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List of the most distant astronomical objects

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An infrared image of MoM-z14 from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope that was taken by the NIRCam
MoM-z14 has a redshift of 14.44, making it the most distant knowngalaxy as of May 2025.[1] This image represents the galaxy as it was less than 280 million years after theBig Bang.

This article lists the most distantastronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

For comparisons with the years after theBig Bang of the astronomical objects listed below, theage of the universe is currently estimated as 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years.[2] However, the estimated age of the universe has increased over the years as the observational techniques have been refined. For the discovery ofIOK-1 in 2006 had an estimate of 13.66 billion years for the age of the universe.[3]

Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring thecosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined viaspectroscopy or using aphotometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that may have unusual spectra. For that reason, aspectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts. Apart from most commonly used distance measurements for high redshift objects, an alternative is to calculate how old the object is in relation to the Big Bang and the column "Years after the Big Bang" shows these values.[4]

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

[edit]
Most distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations
ImageNameRedshift
(z)		Years after the Big Bang (millions)TypeNotes
MoM-z14z =14.44+0.02
−0.02		280[5]GalaxyLuminousLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[1]
JADES-GS-z14-0z =14.1796+0.0007
−0.0007		290[6]GalaxyThe detection of [OIII]88μm line emission with a significance of 6.67σ and at a frequency of 223.524 GHz, corresponding to a redshift of 14.1796±0.0007, usingALMA.[7]
JADES-GS-z14-1z =13.90+0.17
−0.17		300[8]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[9]
PAN-z14-1z =13.53+0.05
−0.06		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[10]
JADES-GS-z13-0z =13.20+0.04
−0.07		330[11]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[12]
UNCOVER-z13z =13.079+0.014
−0.001		330[13]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[14]
JADES-GS-z13-1z = 13.0330[15]GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter, discovered by JWST in 2025.[16]
JADES-GS-z12-0z =12.63+0.24
−0.08		350[17]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRCam[12] and JWST/NIRSpec,[18] and CIII] line emission with JWST/NIRSpec.[18]
UNCOVER-z12z =12.393+0.004
−0.001		350[19]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[14]
GLASS-z12
(GHZ2)		z =12.3327+0.0035
−0.0035		367[20]GalaxyDetection of the rest-frame 88 μm atomic transition from doubly ionized oxygen using ALMA.[21]
UDFj-39546284z =11.58+0.05
−0.05		380[22]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[12]
CEERS J141946.36+525632.8
(Maisie's Galaxy)		z =11.44+0.09
−0.08		390[23]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST.[24]
CEERS2-588
z =11.04410[25]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST.[26]
GN-z11z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013430[27]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy; detection of the Lyman break with HST at 5.5σ[28] and carbon emission lines with Keck/MOSFIRE at 5.3σ.[29] Conclusive redshift by JWST in February 2023[18]
JADES-GS-z10-0
(UDFj-38116243)[30]		z =10.38+0.07
−0.06		450[31]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[12]
JD1z =9.793±0.002480[32]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[33]
Gz9p3z = 9.3127 ± 0.0002510[34]GalaxyA galaxy merger with a redshift estimated from [OII], Ne and H emission lines detected with JWST.[34]
MACS1149-JD1z =9.1096±0.0006500[35]GalaxyDetection of hydrogen emission line with the VLT, and oxygen line with ALMA[36]
EGSY8p7 (CEERS_1019)z =8.683+0.001
−0.004		570[37]GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter; detection of Lyman-alpha with Keck/MOSFIRE at 7.5σ confidence[38]
SMACS-4590z = 8.496GalaxyDetection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[39][40][41][42]
A2744 YD4z = 8.38600[43]GalaxyLyman-alpha and [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 4.0σ confidence[44]
MACS0416 Y1z =8.3118±0.0003600[45]Galaxy[O III] emission detected with ALMA at 6.3σ confidence[46]
GRB 090423z =8.23+0.06
−0.07		630[47]Gamma-ray burstLyman-alpha break detected[48]
RXJ2129-11002z =8.16±0.01613[49]Galaxy[O III] doublet, Hβ, and [O II] doublet as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism.[50]
RXJ2129-11022z =8.15±0.01Galaxy[O III] doublet and Hβ as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism.[50]
EGS-zs8-1z =7.7302±0.0006670[51]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy[52]
SMACS-0723-6355z = 7.665GalaxyDetection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[39][40][41][42]
z7_GSD_3811z =7.6637±0.0011GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter[53]
SMACS-0723-10612z = 7.658GalaxyDetection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[39][40][41][42]
QSO J0313–1806z =7.6423±0.0013670[54]QuasarLyman-alpha break detected[55]
ULAS J1342+0928z =7.5413±0.0007690[56]QuasarRedshift estimated from [C II] emission[57]
z8_GND_5296z = 7.51700[58]GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter[59]
A1689-zD1z =7.5±0.2700[60]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy[61]
GS2_1406z =7.452±0.003GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter[62]
GN-108036z = 7.213750[63]GalaxyLyman alpha emitter[64]
SXDF-NB1006-2z =7.2120±0.0003800[65]Galaxy[O III] emission detected[66]
BDF-3299z =7.109±0.002800[67]GalaxyLyman-break galaxy[68]
ULAS J1120+0641z =7.085±0.003770[69]QuasarRedshift estimated from Si III]+C III] and Mg II emission lines[70]
A1703 zD6z =7.045±0.004GalaxyGravitationally-lensed Lyman-alpha emitter[71]
BDF-521z =7.008±0.002GalaxyLyman-break galaxy[68]
IOK-1z = 6.965780[72]GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter[64]
GDS_1408
(G2_1408)		z =6.82±0.1GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter and VLT spectroscopy.[73]

