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List of modern sovereign states by date of formation

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Below is a list ofsovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence) and date of their current form of government (their constitution), this later sorted by continent.

This list includes the195 states which are currently member states of theUnited Nations ornon-member observer states with theUnited Nations General Assembly. This does not includeextinct states, but does include severalstates with limited recognition.^{[note 1]}

Forproposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, seelist of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact thatEngland andFrance were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact thatEngland is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty toGreat Britain in 1707), whileFrance is a republic founded in 1870 (though the termFrance generally refers to the currentFrench Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

Around 60 countries gained independence from theUnited Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence fromFrance throughout its history.^[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.^[2]^[3]^[4] Many countries have gained independence from other Western European empires, including 23 fromSpain, 7 fromPortugal, 4 from theNetherlands, 3 fromBelgium, and 2 fromItaly.^[5]^[6]

An unambiguous measure is thedate of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirelymodern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that ofSan Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of theLeague of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition ofde facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by theUnited Nations after theSecond World War). SeeDisputed territories.

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Sortable list

[edit]

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list takes into account the existence of states (and their predecessor states) in an independent and continuous manner, ignoring historical periods in which states existed in the territories of the current states that were extinguished through conquest and annexation. Periods of colonial rule are also not counted. Foreign military occupations are included when the occupying nation does not have the objective of annexation or when a government in exile exists.

The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence fromdecolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from theUnited Kingdom andFrance between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of apolitical union (e.g., 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from theSoviet Union andYugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreignmilitary occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty fromNazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer tode facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, Poland-Lithuania, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a briefannexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.^[7]

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany orGDR), which was completely abolished after theGerman reunification in 1990. Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into theFederal Republic of Germany, not a GDRsuccessor state.

The list does not include states of theHoly Roman Empire or vassal or autonomous states of theOttoman Empire andRussian Empire, as it considers these autonomous subdivisions and not sovereign states.British dominions before the adoption of theStatute of Westminster of 1931 are also not included, as these are also considered autonomous dependent states (similar to present-dayPuerto Rico andGreenland) because although they had autonomy in internal affairs, they still depended on themetropole (in this case the United Kingdom) for foreign policy and defense.

The concept ofsovereign state should not be confused with that ofnation (for example there are evenstateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second andThird Bulgarian State)

Country	Continent	Acquisition of full sovereignty	Date of last subordination	Previous governing power	Historical Notes	Capital
Afghanistan	Asia	19 August 1919	30 August 2021	United States	2021–present:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto) 2004–2021:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government) 2002–2004:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 1996–2001:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2001-2021:American Occupation 1992–2002:Islamic State of Afghanistan^{[note 2]} 1987–1992:Republic of Afghanistan 1978–1987:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978:Republic of Afghanistan 1926–1973:Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919–1926:Emirate of Afghanistan(post-end of theprotectorate of theUnited Kingdom)	Kabul
Albania	Europe	28 Nov 1912	Nov 1944^[8]	Germany	1992–present: Republic of Albania 1946–92:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944–46:Democratic Government of Albania 1943–44:Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied byGermany 1939–43:Kingdom of Albania, a monarchy inpersonal union withItaly as the 1928–39:Albanian Kingdom 1925–1928:Albanian Republic 1914–1925:Principality of Albania(viaAlbanian Declaration of Independence) 1912–1914:Independent Albania	Tirana
Algeria	Africa	3 July 1962^[9]	3 July 1962^[10]	France	1962–present:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria(viaÉvian Accords)	Algiers
Andorra	Europe	7 Sep 1278^[11]^[12]	Nov 1944^[13]	France	1278–present: Principality of Andorra(viaParéage of Andorra; occupied byFrance 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)	Andorra la Vella
Angola	Africa	11 Nov 1975^[14]	11 Nov 1975	Portugal	1992–present: Republic of Angola 1975–1992:People's Republic of Angola(via theAlvor Agreement)	Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda	The Americas	1 Nov 1981^[15]	1 Nov 1981	United Kingdom	1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	St. John's
