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Kolkata (also known as Calcutta) is currently the second-most populous megacity inIndia afterDelhi. It has many placed to visit which are of interest to tourists.
Victoria Memorial was built inKolkata to commemorate the Empress of India and Queen of the United Kingdom,Queen Victoria after her death in 1901, located at Queen's Way. TheVictoria Memorial was modelled on theTaj Mahal and was commissioned in 1906 byLord Curzon. Opened to the public in 1921, it was designed by the architectsWilliam Emerson and his protégé Vincent Esch at the extraordinary cost of 10.5 million rupees ($262,500), all of which was collected as voluntary donations, mostly fromBritish and Indian nobility. The memorial holds paintings of theBritish royal family, miniature paintings of the Mughal School,oil paintings of the Company School (notably the uncle - nephew pair ofThomas Daniell andWilliam Daniell), historical artefacts like the throne of theNawab of Bengal, many lithographs and documents of historical interest, and various post-Raj artefacts significant in the history of Kolkata (added to the collection after independence). The memorial is set in extensive and beautiful lawns and is lit up at night. A laser audio-visual show is held on the lawns every evening. 'Nike', the Greek Goddess of victory, on the top of the museum is said to be haunted and has been prominently featured in many Kolkata stories and novels. It is regarded with pride in Kolkata and colloquially referred to as the "Victoria".[1]
TheIndian Museum is the largest museum inAsia and the oldest in theAsia - Pacific region (est. 1814 at the location of theAsiatic Society). The Museum shifted to its present residence in 1875. Situated onJawahar Lal Nehru Road, it houses a collection ofIndian natural history and anIndian Art collection to rival theSmithsonian Institution and theBritish Museum. Of specific note are themeteorite hall anddinosaur hall in the Natural History and Geology section, thenumismatics section and the collections ofGandhara Art,Burmese woodwork,Mughal miniatures andTibetan banner sections in the Indian Art section. TheAnthropological Survey of India headquarters and the Government College of Art and Craft are housed in the same building. TheGeological Survey of India headquarters moved from the museum toBidhan Nagar recently. The Indian Museum has a library of excellent historical value, with a special focus on theRaj and Kolkata.
TheMarble Palace is a privately owned collection of eclectic sculptures, paintings and a small menagerie and aviary offChittaranjan Avenue inNorth Kolkata. Built byRaja Rajendra Mullick in 1835, it houses two little-publicizedReubens and aJoshua Reynolds, not to mention over 50 varieties ofmarble which grace the interiors of this mansion. Since COVID-19 in India, this palace is strictly prohibited for outsiders and tourists.
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum onGurusaday Dutta Road, was inaugurated in 1959 as the first popular science museum in Asia. Modelled on theDeutsches Museum, it has interactive popular science exhibits and a significant collection of historical industrial holdings in India. Its collection of oldgramophones,sound recorders,telephones,steam engines,road rollers, and other industrial machinery of the period 1880–1950 is very significant. The museum sports a vintage model of theRolls-Royce Phantom I make. It also actively organizes summer camps, awareness programs, and astronomy observations for school children.
Science City is a complex on theJohn Burdon Sanderson Haldane Avenue featuring a lot of interactive science and live bioscience exhibits, as well as having Kolkata's firstOMNIMAX theatre.
TheRabindra Bharati Museum is the ancestral home of theTagore family and was converted into a museum in 1961, located at Dwarka Nath Tagore Lane nearRabindra Sarani. The brick mansions were the cultural hub of Kolkata for close to a century and were a major force in thewomen's liberation movement. It hosted the firstBrahmo wedding and was an important center of the Independence movement. The museum has three large galleries - one of the life and works ofRabindranath, a second gallery about his close relatives such as fatherDebendranath Tagore,Abanindranath Tagore,Gaganendranath Tagore etc. and a third gallery on theBengal Renaissance in general.