Candidate most distant objects

[edit]

Since the beginning of theJames Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by theHubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into theinfrared.[74][75]

Previously in 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by theHubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012.[76]

Some objects included here have been observed spectroscopically, but had only one emission line tentatively detected, and are therefore still considered candidates by researchers.[77]

Notable candidates for most distant astronomical objects
NameRedshift
(z)		TypeNotes
H-ATLAS J143740.9+021731z = 33.79GalaxyDiscovered in the 2019 SHALOS survey, it is a potentialsubmillimeter galaxy.[78][79]
Capotauro
(CEERS U-100588 )		z ~32GalaxyA spectro-photometric analysis of JWST/NIRCam, MIRI, and NIRSpec/MSA data with HST/ACS and WFC3 observations.[80]
MIDIS-z25-3zp =25.6+1.5
−1.6		GalaxyA selection based on photometry, photometric redshift probability distributions and visual inspection, based on the JWST/NIRCam data provided by the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS).[81]
F200DB-045zp =20.4+0.3
−0.3[75]
or0.70+0.19
−0.55[74] or0.40+0.15
−0.26[82]		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
NOTE: The redshift value of the galaxy presented by the procedure in one study[74] may differ from the values presented in other studies using different procedures.[75][83][82]
GLIMPSE 70467zp =16.4+1.8
−1.8		GalaxyLyman-break selection and photometry[84]
F200DB-175zp =16.2+0.3
−0.0		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
S5-z17-1z =16.0089±0.0004
or4.6108±0.0001		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST; tentative (5.1σ) ALMA detection of a single emission line possibly attributed to either [C II] (z =4.6108±0.0001) or [O III] (z =16.0089±0.0004).[77][85]
F150DB-041zp =16.0+0.2
−0.2[75]
or3.70+0.02
−0.59[74]		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75][74]
SMACS-z16azp =15.92+0.17
−0.15[86]
or2.96+0.73
−0.21[74]		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[86][74]
F200DB-015zp =15.8+3.4
−0.1		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
F200DB-181zp =15.8+0.5
−0.3		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
F200DB-159zp =15.8+4.0
−15.2		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
GLIMPSE 72839zp =15.8+0.8
−0.8		GalaxyLyman-break selection and photometry[84]
F200DB-086zp =15.4+0.6
−14.6[75]
or3.53+10.28
−1.84[74]		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75][74]
SMACS-z16bzp =15.32+0.16
−0.13[86]
or15.39+0.18
−0.26[74]		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[86][74]
F150DB-048zp =15.0+0.2
−0.8		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
F150DB-007zp =14.6+0.4
−0.4		GalaxyLyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[75]
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.