Argentina	The Americas	25 May 1810	9 July 1816^[16]	Spain	1861–present: Argentine Republic, afederation 1831–1861:Argentine Confederation^{[note 3]} 1816–1830:United Provinces of South America^{[note 4]} 1810-1816:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, monarchy inpersonal union withSpain	Buenos Aires
Armenia	Asia/Europe	23 Sep 1991	23 Sep 1991^[17]	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Armenia	Yerevan
Australia	Australia	9 Oct 1942^{[note 5]}	9 Oct 1942	United Kingdom	1942–present: Commonwealth of Australia, aFederation^[18] and a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Canberra
Austria	Europe	10 September 1919^{[note 6]}	27 July 1955	World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria): United Kingdom United States Soviet Union France	1955–present: Republic of Austria, afederation(viaAustrian State Treaty) 1945–55:Allied-occupied Austria 1938–45: Annexed byNazi Germany 1934–38:Federal State of Austria(client state of Italy) 1919–34:First Republic of Austria(viaTreaty of Saint Germain) 1918–19:Republic of German-Austria(viaProclamation of Charles I) (New State)	Vienna
Azerbaijan	Asia/Europe	30 Aug 1991	30 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan(independence fromSoviet Union declared 1991)	Baku
Bahamas	The Americas	10 July 1973^[19]	10 July 1973	United Kingdom	1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Nassau
Bahrain	Asia	16 Dec 1971	16 Dec 1971	United Kingdom	1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain	Manama
Bangladesh	Asia	16 Dec 1971	16 Dec 1971	Pakistan	1972–present:People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971–1972:Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh	Dhaka
Barbados	The Americas	30 Nov 1966	30 Nov 1966	United Kingdom	2021–present:Barbados, a republican state 1966-2021:Barbados, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Bridgetown
Belarus	Europe	25 Aug 1991^{[note 7]}	25 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Republic of Belarus	Minsk
Belgium	Europe	4 Oct 1830	1945	Germany	1830–present:Kingdom of Belgium, afederation	Brussels
Belize	The Americas	21 Sep 1981^[20]	21 Sep 1981	United Kingdom	1981–present:Belize, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Belmopan
Benin	Africa	1 Aug 1960	1 Aug 1960	France	1990–present: Republic of Benin 1975–1990:People's Republic of Benin 1960–1975:Republic of Dahomey	Porto-Novo
Bhutan	Asia	1616	1616	(none)	1616–present:Kingdom of Bhutan	Thimphu
Bolivia	The Americas	6 Aug 1825	6 Aug 1825	Spain	2009–present:Plurinational State of Bolivia 1839–2009:Republic of Bolivia 1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in thePeru–Bolivian Confederation 1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia	La Paz andSucre
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	3 Mar 1992	3 Mar 1992	Yugoslavia	1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina, aFederation 1992–1997:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo
Botswana	Africa	30 Sep 1966^[21]	30 Sep 1966	United Kingdom	1966–present :Republic of Botswana	Gaborone
Brazil	The Americas	7 Sep 1822^[22]	29 Aug 1825^{[note 8]}	United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves	1985–Present: Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic)(afederation) 1964–1985:Federative Republic of Brazil (Military Dictatorship) (Fifth Brazilian Republic)(afederation) 1946–1964:United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic)(afederation) 1930–1946:United States of Brazil (Vargas Era) (Second and Third Brazilian Republics)(afederation) 1889–1930:Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic)(afederation) 1822–1889:Empire of Brazil(aunitary state)	Brasília
Brunei	Asia	1 Jan 1984	1 Jan 1984	United Kingdom	1984–present:Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace	Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria	Europe	5 Oct 1908	5 Oct 1908	Ottoman Empire Soviet Union	1990–present: Republic of Bulgaria 1946–1990:People's Republic of Bulgaria 1908–1946:Tsardom of Bulgaria(reunified withEastern Rumelia where was a part of theOttoman Empire)	Sofia
Burkina Faso	Africa	5 Aug 1960^[23]	5 Aug 1960	France	1984–present:Burkina Faso 1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta	Ouagadougou
Burundi	Africa	1 July 1962	1 July 1962	Belgium	1966–present: Republic of Burundi 1962–1966:Kingdom of Burundi	Gitega
Cambodia	Asia	9 Nov 1953	9 Nov 1953^[24]	France	1993–present:Kingdom of Cambodia 1992–1993:United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 1989–1992:State of Cambodia 1979–1989:People's Republic of Kampuchea 1975–1979:Democratic Kampuchea 1970–1975:Khmer Republic 1953–1970:Kingdom of Cambodia	Phnom Penh
Cameroon	Africa	1 Jan 1960	1 Oct 1961	France United Kingdom	1972–present:Republic of Cameroon, unitary state 1961-1972: Federal Republic of Cameroon 1960-1961: Republic of Cameroon, unitary state Note: French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added BritishSouthern Cameroons in 1961.	Iaundé
Canada	The Americas	11 Dec 1931^{[note 9]}	11 Dec 1931	United Kingdom	1982–present:Canada, afederal state andmonarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom, asserts its full independence from the UK by patriating its constitution. 1931–1982: Canada, afederal state andmonarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom(Statute of Westminster in 1931.^[25])	Ottawa
Cape Verde	Africa	5 July 1975	5 July 1975^[26]	Portugal	1975–present:Republic of Cabo Verde	Praia
Central African Republic	Africa	13 Aug 1960	13 Aug 1960	France	1960–present: Central African Republic	Bangui
Chad	Africa	11 Aug 1960	11 Aug 1960	France	1960–present:Republic of Chad	N'Djamena
Chile	The Americas	12 Feb 1818^{[note 10]}	12 Feb 1818	Spain	1990–Present: Republic of Chile(Democracy Restored) 1973–1990:Chilean Military Dictatorship 1925–1973:Chilean Presidential Republic 1891–1925:Parliamentary Chile 1861–1891:Liberal Chile 1830–1861:Conservative Chile 1823–1830: Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic) 1818–1823: Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland)	Santiago
