Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[10][11]		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801		Democratic-Republican1796John Adams[h]
3Aaron Burr
(1756–1836)
[12]		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1805		Democratic-Republican1800Thomas Jefferson
4George Clinton[i]
(1739–1812)
[13]		March 4, 1805
–
April 20, 1812		Democratic-Republican1804
1808James Madison
—Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[j]
5Elbridge Gerry[i]
(1744–1814)
[14]		March 4, 1813
–
November 23, 1814		Democratic-Republican1812
—Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[j]
6Daniel D. Tompkins
(1774–1825)
[15]		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825		Democratic-Republican1816James Monroe
1820
7John C. Calhoun[k]
(1782–1850)
[16]		March 4, 1825
–
December 28, 1832		Democratic-Republican1824John Quincy Adams
Nullifier[l]1828Andrew Jackson[m]
—Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[j]
8Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[17][18]		March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837		Democratic1832
9Richard Mentor Johnson
(1780–1850)
[19]		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841		Democratic1836Martin Van Buren
10John Tyler[n]
(1790–1862)
[20][21]		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841		Whig[o]1840William Henry Harrison
—Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[j]John Tyler
11George M. Dallas
(1792–1864)
[22]		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849		Democratic1844James K. Polk
12Millard Fillmore[n]
(1800–1874)
[23][24]		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850		Whig1848Zachary Taylor
—Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[j]Millard Fillmore
13William R. King[i]
(1786–1853)
[25]		March 4, 1853
–
April 18, 1853		Democratic1852Franklin Pierce
—Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[j]
14John C. Breckinridge
(1821–1875)
[26]		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861		Democratic1856James Buchanan
15Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[27]		March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865		Republican1860Abraham Lincoln
16Andrew Johnson[n]
(1808–1875)
[28][29]		March 4, 1865
–
April 15, 1865		National Union[p]1864
—Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[j]Andrew Johnson
17Schuyler Colfax
(1823–1885)
[30]		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1873		Republican1868Ulysses S. Grant
18Henry Wilson[i]
(1812–1875)
[31]		March 4, 1873
–
November 22, 1875		Republican1872
—Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[j]
19William A. Wheeler
(1819–1887)
[32]		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881		Republican1876Rutherford B. Hayes
20Chester A. Arthur[n]
(1829–1886)
[33]

[34]

March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881		Republican1880James A. Garfield
—Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[j]Chester A. Arthur
21Thomas A. Hendricks[i]
(1819–1885)
[35]		March 4, 1885
–
November 25, 1885		Democratic1884Grover Cleveland
—Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[j]
22Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[36]		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893		Republican1888Benjamin Harrison
23Adlai Stevenson I
(1835–1914)
[37]		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897		Democratic1892Grover Cleveland
24Garret Hobart[i]
(1844–1899)
[38]		March 4, 1897
–
November 21, 1899		Republican1896William McKinley
—Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[j]
25Theodore Roosevelt[n]
(1858–1919)
[39][40]		March 4, 1901
–
September 14, 1901		Republican1900
—Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[j]Theodore Roosevelt
26Charles W. Fairbanks
(1852–1918)
[41]		March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1909		Republican1904
27James S. Sherman[i]
(1855–1912)
[42]		March 4, 1909
–
October 30, 1912		Republican1908William Howard Taft
—Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[j]
28Thomas R. Marshall
(1854–1925)
[43]		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921		Democratic1912Woodrow Wilson
1916
29Calvin Coolidge[n]
(1872–1933)
[44][45]		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923		Republican1920Warren G. Harding
—Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[j]Calvin Coolidge
30Charles G. Dawes
(1865–1951)
[46]		March 4, 1925
–
March 4, 1929		Republican1924
31Charles Curtis
(1860–1936)
[47]		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933		Republican1928Herbert Hoover
32John Nance Garner
(1868–1967)
[48]		March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1941		Democratic1932Franklin D. Roosevelt
1936
33Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[49]		January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945		Democratic1940
34Harry S. Truman[n]
(1884–1972)
[50][51]		January 20, 1945
–
April 12, 1945		Democratic1944
—Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[j]Harry S. Truman
35Alben W. Barkley
(1877–1956)
[52]		January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953		Democratic1948
36Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[53][54]		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961		Republican1952Dwight D. Eisenhower
1956
37Lyndon B. Johnson[n]
(1908–1973)
[55]		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963		Democratic1960John F. Kennedy
—Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[j]Lyndon B. Johnson
38Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[56]		January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969		Democratic1964
39Spiro Agnew[k]
(1918–1996)
[57]		January 20, 1969
–
October 10, 1973		Republican1968Richard Nixon
1972
—Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[q]
40[r]Gerald Ford[n]
(1913–2006)
[58][59]		December 6, 1973
–
August 9, 1974		Republican1973[s]
—Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[q]Gerald Ford
41[t]Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[60]		December 19, 1974
–
January 20, 1977		Republican1974[s]
42Walter Mondale
(1928–2021)
[61]		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981		Democratic1976Jimmy Carter
43George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[62][63]		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989		Republican1980Ronald Reagan
1984
44Dan Quayle
(b. 1947)
[64]		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993		Republican1988George H. W. Bush
45Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[65]		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001		Democratic1992Bill Clinton
1996
46Dick Cheney
(1941–2025)
[66]		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009		Republican2000George W. Bush
2004
47Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[67]		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017		Democratic2008Barack Obama
2012
48Mike Pence
(b. 1959)
[68][69]		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021		Republican2016Donald Trump
49Kamala Harris
(b. 1964)
[70]		January 20, 2021
–
January 20, 2025		Democratic2020Joe Biden
50JD Vance
(b. 1984)
[71]		January 20, 2025
–
Incumbent		Republican2024Donald Trump