List of most distant objects by type

[edit]
Most distant object by type
TypeObjectRedshift
(distance)		Notes
Anyastronomical object, no matter what typeMoM-z14z = 14.4This is a galaxy discovered by JWST-based "Mirage or Miracle" (MoM) survey.[87][88]
Galaxy clusterCL J1001+0220z ≅ 2.506As of 2016[89]
Galaxy superclusterHyperion proto-superclusterz = 2.45This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.[90]
Galaxy protoclusterA2744z7p9ODz = 7.88This protocluster at the time of its discovery in 2023 was the most distant protocluster found and spectroscopically confirmed to date.[91]
Galaxy orprotogalaxyMoM-z14z = 14.4[87]
QuasarUHZ1z ≅ 10.0[92]
Black holeGN-z11z =10.6034±0.0013[93][94][95][96]
Star orprotostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected by an event)		Progenitor ofGRB 090423z =8.26+0.07
−0.08		[97][48] Note,GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[98] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation. Estimated an approximate distance of 13 billion lightyears from Earth.
Star orprotostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected as a star)		WHL0137-LS (Earendel)z = 6.2 ± 0.1
(12.9Gly)		Most distant individual star detected when discovered March 2022.[99][100]

Previous records includeSDSS J1229+1122[101] andMACS J1149 Lensed Star 1.[102]

Star clusterThe Sparklerz = 1.378
(13.9Gly)		Galaxy with globular clusters gravitationally lensed inSMACS J0723.3-7327[103]
System of star clusters
X-ray jetPJ352–15 quasar jetz = 5.831
(12.7Gly)[104]		The previous recordholder was at 12.4 Gly.[105][106]
MicroquasarXMMU J004243.6+412519(2.5 Mly)First extragalactic microquasar discovered[107][108][109]
Nebula-like objectHimikoz = 6.595Possibly one of the largest objects in the early universe.[110][111]
Magnetic field9io9z = 2.554 (11.1 Gly)Observations from ALMA has shown that the lensed galaxy 9io9 contains a magnetic field.
PlanetSWEEPS-11 /SWEEPS-04(27,710 ly)[112]
  • An analysis of the lightcurve of the microlensing eventPA-99-N2 suggests the presence of a planet orbiting a star in theAndromeda Galaxy.[113]
  • A controversial microlensing event of lobe A of the double gravitationally lensedQ0957+561 suggests that there is a planet in the lensing galaxy lying at redshift 0.355 (3.7 Gly).[114][115]
Most distant event by type
TypeEventRedshiftNotes
Gamma-ray burstGRB 090423z =8.26+0.07
−0.08		[97][48] Note,GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[98] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.
Supernova (any type)SN Eosz =5.133±0.001[116] A strongly lensed, multiply imagedType II supernova
Core collapse supernovaSN 1000+0216z = 3.8993[117]
Type Ia supernovaSN UDS10Wilz = 1.914[118]

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

[edit]

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined throughparallax measurements, use ofstandard references such ascepheid variables orType Ia supernovas, orredshift measurement.Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, whilephotometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbolz represents redshift.