Gurusaday Museum, onDiamond Harbour Road, is the outcome of a lifetime collection of traditionalBengal folk arts in undividedBengal by SirGurusaday Dutt. On his death in 1941, the collection was handed over to the Bratachari Society founded by SirGurusaday Dutt to preserve and protectBengal folk arts. It was opened as a museum to the public with the help of theGovernment of India in 1963. It contains, among other fine handicrafts,terracotta panels,kantha or folkquilt work, and patas (or hand painted scrolls of the late 1900s), notably of the Kalighat School. TheAsutosh Museum of Indian Art, onCollege Street, is the other museum specializing inBengal folk arts, but with significant archaeological holdings from sites inWest Bengal andBihar likeChandraketugarh andTamluk. The first university owned museum in India, run by theUniversity of Calcutta and is named after its famous vice chancellor SirAsutosh Mukherjee.
Nehru Children's Museum is named afterJawaharlal Nehru, whose love for children was well known. It is located atJawahar Lal Nehru Road. In order to pay homage to Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, National Cultural Association established the Museum in 1972 in Panditji's name on his birthday. The museum has a collection of dolls and toys from across the globe and has a doll - based retelling of the IndianepicsRamayana andMahabharata. Established in 1972 close to theVictoria Memorial, and commonly referred to as "Nehru Children's Museum"; this museum is aging awkwardly fast. There are dolls which are not only bounded to India, but also of different states, countries, religion like the dolls ofBangladesh,Japan,China,Rhodesia,Korea,Indonesia. Other than these, there are dolls which are dressed according to the places like Delhi, Assam, West Bengal, Chennai, Maharashtra, Andaman, Mexico, Portuguese and many more. There is even a separate cabin displaying various forms and styles of Ganesh.
Sabarna Sangrahashala located at Baro Bari, Barisha, is the only family museum of Kolkata open to public. It was established in 2005 by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury Paribar Parishad and is a tourist destination specially for those who want to know more about the history of Kolkata. It is also a research institute in the making. The museum possesses some of the rarestKabulatipatras, documents andarticles of historical importance besides several artifacts dating back to the 17th century. The museum is dedicated to students for creating an awareness of history, heritage, and culture of the land. Every year in the month of February, the museum organizes the International History and Heritage Exhibition which is the only one of its kind in Eastern India.
National Library of India located in Alipore is India's leading public library. It was inaugurated in 1836 by the Governor GeneralLord Metcalfe by transferring 4675 books from theCollege of Fort William. Public donations were the main source of books for the library, and by donations of Rupees 300 from proprietors.Dwarakanath Tagore was the first proprietor of the library. The library was initially only partially public, as poor students could use the library for a limited period of time. TheImperial Library was founded in 1891 by merging several libraries like those of theEast India College and East India Board. Governor GeneralLord Curzon initiated the merger of these two libraries into a single Imperial Library in 1903 at theMetcalfe Hall. The goal of the library was to collectevery book written about India at any time. The Assistant Librarian of the British Museum John Macfarlane was the first librarian and was succeeded by the first Indian librarianHarinath De. The library was moved to its present quarters inBelvedere Estate,Alipore and renamed theNational Library. It is a fully public library which co-ordinates the activities of all other Indian public libraries. True to its goal, any book published in India today has to send one copy to theNational library in the spirit of theLibrary of Congress,United States.
Birla Planetarium in Kolkata runs many shows on educational and entertainment purposes about astronomy, astrophysics, space science, history of astronomy and mythology regarding stars and planets. It is situated onJawahar Lal Nehru Road near several notable places likeIndian Museum,Victoria Memorial,Maidan, andSt. Paul's Cathedral. It was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on July 2, 1963. Projection on spherical ceiling accompanied by live audio (Bengali, English, and Hindi) is the major attraction of the Birla Planetarium. It also has an electronics laboratory, astronomy gallery, and an astronomical observatory equipped with a Celestron C-14 Telescope.
Kolkata also has other small museums like theRail Museum, Tram Museum,Naval Aircraft Museum,Fanatic Sports Museum,Ashutosh Museum of Indian Art,Netaji Bhawan,Swami Vivekananda Museum,State Archaeological Museum,Academy of Fine Arts,The Asiatic Society,Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Museum,Mother's Wax Museum and the Police Museum.