See also

Notes

  1. ^Eight (John Tyler,Millard Fillmore,Andrew Johnson,Chester A. Arthur,Theodore Roosevelt,Calvin Coolidge,Harry S. Truman, andLyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation.
  2. ^Four (John Adams,Thomas Jefferson,Martin Van Buren,George H. W. Bush) were the incumbent vice president at the time of their election, while two (Richard Nixon andJoe Biden) were elected president after the end of their tenure as vice president.
  3. ^Counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president.
  4. ^Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  5. ^Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the vice presidency 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789, scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
  6. ^Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of theWashington administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
  7. ^George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency.
  8. ^The 1796 presidential election resulted in a situation where the persons elected president and vice president belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  9. ^abcdefgDied in office
  10. ^abcdefghijklmnopPrior to ratification of theTwenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  11. ^abResigned from office
  12. ^Formerly a Democratic-Republican, Calhoun founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 election.
  13. ^Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
  14. ^abcdefghiSucceeded to the presidency intra-term.
  15. ^John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840 but was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  16. ^Lincoln formed a bipartisanelectoral alliance withWar Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  17. ^abThe Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.
  18. ^Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term.
  19. ^abVice presidential confirmation by theUnited States Congress, rather than a direct election.
  20. ^After Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.

References

  1. ^"Vice President".USLegal.com.Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. RetrievedAugust 15, 2024.
  2. ^abc"Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. RetrievedJune 10, 2009.
  3. ^"Trump wins the White House in a political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters".Associated Press. November 5, 2024. RetrievedNovember 6, 2024.
  4. ^Jackson, Haadiza Ogwude, Michael Collins and David."When is Inauguration Day 2025? When does Trump take office? What to know".The Enquirer. RetrievedNovember 6, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^Amar 1995, p. 216.
  6. ^Kallenbach, Joseph E. (October 1947). "The New Presidential Succession Act".American Political Science Review.41 (5):931–941.doi:10.1017/S0003055400260619.S2CID 146420289.
  7. ^Amar 1995, p. 217.
  8. ^"Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  9. ^"Life Portrait of John Adams".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  10. ^"Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  11. ^"Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  12. ^"Aaron Burr (1801–1805) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  13. ^"George Clinton (1805–1809) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  14. ^"Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on October 21, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  15. ^"Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  16. ^"John C. Calhoun (1825–1829) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  17. ^"Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  18. ^"Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  19. ^"Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  20. ^"Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  21. ^"Life Portrait of John Tyler".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  22. ^"George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  23. ^"Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  24. ^"Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  25. ^"William R. D. King (1853) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  26. ^"John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^"Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  28. ^"Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  29. ^"Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  30. ^"Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  31. ^"Henry Wilson (1873–1875) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  32. ^"William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 11, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  33. ^"Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  34. ^"Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  35. ^"Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  36. ^"Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  37. ^"Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  38. ^"Garret A. Hobart (1897–1899) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  39. ^"Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  40. ^"Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  41. ^"Charles W. Fairbanks – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  42. ^"James S. Sherman – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  43. ^"Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  44. ^"Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  45. ^"Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 6, 2016.
  46. ^"Charles G. Dawes – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  47. ^"Charles Curtis – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  48. ^"John N. Garner (1933–1941) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  49. ^"Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  50. ^"Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  51. ^"Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  52. ^"Alben W. Barkley – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  53. ^"Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  54. ^"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  55. ^"Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  56. ^"Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  57. ^"Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  58. ^"Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  59. ^"Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  60. ^"Nelson A. Rockefeller – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  61. ^"Walter Mondale – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  62. ^"Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2009.
  63. ^"Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush".American Presidents: Life Portrait.C-SPAN. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  64. ^"J. Danforth Quayle – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  65. ^"Albert Gore, Jr. – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  66. ^"Richard B. Cheney – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  67. ^"Joseph Biden – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2016.
  68. ^Flegenheimer, Matt; Barbaro, Michael (November 9, 2016)."Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment".The New York Times. RetrievedNovember 13, 2016.
  69. ^"Vice President Mike Pence".whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2017.
  70. ^"Kamala Harris: The Vice President".The White House. RetrievedNovember 6, 2024.
  71. ^Main, Eric Bradner, Alison (November 6, 2024)."Trump critic-turned-ally JD Vance elected vice president, offering glimpse at GOP's potential future".CNN. RetrievedNovember 8, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Works cited

General

Expert studies

  1. John Adams (1789–1797)
  2. Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
  3. Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
  4. George Clinton (1805–1812)
  5. Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
  6. Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
  7. John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
  8. Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
  9. Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841)
  10. John Tyler (1841)
  11. George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
  12. Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
  13. William R. King (1853)
  14. John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
  15. Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
  16. Andrew Johnson (1865)
  17. Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
  18. Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
  19. William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
  20. Chester A. Arthur (1881)
  21. Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
  22. Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
  23. Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897)
  24. Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
  25. Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
  26. Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
  27. James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
  28. Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
  29. Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
  30. Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
  31. Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
  32. John Nance Garner (1933–1941)
  33. Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
  34. Harry S. Truman (1945)
  35. Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
  36. Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
  37. Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
  38. Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
  39. Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
  40. Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
  41. Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
  42. Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
  43. George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
  44. Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
  45. Al Gore (1993–2001)
  46. Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
  47. Joe Biden (2009–2017)
  48. Mike Pence (2017–2021)
  49. Kamala Harris (2021–2025)
  50. JD Vance (2025–present)
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