China	Asia	17 Feb 1616^{[note 11]}	2 Sep 1945	Japan (partial occupation)	1949–present:People's Republic of China 1937–1945:Japanese Invasion 1916–present:Republic of China (based inTaiwan since 1949) 1915–1916:Empire of China 1912–1915:Republic of China 1636–1912:Great Qing (informally calledChinese Empire)^{[note 12]} 1616-1636:Great Jin (New state) The PRC government in Beijing considers itself thesuccessor of theRepublic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from theQing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.	Beijing
Colombia	The Americas	7 Aug 1819	7 Aug 1819	Spain	1886–present:Republic of Colombia (unitary state) 1863–1886:United States of Colombia (federal state) 1858–1863:Granadine Confederation (confederal state) 1831–1858:Republic of New Granada (unitary state) 1819–1831:Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state)	Bogotá
Comoros	Africa	6 July 1975	6 July 1975	France	2001–present:Union of the Comores, aFederation 1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros	Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Africa	30 June 1960	30 June 1960	Belgium	1997–present:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1971–1997:Republic of Zaire 1964–1971:Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) 1960–1964:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)	Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the	Africa	15 Aug 1960	15 Aug 1960	France	1992–present:Republic of the Congo 1969–1992:People's Republic of the Congo 1960–1969:Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)	Brazzaville
Costa Rica	The Americas	14 Nov 1838^{[note 13]}	1838	Federal Republic of Central America	1948–present:Republic of Costa Rica(Second) 1848–1948:First Costa Rican Republic 1838–1847:Free State of Costa Rica	San José
Croatia	Europe	8 Oct 1991^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]	8 Oct 1991	Yugoslavia	1991–present: Republic of Croatia	Zagreb
Cuba	The Americas	20 May 1902	2 February 1909	United States	1959–present:Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state 1902–1959:Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state	Havana
Cyprus	Europe	16 Aug 1960	16 Aug 1960	United Kingdom	1960–present:Republic of Cyprus Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state:Greek Cyprus andTurkish Cyprus from 1983.	Nicosia
Czechia	Europe	1 Jan 1993	1 Jan 1993	Czechoslovakia	1993–present: Czech Republic	Prague
Denmark	Europe	714^[32]	5 May 1945	Germany	1864–present:Kingdom of Denmark(It consists of metropolitanDenmark (sometimes called "Denmark proper") and the realm's two autonomous (but not sovereign) regions: theFaroe Islands in the North Atlantic andGreenland in North America) 1814-1864:Danish Unitary State - Kingdom of Denmark inpersonal union with theDuchy of Schleswig,Duchy of Holstein andDuchy of Lauenburg 1537–1814:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Denmark, inreal union with theKingdom of Norway,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein 1523–1537:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Denmark, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Norway,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein 1397–1523: Kingdom of Denmark, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Sweden and theKingdom of Norway. This union was known as theKalmar Union 714-1397:Kingdom of Denmark	Copenhagen
Djibouti	Africa	27 June 1977	27 June 1977	France	1977–present:Republic of Djibouti	Djibouti
Dominica	The Americas	3 Nov 1978	3 Nov 1978	United Kingdom	1978–present:Commonwealth of Dominica	Roseau
Dominican Republic	The Americas	27 Feb 1844^{[note 14]}	27 Feb 1844	Haiti	1844–present:Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo
Ecuador	The Americas	13 May 1830	13 May 1830	Gran Colombia	1830–present:Republic of Ecuador	Quito
Egypt	Africa/Asia	28 Feb 1922^{[note 15]}	28 Feb 1922	United Kingdom	1971–present:Arab Republic of Egypt 1958–1971:United Arab Republic^{[note 16]} 1953–1958:Arab Republic of Egypt 1922–1953:Kingdom of Egypt	Cairo
El Salvador	The Americas	1 Feb 1841^{[note 17]}	1 Feb 1841	Federal Republic of Central America	1982–present:Republic of El Salvador 1979–1982:Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador 1922–1979:Republic of El Salvador 1921-1922: In union with other Central American states in theFederation of Central America (confederation) 1898-1921:Republic of El Salvador 1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in theGreater Republic of Central America (confederation) 1841-1898:Republic of El Salvador	San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	12 Oct 1968	12 Oct 1968	Spain	1968–present:Republic of Equatorial Guinea	Malabo
Eritrea	Africa	24 May 1993	24 May 1993	Ethiopia	1993–present:State of Eritrea	Asmara
Estonia	Europe	24 Feb 1918^[33]	20 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Estonia 1944-1991:Estonian government-in-exile 1940–1991:Estonian Diplomatic Service andEstonian government-in-exile(Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) 1918–1940:Republic of Estonia	Tallinn
Eswatini	Africa	6 Sep 1968	6 Sep 1968	United Kingdom	2018–present:Kingdom of Eswatini 1968–2018:Kingdom of Swaziland	Lobamba (royal and legislative) andMbabane (administrative)
Ethiopia	Africa	1137c.[note 18]	5 May 1941	Italy	1995–present:Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, afederation 1991–1995:Transitional Government of Ethiopia 1987–1991:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1974–1987:Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia 1941–1974:Ethiopian Empire ^[34]1936–1941: Occupied byItaly ^[34]1270–1936:Ethiopian Empire c.1137–1270:Zagwe Kingdom	Addis Ababa
Fiji	Australia	10 Oct 1970	10 Oct 1970	United Kingdom	1987–present: Republic of Fiji 1970–1987:Dominion of Fiji, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Suva
Finland	Europe	6 Dec 1917	4 Jan 1918	Russia	1919–present:Republic of Finland 1918–1919:Kingdom of Finland 1918:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1917:Republic of Finland	Helsinki