The other popular Kolkata libraries include the General Library ofRamakrishna Mission Institute of Culture located at Gol Park, maintained by theRamakrishna Mission, Kolkata. The collection of this library was initially confined to a few books and journals, stacked in one or two book-cases. Dr. Barid Baran Mukherjee gifted over 33,000 volumes to the library in 1941.[2]
Other historically significant libraries areCalcutta Club library,Asiatic Society,Indian Museum,Presidency University,Scottish Church College andSt. Xavier's College, Calcutta.
Calcutta High Court – It is the oldestHigh Court inIndia. It was established as theHigh Court of Judicature at Fort William on 1 July 1862 under theHigh Courts Act, 1861. It has jurisdiction over thestate ofWest Bengal and theUnion Territory of theAndaman and Nicobar Islands. The High Court building is an exact replica of the Stand Haus inYpres, Belgium. It is recorded that when the original Stand Haus burnt down, a blueprint of Granville's Calcutta High Court had to be consulted before rebuilding it. The court has a sanctioned judge strength of 63. Despite, the name of the city was officially changed fromCalcutta toKolkata in 2001, the old name is retained by the court as it is an institution.
Bankshall Court – It is the present City Sessions Court of Kolkata. Two of its buildings are old heritage.
Raj Bhavan (Government House) – It was built in the early 19th century and is modeled onKedleston Hall. The house was once the seat of theviceroys of India; later, when the government moved to New Delhi, it became the residence of the Governor ofBengal, a function that it fulfills to this day. While the basic features of Kedleston have been faithfully copied (the Palladian Front, the Dome etc.), Government House is a much larger, three-storeyed structure. Also, the Government of India evidently did not have the funding constraints that forced the Curzons to leave their house incomplete: Government House has all four wings originally conceived for Kedleston. So today, a 'complete', brick built Kedleston, on a much grander scale, is located in its acres of gardens at the heart of the Kolkata business district.
Town Hall – In Roman-Doric style, this building was built by the architect Col. John Garstin in 1813 with a fund of Rupees seven lakhs raised from lottery to provide the Europeans with a place for social gatherings. At first, the hall was placed under a committee, which allowed the public to use the hall under such terms and conditions as were fixed by the Government. The public could visit the ground floor hall to see statues and large size portrait paintings, but they were not allowed indiscriminate access to the upper storey. Applications for the use of the upper storey were to be made to the committee. In 1867 Town Hall came under the custody of the Calcutta Municipality (later on Kolkata Municipal Corporation). In the year of 1897 the Town Hall had been partly renovated. After political independence in 1947, indiscriminate interference with the structure inevitably took its toll. Fortunately, that was prevented in 1998 by timely intervention. The town hall was featured on the 6th leg ofThe Amazing Race 18, when the teams had to compete in a tea-drinking roadblock.
Writers' Building – It is the secretariat building of theStateGovernment of West Bengal inIndia.[3] The Writers' Building originally served as the office for writers of theBritish East India Company, hence the name. Designed by Thomas Lyon in 1777 the Writers' building has gone through several extensions over the years. In 1821 a 128 ft-long verandah with ionic style columns, each 32 ft high, were added on the first and second floors. From 1889 to 1906 two new blocks were added. It acquired its Greco-Roman look, complete with the portico in the central bay and the red surface of the exposed brick. The parapet was put in place and the statues sculpted by William Fredric Woodington in 1883, that line the terrace, were installed.[4] The giant pediment at the centre is crowned with the statue ofMinerva. The terrace also contains several other statues and notable among them are four clusters of statues, christened 'Justice', 'Commerce', 'Science' and 'Agriculture', with the Greek Gods and Goddesses of these four streams (Zeus,Hermes,Athena andDemeter respectively) flanked by a European and an Indian practitioner of these vocations, adorn the building.[5]
The 150 meter long Writers' Building covers the entire northern stretch of the a water body locally calledLal Dighi inBinay Badal Dinesh Baag area. Various departments of theWest Bengal government are housed in this building. It is an edifice of great political significance and memories of theIndian Independence Movement. Writer's building was used asChief Minister's Office and secretariat. However, from October 2013, certain departments and the office of Chief Minister moved toNabanna in Howrah to facilitate restoration of Writers Building.[6][7][8]
General Post Office – It is the central post office of the city ofKolkata,India and the chief post office ofWest Bengal. The post-office handles most of the city's inbound and outbound mail and parcels. Situated in theBinay Badal Dinesh Baag area, the imposing structure of the GPO is one of the landmarks in the city.