Most distant object titleholders (not including candidates based on photometric redshifts)
ObjectTypeDateDistance
(z =Redshift)		Notes
MoM-z14Galaxy2025–presentz = 14.44[87][88]
JADES-GS-z14-0Galaxy2024–2025z = 14.32[119][87]
JADES-GS-z13-0Galaxy2022–2024z = 13.20[12][119]
GN-z11Galaxy2016–2022z = 10.6[28][29][87]
EGSY8p7Galaxy2015−2016z = 8.68[120][121][122][123]
Progenitor ofGRB 090423 / Remnant ofGRB 090423Gamma-ray burst progenitor /Gamma-ray burst remnant2009–2015z = 8.2[48][124]
IOK-1Galaxy2006 − 2009z = 6.96[124][125][126][127]
SDF J132522.3+273520Galaxy2005 − 2006z = 6.597[127][128]
SDF J132418.3+271455Galaxy2003 − 2005z = 6.578[128][129][130][131]
HCM-6AGalaxy2002 − 2003z = 6.56The galaxy is lensed by galaxy clusterAbell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasarSDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z = 6.28[129][130][132][133][134][135]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		Quasar2001 − 2002z = 6.28[136][137][138][139][140][141]
SDSS 1044–0125
(SDSSp J104433.04–012502.2)		Quasar2000 − 2001z = 5.82[142][143][140][141][144][145][146]
SSA22-HCM1Galaxy1999–2000z>=5.74[143][147]
HDF 4-473.0Galaxy1998–1999z = 5.60[147]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)Galaxy1998z = 5.34[148][149][150][147][151]
CL 1358+62 G1 &CL 1358+62 G2Galaxies1997 − 1998z = 4.92These were the most remote objects discovered at the time. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy clusterCL1358+62 (z = 0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than aquasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.[149][152][153][150][147][154]
PC 1247–3406Quasar1991 − 1997z = 4.897[155][142][156][157][158][159]
PC 1158+4635Quasar1989 − 1991z = 4.73[142][159][160][161][162][163]
Q0051–279Quasar1987 − 1989z = 4.43[164][160][163][165][166][167]
Q0000–26
(QSO B0000–26)		Quasar1987z = 4.11[164][160][168]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		Quasar1987z = 4.04This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[142][160][169][170]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048–2903)		Quasar1987z = 4.01[164][160][169][171][172]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		Quasar1986 − 1987z = 3.80This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.[169][173][174]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003–3251,Q2000–330)		Quasar1982 − 1986z = 3.78[169][175][176]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		Quasar1974 − 1982z = 3.53[177][178][179]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		Quasar1973 − 1974z = 3.408Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[177][179][180][181][182]
4C 05.34Quasar1970 − 1973z = 2.877Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[179][183][184][185]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		Quasar1968 − 1970z = 2.399[154][185][186]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		Quasar1968z = 2.358[154][185][187]
PKS 0237–23
(QSO B0237–2321)		Quasar1967 − 1968z = 2.225[183][187][188][189][190]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12,PKS 1116+12)		Quasar1966 − 1967z = 2.1291[154][190][191][192]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01,PKS 0106+1)		Quasar1965 − 1966z = 2.0990[154][190][191][193]
3C 9Quasar1965z = 2.018[190][194][195][196][197][198]
3C 147Quasar1964 − 1965z = 0.545[199][200][201][202]
