TheHubble Space Telescope Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021) Thislist of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories ) is grouped by majorfrequency ranges :gamma ray ,X-ray ,ultraviolet ,visible ,infrared ,microwave andradio . Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such ascosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detectgravitational waves , are also listed. Missions with specific targets within theSolar System (e.g., theSun and itsplanets ), are excluded; seeList of Solar System probes andList of heliophysics missions for these, andList of Earth observation satellites for missions targetingEarth .
Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes inEarth orbit , the minimum and maximumaltitude are given inkilometers . For telescopes insolar orbit , the minimum distance (periapsis ) and the maximum distance (apoapsis ) between the telescope and thecenter of mass of the Sun are given inastronomical units (AU).
Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energygamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done byhigh-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated bysupernovae ,neutron stars ,pulsars andblack holes .Gamma ray bursts , with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[ 1]
X-ray telescopes measure high-energyphotons calledX-rays . These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, fromgalaxy clusters , throughblack holes inactive galactic nuclei to galactic objects such assupernova remnants ,stars , andbinary stars containing awhite dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars ),neutron star orblack hole (X-ray binaries ). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being theMoon , although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observedX-ray background .
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s) Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A)NASA 12 Dec 1970 Mar 1973 Earth orbit (531–572 km) [ 35] [ 36] [ 37] Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)SRON 30 Aug 1974 Jun 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [ 38] [ 39] Ariel V SRC &NASA 15 Oct 1974 14 Mar 1980 Earth orbit (520 km) [ 40] [ 41] Aryabhata ISRO 19 Apr 1975 23 Apr 1975 Earth orbit (563–619 km) [ 42] Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C)NASA 7 May 1975 Apr 1979 Earth orbit (509–516 km) [ 43] [ 44] [ 45] Cos-B ESA 9 Aug 1975 25 Apr 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA)ISAS 4 Feb 1976 4 Feb 1976 Failed launch [ 46] [ 47] High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1)NASA 12 Aug 1977 9 Jan 1979 Earth orbit (445 km) [ 48] [ 49] [ 50] Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2 )NASA 13 Nov 1978 26 Apr 1981 Earth orbit (465–476 km) [ 51] [ 52] Hakucho (CORSA-b)ISAS 21 Feb 1979 16 Apr 1985 Earth orbit (421–433 km) [ 53] [ 54] [ 55] High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3)NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] Tenma (Astro-B)ISAS 20 Feb 1983 19 Jan 1989 Earth orbit (489–503 km) [ 56] [ 57] [ 58] Astron IKI 23 Mar 1983 Jun 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [ 59] [ 60] [ 61] EXOSAT ESA 26 May 1983 8 Apr 1986 Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) [ 62] [ 63] [ 64] Ginga (Astro-C)ISAS 5 Feb 1987 1 Nov 1991 Earth orbit (517–708 km) [ 65] [ 66] [ 67] Granat CNRS &IKI 1 Dec 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] ROSAT NASA &DLR 1 Jun 1990 12 Feb 1999 Re-entry 23 October 2011.[ 68] [ 69] [ 70] [ 71] Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1NASA 2 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [ 72] [ 73] Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D)ISAS &NASA 20 Feb 1993 2 Mar 2001 Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) [ 74] [ 75] Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis)LANL 25 Apr 1993 2005 Earth orbit (749–844 km) [ 76] [ 77] [ 78] Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)NASA 30 Dec 1995 3 Jan 2012 Earth orbit (409 km) [ 79] [ 80] [ 81] BeppoSAX ASI 30 Apr 1996 30 Apr 2002 Earth orbit (575–594 km) [ 82] [ 83] [ 84] A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS)DLR 28 Apr 1999 1 Jul 1999 Earth orbit (549–598 km) [ 85] [ 86] [ 87] Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA 23 Jul 1999 — Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) [ 88] [ 89] XMM-Newton ESA 10 Dec 1999 — Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) [ 90] [ 91] High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)NASA 9 Oct 2000 Mar 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [ 21] [ 22] [ 92] International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)ESA 17 Oct 2002 28 Feb 2025 Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [ 24] [ 25] Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory NASA 20 Nov 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [ 26] [ 27] Suzaku (Astro-E2)JAXA &NASA 10 Jul 2005 2 Sep 2015 Earth orbit (550 km) [ 93] [ 94] Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE)ISA 23 Apr 2007 18Jan 2024 Earth orbit (524–553 km) [ 28] [ 29] Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)NASA 13 Jun 2012 — Earth orbit (603.5 km) [ 95] [ 96] AstroSat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [ 97] [ 98] [ 99] Hitomi (Astro-H)JAXA 17 Feb 2016 28 Apr 2016 Earth orbit (575 km) [ 100] [ 101] [ 102] Mikhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University 28 Apr 2016 30 Jun 2018 Earth orbit (478–493 km) [ 103] [ 104] Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)NASA 7 Jun 2017 — International Space Station [ 105] Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)CNSA &CAS 14 Jun 2017 — Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) [ 106] Spektr-RG RSRI &MPE Jul 13, 2019 — Sun-Earth L2 [ 107] Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)NASA 9 Dec 2021 — Earth orbit (540 km) [ 108] [ 109] Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA)CAS 27 Jul 2022 — Low Earth orbit [ 110] [ 111] X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)JAXA &NASA 7 Sep 2023 — Earth orbit (550 km) [ 112] [ 113] X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)ISRO &RRI 1 Jan 2024 — Earth orbit (638–653 km) [ 114] [ 115] Einstein Probe CAS &ESA &MPE 9 Jan 2024 — Earth orbit (581–593 km) [ 116] Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)CNSA &CNES 22 Jun 2024 — Earth orbit (625–625 km) [ 33] [ 34]
Ultraviolet telescopes make observations atultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320nm . Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[ 117] Sun , otherstars andgalaxies .[ 118]
UV ranges listed atUltraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes .
The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700nm .[ 149] Astronomical seeing ), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look atplanets ,stars ,galaxies ,planetary nebulae andprotoplanetary disks , amongst many other things.[ 150]
Infrared and submillimetre [ edit ] Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: coolstars (includingbrown dwarves ),nebulae , andredshifted galaxies .[ 168]
Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from theCosmic Microwave Background . They also measuresynchrotron radiation ,free-free emission andspinning dust from theMilky Way Galaxy, as well as extragalacticcompact sources andgalaxy clusters through theSunyaev-Zel'dovich effect .[ 194]
As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful forVery Long Baseline Interferometry : doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations includesupernova remnants ,masers ,gravitational lenses , andstarburst galaxies .[citation needed
Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking forcosmic rays andelectrons . These can be emitted by theSun (Solar Energetic Particles ), theMilky Way galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays ) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays ). There are alsoUltra-high-energy cosmic rays fromactive galactic nuclei , those can be detected by ground-based detectors via theirparticle showers .
Gravitational waves [ edit ] A type of telescope that detectsgravitational waves ; ripples inspace-time generated by collidingneutron stars orblack holes .
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