France	Europe	843	1944	Germany	1958—Present:French Republic(Fifth; consisted ofintegral regions (five being overseas regions) and severaloverseas collectivities) 1946–1958:French Fourth Republic 1944–1946:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1940–1944:Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of theallies during WWII. 1940–1944:Occupied by Germany in WWII makingVichy France, aNazi Puppet. 1870–1940:French Third Republic 1852–1870:Second French Empire 1848–1852:French Second Republic 1830–1848:July Monarchy 1814/5–1830:Bourbon Restoration 1804–1814/5:First French Empire 1792–1804:First French Republic 987–1792:Kingdom of France 843–987:Kingdom of West Francia (New State)(established by theTreaty of Verdun, after the dissolution of theCarolingian Empire)	Paris
Gabon	Africa	17 Aug 1960	17 Aug 1960	France	1960–present:Gabonese Republic	Libreville
Gambia	Africa	18 Feb 1965	18 Feb 1965	United Kingdom	1989–present:Republic of The Gambia 1982-1989: In union withSenegal in theSenegambia Confederation 1970–1982:Republic of The Gambia 1965–1970:Gambia, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Banjul
Georgia	Asia/Europe	9 Apr 1991	9 Apr 1991	Soviet Union	1991–Present:Republic of Georgia	Tbilisi
Germany	Europe	1 July 1867^{[note 19]}	15 Mar 1991	West Berlin World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Germany): United Kingdom United States Soviet Union France	1990–Present: Federal Republic of Germany(Become fully sovereign after reunification with theGerman Democratic Republic on 15 March 1991, after theTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect). 1949–1990:Federal Republic of Germany(West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany). 1945–1949: Germany occupied between theAllies (USA, UK, France and Soviet Union)(The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification ofBonn–Paris conventions in 1955). 1933–1945:Nazi Germany 1918–1933:Weimar Germany (afederation) 1878–1918:German Empire(PrussiaUnified in afederal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria). 1867–1878:North German Confederation, new sovereign state and federal union of 22 German-speaking states (previously sovereign states).	Berlin
Greece	Europe	25 Mar 1822	1945	Bulgaria Nazi Germany Italy	1974–Present: Third Hellenic Republic 1967–1974::Greek Dictatorship 1944–1973:Kingdom of Greece 1941–1944:Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of theallies during WWII. 1935–1941:Kingdom of Greece 1924–1935:Second Hellenic Republic 1832–1924:Kingdom of Greece 1822–1832: After theWar of Independence Greece declared independent as theFirst Hellenic Republic (New State)	Athens
Grenada	The Americas	7 Feb 1974	7 Feb 1974	United Kingdom	1974–present:Grenada, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	St. George's
Ghana	Africa	6 May 1957	6 May 1957	United Kingdom	1960–Present:Republic of Ghana 1957-1960:Dominion of Ghana, a monarchy inpersonal union with the United Kingdom	Accra
Guatemala	The Americas	17 Apr 1839	17 Apr 1839	Federal Republic of Central America	1922–present: Republic of Guatemala 1921–1922:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America 1839–1921: Republic of Guatemala	Guatemala City
Guinea	Africa	2 Oct 1958	2 Oct 1958	France	1958–present:Republic of Guinea	Conakry
Guinea-Bissau	Africa	24 Sep 1973	10 Sep 1974	Portugal	1973–present:Republic of Guinea-Bissau	Bissau
Guyana	The Americas	26 May 1966	26 May 1966	United Kingdom	1970–present:Co-operative Republic of Guyana 1966–1970:Guyana, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Georgetown
Haiti	The Americas	1 Jan 1804	1 Jan 1804	France	1859–present:Republic of Haiti 1849–1859:Second Empire of Haiti 1820–1849:Republic of Haiti 1811–1820:Kingdom of Haiti 1806–1811:State of Haiti 1804–1806:First Empire of Haiti	Port-au-Prince
Honduras	The Americas	26 October 1838^{[note 20]}	May 1924	United States	1922–present: Republic of Honduras 1921–1922: In union with other Central American states in theFederation of Central America (confederation) 1898–1921: Republic of Honduras(United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924).^[35] 1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in theGreater Republic of Central America (confederation) 1838 – 1896: Republic of Honduras	Tegucigalpa
Hungary	Europe	16 November 1918^{[note 21]}.	1918 23 Oct 1989	Austria-Hungary Soviet Union	1989–present:Third Hungarian Republic 1949–1989:Hungarian People's Republic 1946–1949:Second Hungarian Republic 1920–1946:Kingdom of Hungary 1919–1920:Hungarian Republic 1919:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1918–1919:First Hungarian Republic (New State)	Budapest
Iceland	Europe	1 Dec 1918	1 Dec 1918	Denmark United Kingdom Canada United States	1945–present:Republic of Iceland 1944–1945:Republic of Iceland(occupied by the United States)1918–1944:Kingdom of Iceland, with apersonal union withDenmark(Occupied by theUnited Kingdom andCanada in 1940 and 1941 and by theUnited States in 1941–1944)	Reykjavík
India	Asia	15 Aug 1947	15 Aug 1947	United Kingdom	1950–present:Republic of India, afederation 1947–1950:Union of India, afederation and monarchy in apersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	New Delhi
Indonesia	Asia/Australia	17 Aug 1945	27 Dec 1949	Netherlands	1956–present:Republic of Indonesia 1950-1956:Republic of Indonesia, a republic inreal union with theNetherlands in theNetherlands-Indonesia Union (confederation) 1949-1950:Republic of the United States of Indonesia, a republic inreal union with theNetherlands in theNetherlands-Indonesia Union (confederation) 1945–1949:Republic of Indonesia, in aNational Revolution againstNetherlands	Jakarta
Iran	Asia	1501^{[note 22]}	2 March 1946	United Kingdom/Soviet Union Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran	1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–1980: Under anInterim Government 1925–1979:Imperial State of Iran (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946)(In 1935 the Iranian emperorReza Shah Pahlavi officially requested that foreigners begin using the endonym "Iran" instead of Persia) 1796–1925:Guarded Domains of Persia (Qajar dynasty) 1736–1796:Guarded Domains of Persia (Afsharid dynasty) 1501–1736:Guarded Domains of Persia (Safavid dynasty)	Tehran