3C 295Radio galaxy1960 − 1964z = 0.461[147][154][203][204][205]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)Brightest cluster galaxy1951 − 1960z = 0.2
(V = 61000 km/s)		This galaxy lies in theHydra Supercluster. It is located atB1950.008h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra ClusterCl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[147][205][206][207][208][209][210]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)Brightest cluster galaxy1936 –z = 0.13
(V = 39000 km/s)		Thebrightest cluster galaxy of theBootes Cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy atB1950.014h 30m 6s +31° 46′apparent magnitude 17.8, was found byMilton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[209][211][212]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)Brightest cluster galaxy1932 –z = 0.075
(V = 23000 km/s)		This is theBCG of theGeminiCluster (ACO 568) and was located atB1950.007h 05m 0s +35° 04′[211][213]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo ClusterBrightest cluster galaxy1931 − 1932z =
(V = 19700 km/s)		[213][214][215][216]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major ClusterBrightest cluster galaxy1930 − 1931z =
(V = 11700 km/s)		[216][217]
NGC 4860Galaxy1929 − 1930z = 0.026
(V = 7800 km/s)		[217][218][219]
NGC 7619Galaxy1929z = 0.012
(V = 3779 km/s)		Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.[218][220][221]
NGC 584
(Dreyer nebula 584)		Galaxy1921 − 1929z = 0.006
(V = 1800 km/s)		At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[209][218][220][222][223][224][225]
M104 (NGC 4594)Galaxy1913 − 1921z = 0.004
(V = 1180 km/s)		This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda – which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured byVesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[218][222][225]
Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)		Star1891 − 1910160ly
(18mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=37 ly)		This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.[226][227][228][229]
Capella
(Alpha Aurigae)		Star1849–189172 ly
(46 mas)		[230][231][232]
Polaris
(Alpha Ursae Minoris)		Star1847 – 184950 ly
(80 mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=~440 ly)		[233][234]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)		Star (part of adouble star pair)1839 – 18477.77 pc
(125 mas)		[233]
61 CygniBinary star1838 − 18393.48pc
(313.6 mas)		This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[233][235][236]
UranusPlanet of the Solar System1781 − 183818AUThis was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
SaturnPlanet of the Solar System1619 − 178110 AUFromKepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
MarsPlanet of the Solar System1609 − 16192.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to EarthKepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publicationAstronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
SunStar3rd century BC — 1609380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii)Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
MoonMoon of a planet3rd century BC20 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=64 Earth radii)Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance between Earth and the Moon. The diameter of Earth had been calculated previously.
  • z representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas representsparallax, a measure ofangle and distance can be determined through trigonometry