Howrah station is one of the five intercitytrain stations servingHowrah andKolkata,India; the others areSealdah Station andKolkata railway station inKolkata andShalimar Station andSantragachi Station inHowrah. Howrah is situated on the West bank of theHooghly River, linked to Kolkata by the magnificentHowrah Bridge which is an icon of Kolkata. It is the oldest station and the largest railway complex in India.
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TheGreat Eastern Hotel (officially Lalit Great Eastern Hotel) was founded as the Auckland Hotel in 1841, at the crossroads of the Hemanta Basu Sarani and British India Street, founded by confectionerDavid Wilson and named after the then Governor GeneralLord Auckland. It grew from strength to strength over the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Locally known as "Wilson's Hotel", it was also known as "Auckland Hotel and the "Hall of Nations" in the 19th century, and was referred to as the "Japani Hotel" (Japanese Hotel) colloquially in the 20th century, due to a large number of Japanese tourists there. The hotel was extremely elite, referred to as the "Jewel of the East" and "the best hotel East of theSuez" byMark Twain on his voyage along the Equator, and described byRudyard Kipling in "The City of Dreadful Night". It had notable board members like the authorPeary Chand Mitra and stockholders likeW. C. Bonnerjee - president of theIndian National Congress. The hotel was famous for its new year parties thrown byMaharajahs (like theMaharajah of Cooch Behar) until the 1950s. It has been host to such notables asElizabeth II on her India visit,Nikita Khrushchev's delegation in the 1950s, and visiting internationalcricket teams. The hotel kitchens, staffed by the legendaryBaruahs ofChittagong (now inBangladesh), was the talk of Kolkata. It steadily progressed downhill since the 1970s, and was taken over by theGovernment of West Bengal in 1975 on grounds of insolvency.Labour union problems caused the hotel to worsen until a sensationalist news campaign byThe Telegraph exposed the sorry state of the hotel in the 1990s. The hotel was privatized in November 2005 with the help of PricewaterhouseCoopers and has been re-christened The Lalit Great Eastern Kolkata. After an extensive restoration, a part of the property was reopened in November 2013. The Lalit Great Eastern offers 244 rooms and suites along with four restaurants and bars, the largest conference and banqueting facility in Kolkata, besides all other five-star deluxe facilities and services.
TheGrand Hotel had humble beginnings. In the 1870s Mrs. Annie Monk opened her boarding house at numbers 13, 14 and 15Chowringhee. In the meantime,Arathoon Stephen, anArmenian fromIsfahan had arrived inCalcutta and proceeded to make his fortune in the jewellery business. By the early 20th century he had put together a sizeable fortune and had purchased numbers 16 and 17 Chowringhee. Soon he purchased Mrs. Monk's boarding house and number 18 Chowringhee as well, and proceeded to develop all the properties together into the hotel that came to be known as the Grand Hotel.
Acquired by the real-estate baron, it turned into a 3-story 500-room hotel. Acquired by hotelierMohan Singh Oberoi in 1938, it became the Oberoi Grand. The hotel got a major lift during World War II when about 4000 soldiers were billeted there and would party regularly.