Iraq	Asia	3 Oct 1932^{[note 23]}	1 May 2003	United States United Kingdom Australia Poland	2003–present:Republic of Iraq, afederation 2003:American Invasion^[36] 1968–2003:Iraqi Republic 1958–1968:Iraqi Republic 1958:Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan 1932–1958:Kingdom of Iraq	Baghdad
Ireland	Europe	11 Dec 1931^{[note 24]}	11 Dec 1931	United Kingdom	1948–present:Ireland (additionally described as theRepublic of Ireland)(Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy). 1937–1948:Ireland(Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish:Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) 1931–1937:Irish Free State, monarchic state in apersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Dublin
Israel	Asia	14 May 1948	14 May 1948	United Kingdom	1948–present:State of Israel	Jerusalem
Italy	Europe	1720	2 May 1945	Allies of World War II: United Kingdom United States France Canada South Africa Poland Brazil Greece	1946–present:Italian Republic 1945–1946:Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945:Italian Social Republic, aNazi Puppet. 1861–1943:Kingdom of Italy(Kingdom of Sardinia expands its territory and annexes the existing states on the Italian peninsula; these states become legally extinct under international law.) 1720–1861:Kingdom of Sardinia	Rome
Ivory Coast	Africa	7 Aug 1960	7 Aug 1960	France	1960–presentRepublic of Côte d'Ivoire	Abidjan (former capital; still hosts some government offices) andYamoussoukro (de jure)
Jamaica	The Americas	6 Aug 1962	6 Aug 1962	United Kingdom	1962–present:Jamaica, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Kingston
Japan	Asia	539c.[note 25].	28 Apr 1952	World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Japan) United States (de facto)	1952–present: Japan(after theTreaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation). 1945–1952:Allied-occupation of Japan with theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom in the post-war period. 1868–1945:Empire of Japan 1603–1868:Tokugawa shogunate 1568–1603:Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama 1336–1568:Ashikaga shogunate 1333–1336:Kenmu Restoration 1185–1333:Kamakura shogunate 794–1185:Heian era 710–794:Nara era 538–710:Asuka era c. 300–578:Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD).	Tokyo
Jordan	Asia	25 May 1946	2 Aug 1958	United Kingdom	1958–present:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Feb–Aug 1958: In union withIraq in theArab Federation (confederation) 1946–1958:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	Amman
Kazakhstan	Asia/Europe	16 Dec 1991	16 Dec 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Kazakhstan	Astana
Kenya	Africa	12 Dec 1963	12 Dec 1963	United Kingdom	1964–present:Republic of Kenya 1963–1964:Kenya, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Nairóbi
Kiribati	Australia	12 July 1979	12 July 1979	United Kingdom	1979–present:Republic of Kiribati	South Tarawa
Kosovo	Europe	17 Feb 2008	17 Feb 2008	Serbia	2008–present:Republic of Kosovo	Pristina
North Korea	Asia	9 Sep 1948	9 Sep 1948	Soviet Union	1948–present:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (New State)	Pyongyang
South Korea	Asia	15 Aug 1948	15 Aug 1948	United States	1987–present:Republic of Korea(Sixth) 1981–1987:Fifth Republic of Korea 1972–1981:Fourth Republic of Korea 1963–1972:Third Republic of Korea 1961–1963:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction 1960–1961:Second Republic of Korea 1948–1960:First Republic of Korea (New State)	Seoul
Kuwait	Asia	19 June 1961	Feb 1991	Iraq	1991–present:State of Kuwait 1990–1991:Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq 1990:Republic of Kuwait 1961–1990:State of Kuwait	Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan	Asia	31 Aug 1991	31 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Kyrgyz Republic(the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993)	Bishkek
Laos	Asia	22 Oct 1953	22 Oct 1953	France	1975–present:Lao People's Democratic Republic 1953–1975:Kingdom of Laos	Vientiane
Latvia	Europe	18 Nov 1918^[37]	4 May 1990	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Latvia 1940–1991:Latvian diplomatic service in exile(Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)) 1918–1940:Republic of Latvia	Riga
Lebanon	Asia	22 Nov 1943	31 Dec 1946	France	1943–present:Lebanese Republic	Beirut
Lesotho	Africa	4 Oct 1966	4 Oct 1966	United Kingdom	1966–present:Kingdom of Lesotho	Maseru
Liberia	Africa	26 July 1847	26 July 1847	American Colonization Society	1847–present:Republic of Liberia(1980-1984:People's Redemption Council)	Monrovia
Libya	Africa	1 Mar 1949^[38]	24 Dec 1951	France United Kingdom	2011–present:State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya) 1977–2011:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya(before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country) 1969–1977:Libyan Arab Republic 1963–1969:Kingdom of Libya 1951–1963:United Kingdom of Libya 1949-1951:Cyrenaica Emirate	Tripoli
Liechtenstein	Europe	6 August 1806	6 August 1806	Holy Roman Empire	1806–present:Principality of Liechtenstein	Vaduz
Lithuania	Europe	16 Feb 1918	11 Mar 1990	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Lithuania 1940–1991:Lithuanian Diplomatic Service(Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) 1918–1940:Republic of Lithuania 1918:Kingdom of Lithuania	Vilnius
Luxembourg	Europe	15 Mar 1815	1945	Germany	1890–present:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty 1866–1890:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state inpersonal union withNetherlands 1815–1866:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent fromFrance in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in theGerman Confederation, but also inpersonal union withNetherlands	Luxembourg
Madagascar	Africa	26 June 1960	26 June 1960	France	2014–present:Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic) 2009–2014:High Transitional Authority 1992–2009:Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic) 1975–1992:Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1960–1975:Malagasy Republic	Antananarivo