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abNaidu, R.P.; Oesch, P.A.; Brammer, G.; Weibel, A.; Li, Y.; Matthee, J.; Chisholm, J.; Pollock, C.L.; Heintz, K.E.; Johnson, B.D.; Shen, X.; Hviding, R.E.; Leja, J.; Tacchella, S.; Ganguly, A.; Witten, C.; Atek, H.; Belli, S.; Bose, S.; Bouwens, R.; et al. (30 January 2026)."A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy atzspec = 14.44 Confirmed with JWST".The Open Journal of Astrophysics.9.arXiv:2505.11263v2.doi:10.33232/001c.156033.
  2. ^Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters".Astronomy & Astrophysics.641. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column).arXiv:1807.06209.Bibcode:2020A&A...641A...6P.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910.S2CID 119335614.
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  175. ^"Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972–1997". Ipswich: Orwell Astronomical Society. Archived fromthe original on 2009-09-12.
  176. ^"Object query : PKS 2000-330".SIMBAD.
  177. ^ab"History of the OSU Radio Observatory".OSU Big Ear.
  178. ^"Object query : OQ172".SIMBAD.
  179. ^abc"Quasars – Three Years Later". Archived fromthe original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved2010-02-17.
  180. ^"The Edge of Night".Time. April 23, 1973. Archived fromthe original on 2008-12-14.
  181. ^"QSO B0642+449 – Quasar".SIMBAD.
  182. ^Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C. (1990). "The detection of high-redshift quasars".Reports on Progress in Physics.53 (8): 1095.Bibcode:1990RPPh...53.1095W.doi:10.1088/0034-4885/53/8/003.S2CID 250880776.
  183. ^abLarson, Dewey Bernard (1984). "Chapter 23 – Quasar Redshifts".The Structure of the Physical Universe. Vol. III: The Universe of Motion. North Pacific Publishers.ISBN 0-913138-11-8. Archived fromthe original on 2008-06-19.
  184. ^Bahcall, John N.; Oke, J. B. (1971)."Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources".Astrophysical Journal.163: 235.Bibcode:1971ApJ...163..235B.doi:10.1086/150762.
  185. ^abcLynds, R.; Wills, D. (1970)."The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34".Nature.226 (5245): 532.Bibcode:1970Natur.226..532L.doi:10.1038/226532a0.PMID 16057373.S2CID 28297458.
  186. ^"7C 105517.75+495540.95 – Quasar".SIMBAD.
  187. ^abBurbidge, Geoffrey (1968)."The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies".Astrophysical Journal.154: L41.Bibcode:1968ApJ...154L..41B.doi:10.1086/180265.
  188. ^"A Farther-Out Quasar".Time. April 7, 1967. Archived fromthe original on 2008-12-15.
  189. ^"Object query : QSO B0237-2321".SIMBAD.
  190. ^abcdBurbidge, Geoffrey (1967). "On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects".Astrophysical Journal.147: 851.Bibcode:1967ApJ...147..851B.doi:10.1086/149072.
  191. ^abTime Magazine,The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
  192. ^SIMBAD,Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 – Quasar
  193. ^SIMBAD,Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 – Quasar
  194. ^Time Magazine,Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May. 21, 1965
  195. ^Time Magazine,The Quasi-Quasars, Friday, Jun. 18, 1965
  196. ^The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmologyp. 379 by Malcolm S. Longair – 2006
  197. ^Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources".Astrophysical Journal.141: 1295.Bibcode:1965ApJ...141.1295S.doi:10.1086/148217.
  198. ^The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars, 1965
  199. ^Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1965). "Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147".Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse: 269.Bibcode:1965qssg.conf..269S.
  200. ^Schneider, Donald P.; Van Gorkom, J. H.; Schmidt, Maarten; Gunn, James E. (1992). "Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I – VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM".Astronomical Journal.103: 1451.Bibcode:1992AJ....103.1451S.doi:10.1086/116159.
  201. ^"Astronomy: Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second".Time Magazine. Vol. 83, no. 15. April 10, 1964.
  202. ^Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1964). "Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147".Astrophysical Journal.139: 781.Bibcode:1964ApJ...139..781S.doi:10.1086/147815.
  203. ^"The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars". Retrieved2010-10-22.
  204. ^McCarthy, Patrick J. (1993). "High Redshift Radio Galaxies".Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics.31:639–688.Bibcode:1993ARA&A..31..639M.doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231.
  205. ^abSandage, Allan (1961). "The Ability of the 200-INCH Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models".Astrophysical Journal.133: 355.Bibcode:1961ApJ...133..355S.doi:10.1086/147041.
  206. ^Hubble, E. P. (1953)."The law of red shifts (George Darwin Lecture)".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.113 (6):658–666.Bibcode:1953MNRAS.113..658H.doi:10.1093/mnras/113.6.658.