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Maidan means "field" inHindi,Marathi,Urdu andBengali. The Kolkata Maidan was once a vast uninterrupted field right down to the edge of theHoogli River, but is now being encroached upon by the city and is fragmented by roads. The Maidan has nurtured sports likePolo and has been the home ofequestrianism,horse racing,football,cricket and rugby in Kolkata. It houses numerous clubs including the "big three" of Indian football -Mohun Bagan Athletic Club,East Bengal Football Club andMohammedan Sporting Club along with their respective home stadiums. The arterialJawaharlal Nehru Road, theEden Gardens, theMillennium Park and the associated 3 km long Riverfront beautification project border the Maidan. The Maidan abounds with monuments and statues, the most famous of them beingShaheed Minar and the statue of ace footballerGostho Pal. Elliot Park,Mohor Kunja andVictoria Memorial complex are three parks which are situated in the Maidan area.
Rabindra Sarobar or "The Lake" or 'Dhakuria Lake' is an artificial lake and urban park in the spirit ofCentral Park,New York City. The park has a lake and an island with a footbridge, an open-air amphitheatre (Nazrul Mancha), a sports stadium (Rabindra Sarobar Stadium), a children's park and the rowing clubs ofCalcutta Rowing Club, Bengal Rowing Club andLake Club.
TheCentral Park is a large urban park in the centre of theBidhan Nagar township inKolkata Metropolitan Area, with a lake in the middle and information technology and government offices along its fringes.
Prakriti Tirtha or 'Eco Park', located inNew Town inKolkata Metropolitan Area, is situated on a 480 acres (190 ha) plot and is surrounded by a 104 acres (42 ha) waterbody with an island called Ekanto in the middle.[9][10] The park has been divided into three broad parts; (1) ecological zones like wetlands, grasslands, andurban forest, (2) theme gardens and open spaces, and (3) urban recreational spaces.[10] The Eco Park is further divided into different sub-parts according to the different types of fauna planted.[11] Recently in the month of November 2017, it also opened up another section which displays the replica of "The seven wonders of the World". Toy trains and chair cars are available for the tourists on rent for making round around the park. There are four Gates for entry and exit purpose.
TheAcharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (previously known as Indian Botanical Garden) spread over 270 acres (1.1 km2), was founded in 1786 and is the oldest botanical gardens in India. It is located at the bank of Hoogly River,Shibpur,Howrah nearKolkata. Housing 50,000 species, theBotanical Survey of India and one of the world's most historically relevantherbariums, it is famous for its 250-year-old, 98-foot-tallThe Great Banyan tree - which has the largest girth of any banyan tree ever recorded (1300 ft).
Alipore Zoological Gardens was founded in 1875, inaugurated by The Prince of Wales (laterEdward VII). Initially started from the personal menagerie of the then Governor General of BengalArthur Wellesley andCarl Louis Schwendler - aGerman electrician, it grew based on gifts from British and Indian nobility - like Raja Suryakanta Acharya ofMymensingh in whose honour the open air tiger enclosure is named the "Mymensingh Enclosure". The zoo was ill-reputed because of cross breeding experiments betweenlions andtigers to produce strains liketigons,ligers, andlitigons.Adwaita was a maleAldabra giant tortoise in the zoo who died in March, 2006. He was reported to have been more than 250 years old - a candidate for the longest-lived animal. The other success story of the zoo was a live birth of the rareSumatran rhinoceros in 1889. The zoo is downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by theCentral Zoo Authority of India. The zoo is also on theflyway for severalmigratory birds like thesarus crane.
A host of new amusement parks have sprung up in recent times - the most notable being areNicco Park inBidhan Nagar - the first modern amusement park inKolkata Metropolitan Area andAquatica inNew Town - the theme water park. Other important parks include Nalban inBidhannagar and Captain Bhery Eco & Aquatic Hub in Chingrighata.
Benubana Chhaya is a categorized water park inKolkata located atBishwa Bangla Sarani,Baishnabghata Patuli Township. TheNature Park of India is a reserved area administered by the government of India.
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TheShaheed Minar or "Tower of the Martyrs", (formerly Ochterlony Monument) was constructed on the northern fringe of theMaidan in honour ofSir David Ochterlony who commanded theBritish East India Company forces in theGurkha War (1814–1816). It was renamedShaheed Minar in honor of the fallenfreedom fighters after Indian independence.