Malawi	Africa	6 July 1964	6 July 1964	United Kingdom	1964–present:Republic of Malawi	Lilongwe
Malaysia	Asia	31 Aug 1957^[39]	31 Aug 1957	United Kingdom	1963–present:Malaysia, afederation 1957-1963:Federation of Malaya Note: TheFederation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories ofSabah,Sarawak andSingapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (afederal state).Singapore became independent in 1965.	Kuala Lumpur (de jure, legislative and royal) andPutrajaya (administrative and judicial)
Maldives	Asia	26 July 1965	26 July 1965	United Kingdom	1965–present:Republic of Maldives	Malé
Mali	Africa	20 Aug 1960	20 Aug 1960	France	1960–present:Republic of Mali	Bamako
Malta	Europe	21 Sep 1964	21 Sep 1964	United Kingdom	1974–present:Republic of Malta 1964–1974:State of Malta, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Valletta
Marshall Islands	Australia	21 Oct 1986	21 Oct 1986	United States	1986–present:Republic of the Marshall Islands	Majuro
Mauritania	Africa	28 Nov 1960	28 Nov 1960	France	1960–present:Islamic Republic of Mauritania	Nouakchott
Mauritius	Africa	12 Mar 1968	12 Mar 1968	United Kingdom	1992–present:Republic of Mauritius 1968–1992:Mauritius, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Port Louis
Mexico	The Americas	16 Sep 1810	1864	Spain	1867–Present: United Mexican States (afederation) 1864–1867:Second Mexican Empire (aunitary state) 1846–1863:Second Federal Republic of Mexico (afederation) 1835–1846:Centralist Republic of Mexico (afederation) 1823–1824:Provisional Government of Mexico 1821–1823:First Mexican Empire (unitary state)	Mexico City
Micronesia, Federated States of	Australia	3 Nov 1986	3 Nov 1986	United States	1986–present:Federated States of Micronesia, afederation	Palikir
Moldova	Europe	27 Aug 1991	27 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Moldova	Chișinău
Monaco	Europe	2 Feb 1861^{[note 26]}	1945	Germany	1911–present:Principality of Monaco	Monaco
Mongolia	Asia	13 Mar 1921^{[note 27]}	13 Mar 1921	Republic of China	1990-present: Mongolia 1945-1992:Mongolian People's Republic 1924-1945:Mongolian People's Republic 1921-1924:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro	Europe	4 February 2003^{[note 28]}	21 May 2006(independence referendum) June 3, 2006	Yugoslavia	2006–present:Montenegro 2003-2006: In union withSerbia in theState Union of Serbia and Montenegro (confederation)	Podgorica
Morocco	Africa	7 Apr 1956	7 Apr 1956	France Spain	1956–present:Kingdom of Morocco	Rabat
Mozambique	Africa	25 June 1975	25 June 1975	Portugal	1975–present:Republic of Mozambique	Maputo
Myanmar	Asia	4 Jan 1948	4 Jan 1948	United Kingdom	2008–present:Republic of the Union of Myanmar 1988-2008:Union of Myanmar 1962-1988:Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma 1948-1962:Union of Burma	Naypyidaw
Namibia	Africa	21 Mar 1990	21 Mar 1990	South Africa	1990–present:Republic of Namibia	Windhoek
Nauru	Australia	31 Jan 1968	31 Jan 1968	Australia New Zealand United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru	1968–present:Republic of Nauru	Yaren
Nepal	Asia	1559	1559	(none)^[40]	2008–present:Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 1768–2008:Kingdom of Nepal 1559–1768:Gorkha Kingdom	Kathmandu
Netherlands	Europe	20 Nov 1813^{[note 29]}	1945	Germany	1945–present:Kingdom of the Netherlands(reestablished in 1945.Aruba,Curaçao, theNetherlands, andSint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom) 1940–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany establishing asDutch government-in-exile, a member of theallies during WWII. 1839–1940:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1839:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1813–1815:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (New State)	Amsterdam
New Zealand	Australia	25 Nov 1947^{[note 30]}	25 Nov 1947	United Kingdom	1947–present:Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in apersonal union with the United Kingdom.^[41]^[42](New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (theRoss Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (theCook Islands andNiue))	Wellington
Nicaragua	The Americas	13 Nov 1838^{[note 31]}	2 Jan 1933	United States of America	1898–Present: Republic of Nicaragua 1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in theGreater Republic of Central America (confederation) 1838-1896: Republic of Nicaragua	Managua
Niger	Africa	7 Aug 1960	7 Aug 1960	France	1960–present:Republic of the Niger	Niamey
Nigeria	Africa	1 Oct 1960	1 Oct 1960	United Kingdom	1963–present:Federal Republic of Nigeria, a federation 1960-1963:Nigeria, a federation and monarchy in personal union with theUnited Kingdom	Abuja
North Macedonia	Europe	8 Sep 1991	8 Sep 1991	Yugoslavia	2019–present:Republic of North Macedonia 1991–2019:/Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)	Skopje
Norway	Europe	872	8 May 1945	Germany	1940–present:Kingdom of Norway 1940–1945:Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat). 1905–1940:Kingdom of Norway(Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in areferendum in 1905). 1814–1905:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Apersonal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden. 1537–1814:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, inreal union with theKingdom of Denmark,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein. 1523–1537:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Denmark,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein. 1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Sweden and theKingdom of Denmark. This union was known as theKalmar Union 872–1397:Kingdom of Norway(According to tradition,Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its currentLaw of Succession)	Oslo
Oman	Asia	1154^{[note 32]}	1976	Dhofar War: United Kingdom Pahlavi Iran	1970–presentOman 1856-1970:Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 1696-1856:Omani Empire 1154-1624:Imamate of Oman	Muscat