  207. ^Sandage, Allan."Observational Tests of World Models: 6.1. Local Tests for Linearity of the Redshift-Distance Relation".Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.1988 (26):561–630.
  208. ^Humason, M. L.; Mayall, N. U.; Sandage, A. R. (1956). "Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae".Astronomical Journal.61: 97.Bibcode:1956AJ.....61...97H.doi:10.1086/107297.
  209. ^abc"1053 May 8 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society".The Observatory.73: 97. 1953.Bibcode:1953Obs....73...97.
  210. ^Merrill, Paul W. (1958). "From Atoms to Galaxies".Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets.7 (349): 393.Bibcode:1958ASPL....7..393M.
  211. ^abHumason, M. L. (January 1936)."The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae".The Astrophysical Journal.83: 10.Bibcode:1936ApJ....83...10H.doi:10.1086/143696.
  212. ^"The First 50 Years At Palomar: 1949–1999; The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics';5.2.1. The Mount Wilson Years;Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1999. 37: 445–486
  213. ^abChant, C. A. (1 April 1932). "Notes and Queries (Doings at Mount Wilson-Ritchey's Photographic Telescope-Infra-red Photographic Plates)".Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.26: 180.Bibcode:1932JRASC..26..180C.
  214. ^Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "Apparent Velocity-Shifts in the Spectra of Faint Nebulae".The Astrophysical Journal.74: 35.Bibcode:1931ApJ....74...35H.doi:10.1086/143287.
  215. ^Hubble, Edwin; Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "The Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae".The Astrophysical Journal.74: 43.Bibcode:1931ApJ....74...43H.doi:10.1086/143323.
  216. ^abHumason, M. L. (1 January 1931). "The Large Apparent Velocities of Extra-Galactic Nebulae".Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.1 (37): 149.Bibcode:1931ASPL....1..149H.
  217. ^abHumason, M. L. (1930)."The Rayton short-focus spectrographic objective".Astrophysical Journal.71: 351.Bibcode:1930ApJ....71..351H.doi:10.1086/143255.
  218. ^abcdTrimble, Virginia (1996)."H_0: The Incredible Shrinking Constant, 1925–1975"(PDF).Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.108: 1073.Bibcode:1996PASP..108.1073T.doi:10.1086/133837.S2CID 122165424.
  219. ^"The Berkeley Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, June 20–21, 1929".Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.41 (242): 244. 1929.Bibcode:1929PASP...41..244..doi:10.1086/123945.
  220. ^abFrom theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Volume 15 : March 15, 1929 : Number 3;The Large Radial Velocity of N. G. C. 7619; January 17, 1929
  221. ^The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada / Journal de la Société Royale D'astronomie du Canada; Vol. 83, No. 6 December 1989 Whole No. 621;EDWIN HUBBLE 1889–1953
  222. ^abNational Academy of Sciences;Biographical Memoirs: V. 52 – Vesto Melvin Slipher;ISBN 0-309-03099-4
  223. ^Bailey, S. I. (1920). "Comet Skjellerup".Harvard College Observatory Bulletin.739: 1.Bibcode:1920BHarO.739....1B.
  224. ^New York Times,DREYER NEBULA NO. 584 Inconceivably Distant; Dr. Slipher Says the Celestial Speed Champion Is 'Many Millions of Light Years' Away.; January 19, 1921, Wednesday
  225. ^abNew York Times,Nebula Dreyer Breaks All Sky Speed Records; Portion of the Constellation of Cetus Is Rushing Along at Rate of 1,240 Miles a Second.; January 18, 1921, Tuesday
  226. ^Hawera & Normanby Star,"Items of Interest", 29 December 1910, Volume LX, page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  227. ^Evening Star (San Jose),"Colossal Arcturus",Pittsburgh Dispatch, 10 June 1910 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  228. ^Nelson Evening Mail,"British Bloodthirstiness", 2 November 1891, Volume XXV, Issue 230, Page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  229. ^"Handbook of astronomy",Dionysius Lardner & Edwin Dunkin, Lockwood & Co. (1875),p.121
  230. ^"The Three Heavens",Josiah Crampton, William Hunt and Company (1876),p.164
  231. ^(in German)Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, Volume 4,Alexander von Humboldt, J. G. Cotta (1858),p.195
  232. ^"Outlines of Astronomy",John F. W. Herschel, Longman & Brown (1849), ch. 'Parallax of Stars',p.551 (section 851)
  233. ^abcThe North American Review, "The Observatory at Pulkowa",FGW Struve, Volume 69 Issue 144 (July 1849)
  234. ^The Sidereal Messenger, "Of the Precession of the Equinoxes, Nutation of the Earth's Axis, And Aberration of Light", Vol.1, No. 12,April 1847: 'Derby, Bradley, & Co.' Cincinnati
  235. ^SEDS,"Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846)"Archived February 4, 2012, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  236. ^Harper's New Monthly Magazine,"Some Talks of an Astronomer",Simon Newcomb, Volume 0049 Issue 294 (November 1874), pp.827 (accessed 2009-Nov-11)
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