Situated atPrinsep Ghat, is aPalladian porch in the memory of the eminent Anglo-Indian scholar andantiquaryJames Prinsep was designed by W. Fitzgerald and constructed in 1843.Located between the Water Gate and the St George's Gate of theFort William, the monument to Prinsep is rich in Greek and Gothic inlays. It was restored by the state's public works department in November 2001 and has since been well-maintained.[12] In its initial years, all royal British entourages used the Prinsep Ghat jetty for embarkation and disembarkation.[13][14][15]
Other memorials in Kolkata include the Panioty fountain, Police Memorial and theWilliam Jonesobelisk at theSouth Park Street Cemetery.Lascar War Memorial located on the Napier Road in theHastings area, is a memorial dedicated to the memory of 896Lascars (sailor or militiaman from Indian subcontinent), who died fighting for theBritish Navy during the World War I.Gwalior Monument, also known as Ellenborough’s Folly is an octagonal cenotaph about 60 feet high, crowned with a bronze dome cast from guns captured from the Marathas. It was erected in 1847 by Lord Ellenborough, the Governor-General of India, as a memorial to the officers and men who fell during the Gwalior War in 1843.
Kolkata has many statues celebratingBritish heritage and the Indian Renaissance and freedom movement. TheMaidan is a particularly good place for statue-hunting. A few of the more notable landmarks are as follows:
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New Market is Kolkata's historic shopping district. Opened in 1874, it was named Hogg Market after the commissioner SirStuart Hogg. The beautiful fountain and benches at the market no longer exist, but the popularity of the market has not waned, and the beautiful gothic clock tower recalls the British heritage of the market. It was renamed New Market after Independence. New Market led the way forChristmas andNew Year festivities with confectionery shops like Nahoum's putting up a special spread. The market is organized on the basis of merchandise. It burnt down partially in 1985 but has been restored and expanded with a new building which houses very famous Kashmir Handicraft store-Pumposh.
TheMother Teresa Sarani,Abanindra Nath Tagore Sarani andShakespeare Sarani are considered to be ahigh street of Kolkata with many commercial establishments and shopping complexes, boutiques, restaurants and stand-alone retail outlets.[16]Gariahat andShyambazar are two shopping districts catering mostly to the middle class and lower middle class of Kolkata.College Street is an area famous for its bookstores.
Kolkata has seen a spurt of shopping malls with the rise of the buying power of the Kolkata populace. Shopping arcades likeForum Mall and Emami Shoppers' City in Central Calcutta have brought international brands fromSwarovski toGodiva to the city, breaking the city's dependence on the older market complexes like A.C. Market,Dakshinapan shopping center and Vardaan Market, which were mainlyChinese import dependent.
Most of the new malls in Kolkata are located in the newer developed areas likeBidhan Nagar,New Town and along the Bishwa Bangla Sarani. Some of the popular malls in Kolkata are City Centre (Bidhan Nagar), City Centre 2, Axis Mall and Home Town (New Town),South City Mall (the biggest mall in Eastern India) (Jadavpur), Acropolis Mall (Rajdanga inKasba / East Kolkata Township), Metropolis Mall (Hiland Park),Mani Square Mall (Kankurgachi). Swabhumi has been modeled as anethnic shopping arcade near theBishwa Bangla Sarani inPhoolbagan. A new luxury shopping mall,Quest Mall has been opened inPark Circus by the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group, which has brought many foreign brands such as Breitling, Burberry and Gucci for the first time to Kolkata.[17][18]
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Mentioned below are some of the famous bridges in the city of Kolkata:
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In Calcutta, the word "club" still means a watering hole and not a discothèque. Calcutta has a number of clubs that hark back to the Raj days but have modernised over time without sacrificing their traditions. Most clubs have bakeries, dining facilities and accommodation at reasonable prices. They also have reciprocal arrangements with clubs in different countries. The most noted clubs are:
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