Pakistan	Asia	14 Aug 1947	14 Aug 1947	United Kingdom	1956–present:Islamic Republic of Pakistan, afederation 1947–1956:Pakistan, a federation and monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Islamabade
Palau	Australia	1 Oct 1994	1 Oct 1994	United States	1994–present:Republic of Palau	Ngerulmud
Palestine	Asia	15 Nov 1988 Sovereignty disputed byIsrael^{[note 33]}	15 Nov 1988	Israel	1988–present: State of Palestine	Ramallah
Panama	The Americas	3 Nov 1903	31 Jan 1990	United States	1990–present:Republic of Panama 1989–1990:American Invasion 1903–1989:Republic of Panama	Panama City
Papua New Guinea	Australia	16 Sep 1975	16 Sep 1975	Australia	1975–present:Independent State of Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
Paraguay	The Americas	14 May 1811 (de facto) Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence)	1876	Empire of Brazil Argentina Uruguay	1876–present:Republic of Paraguay Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, inTriple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.^[43]^{[note 34]} 1813–1870:Republic of Paraguay^{[note 35]} 1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but stillde jure part of theSpanish Empire)	Asunción
Peru	The Americas	28 July 1821	25 Aug 1839	North Peru South Peru Río de la Plata Conservative Chile	1839–Present: Republic of Peru 1836–1839: Divided inNorth Peru andSouth Peru, in union withBolivia in thePeru–Bolivian Confederation 1822–1836: Republic of Peru 1821-1822:Regime of Free Departments	Lima
Philippines	Asia	4 July 1946^{[note 36]}	4 July 1946^{[note 37]}	United States	1946–present:Republic of the Philippines	Manila
Poland	Europe	11 November 1918^{[note 38]}	1945	Germany Soviet Union	1989–present:Republic of Poland 1947–1989:Polish People's Republic 1945–1947:Provisional Government of National Unity 1939–1990:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile 1939–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany and theSoviet Union during WWII making thePolish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland wasproposed to make a Government. 1918–1939:Republic of Poland	Warsaw
Portugal	Europe	25 July 1139	30 Aug 1808^{[note 39]}	France	1975–present:Portuguese Republic(Third) 1974–1975:National Salvation Junta 1933–1974:Second Portuguese Republic (Estado Novo/New State) 1926–1933:Second Portuguese Republic (National Dictatorship) 1910–1926:First Portuguese Republic 1834–1910:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1825-1834:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1815-1825:United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves(Brazil declared its independence from Portugal in 1822, but Portugal only recognized it in 1825) 1777–1834:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era) 1640–1777:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1580–1640: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (and itscolonial empire) in apersonal union with the states of theHispanic Monarchy, this union was known as theIberian Union 1415–1580:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1139–1415:Kingdom of Portugal(Independent after theBattle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, whenindependence was recognized).	Lisbon
Qatar	Asia	3 Sep 1971	3 Sep 1971	United Kingdom	1971–present:State of Qatar	Doha
Romania	Europe	13 July 1878	13 July 1878	Soviet Union	1989–present:Romania 1965-1989:Socialist Republic of Romania 1947-1965:Romanian People's Republic 1881-1947:Kingdom of Romania 1878-1881:Principality of Romania	Bucharest
Russia	Asia/Europe	1480	26 Dec 1991 (de facto) 12 Dec 1993 (de jure)^{[note 40]}	Soviet Union	1993–present:Russian Federation (afederation) 1991–1993: Russian Federation (afederation)(with the1978 constitution. The United Nations recognizes Russia as the successor state of the USSR.) 1922–1991:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (afederation) 1918–1922:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (afederation) 19 January 1918:Russian Democratic Federative Republic (afederation) 1917–1918:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (afederation) 14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917:Russian Republic (afederation) 1721–1917:Russian Empire (aunitary state) 1547–1721:Tsardom of Russia 1480–1547:Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state	Moscow
Rwanda	Africa	1 July 1962	1 July 1962	Belgium	1962–present:Republic of Rwanda	Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis	The Americas	19 Sep 1983	19 Sep 1983	United Kingdom	1983–present:Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a federation and monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Basseterre
Saint Lucia	The Americas	22 Feb 1979	22 Feb 1979	United Kingdom	1979–present:Saint Lucia, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	The Americas	27 Oct 1979	27 Oct 1979	United Kingdom	1979–present:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Kingstown
Samoa	Australia	1 Jan 1962	1 Jan 1962	New Zealand	1962–present:Independent State of Samoa	Apia
San Marino	Europe	1291	21 Sep 1944	World War II Allies	1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies duringBattle of San Marino 1739: Brief occupation by thePapal States 1503: Brief occupation byRimini 1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire^{[citation needed]} 301: Traditionally said to have been founded bySaint Marinus^[44]	San Marino
São Tomé and Príncipe	Africa	12 July 1975	12 July 1975	Portugal	1975-1991:Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé
Saudi Arabia	Asia	23 Sep 1932	23 Sep 1932	Sultanate of Nejd Kingdom of Hejaz Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd(real union)	1932–present:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia^{[note 41]}	Riyadh
Senegal	Africa	20 Aug 1960	20 Aug 1960	France	1989–present:Republic of The Gambia 1982-1989: In union withThe Gambia in theSenegambia Confederation 1960-1982:Republic of Senegal	Dakar
Serbia	Europe	13 April 1992^{[note 42]}	3 June 2006	Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro	2006–present:Republic of Serbia 2003–2006:Republic of Serbia, in union withMontenegro in theState Union of Serbia and Montenegro (confederation and successor polity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) 1992–2003:Republic of Serbia, federated state of theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)	Belgrade
Seychelles	Africa	29 June 1976	29 June 1976	United Kingdom	1976–present:Republic of Seychelles	Victoria
Sierra Leone	Africa	27 Apr 1961	27 Apr 1961	United Kingdom	1971–present:Republic of Sierra Leone 1961-1971:Dominion of Sierra Leone, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Freetown
Singapore	Asia	9 Aug 1965	9 Aug 1965	Malaysia	1965–present:Republic of Singapore	Singapore
Slovakia	Europe	1 Jan 1993	1 Jan 1993	Czechoslovakia	1993–present:Slovak Republic	Bratislava
Slovenia	Europe	25 June 1991	25 June 1991	Yugoslavia	1991–present:Republic of Slovenia	Ljubljana
Solomon Islands	Australia	7 July 1978	7 July 1978	United Kingdom	1978–present:Solomon Islands, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Honiara
Somalia	Africa	1 July 1960	1 July 1960	United Kingdom Italy	2012–present:Federal Republic of Somalia, afederation 2004-2012:Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, transition fromunitary state tofederation 2000-2004:Transitional National Government of Somalia, aunitary state 1997-2000: Somali Republic 1991-1997:Interim Government of the Somali Republic, aunitary state 1969-1991:Somali Democratic Republic, aunitary state 1960-1969:Somali Republic, aunitary state	Mogadishu
South Africa	Africa	11 Dec 1931^{[note 43]}	11 Dec 1931	United Kingdom	1961–present:Republic of South Africa(Democratization in 1994) 1931–1961:Union of South Africa,monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Bloemfontein (judicial),Cape Town (legislative) andPretoria (executive)
South Sudan	Africa	9 July 2011	9 July 2011	Sudan	2011–present:Republic of South Sudan, afederation	Juba
Spain	Europe	1479^{[note 44]}^[45]	1813	France	1982–present: Kingdom of Spain(with democracy) 1975–1982:Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice; transition to democracy) 1939–1977:Spanish Republic (government in exile) 1947:Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom 1936–1975:Francoist Spain 1931–1939:Second Spanish Republic 1874–1931:Kingdom of Spain(restored again) 1873–1874:First Spanish Republic 1810–1873:Kingdom of Spain(restored) 1803–1810:Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation.^{[note 45]} 1716–1810:Kingdom of Spain 1640–1716:Hispanic Monarchy 1580–1640:Iberian Union(The states of theHispanic Monarchy inpersonal union with theKingdom of Portugal) 1516–1580:Hispanic Monarchy(after theReconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile andAragon) and among other territories such asNavarre were merged byCharles I of Spain). 1479–1516: Dynastic unification of Spain, internally divided inCrown of Castile and theCrown of Aragon	Madri
Sri Lanka	Asia	4 Feb 1948	4 Feb 1948	United Kingdom	1972–present:Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1948–1972:Dominion of Ceylon, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Colombo (executive, judicial) andSri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official)
Sudan	Africa	1 Jan 1956^{[note 46]}	1 Jan 1956	United Kingdom Egypt	2019–present:Republic of the Sudan, afederation 1985-2019:Republic of Sudan, afederation 1969-1985:Democratic Republic of Sudan, afederation 1956-1969:Republic of Sudan, afederation	Khartoum
Suriname	The Americas	25 Nov 1975	25 Nov 1975	Kingdom of the Netherlands	1975–present:Republic of Suriname	Paramaribo
Sweden	Europe	970c.	970	(none)	1905–present:Kingdom of Sweden 1814-1905:United Kingdom of Sweden and Norway. Apersonal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden. 1523-1814:Kingdom of Sweden 1397-1523: Kingdom of Sweden, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Norway and theKingdom of Denmark. This union was known as theKalmar Union 970-1397:Kingdom of Sweden Note: In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the samehead of state.	Stockholm
Switzerland	Europe	24 Oct 1648	1814	France	1848–present:Swiss Confederation(second) 1814–1848:Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with theCongress of Vienna of 1815. 1803–1814:Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet state 1798–1803:Helvetic Republic, a French occupation 1648–1798::Swiss Confederation(Independence fully recognized by thePeace of Westphalia	Bern
Syria	Asia	28 Sep 1961^{[note 47]}	28 Sep 1961	United Arab Republic	2024–present:Syrian Arab Republic (post-Fall of Assad regime) 1963-2024:Syrian Arab Republic, under the Assad regime 1961–1963:Syrian Arab Republic	Damascus
Tajikistan	Asia	9 Sep 1991	9 Sep 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Tajikistan	Dushanbe
Tanzania	Africa	26 April 1964	26 April 1964	Tanganyika Zanzibar	1964–present:United Republic of Tanzania 1964:United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (New State)^{[note 48]}	Dodoma
Thailand	Asia	4 Mar 1351	1945	Japan	1939–present:Kingdom of Thailand(The country changed its name from Siam to Thailand) 1932-1939:Kingdom of Siam 1885-1932:Kingdom of Siam 1782-1885:Rattanakosin Kingdom 1767-1782:Thonburi Kingdom 1351–1767:Ayutthaya Kingdom	Bangkok
Timor-Leste	Asia	20 May 2002	20 May 2002	Indonesia United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor	2002–present: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste	Dili
Togo	Africa	27 Apr 1960	27 Apr 1960	France	1960–present:Togolese Republic	Lomé
Tonga	Australia	4 June 1970	4 June 1970	United Kingdom	1970–present:Kingdom of Tonga	Nukuʻalofa
Trinidad and Tobago	The Americas	31 Aug 1962	31 Aug 1962	United Kingdom	1976–present:Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 1962-1976:Trinidad and Tobago, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Port of Spain
Tunisia	Africa	20 Mar 1956^{[note 49]}	20 Mar 1956	France	1957–present:Republic of Tunisia 1956-1957:Kingdom of Tunisia	Tunis
Turkey	Asia/Europe	1299^{[note 50]}	1923	Greece Italy United Kingdom France Armenia	1923–present: Republic of Turkey 1920–1923:Ottoman Empire, occupied byGreece,Italy,France,United Kingdom andArmenia (Treaty of Sèvres)^{[note 51]} 1299–1920:Ottoman Empire	Ankara
Turkmenistan	Asia	27 Oct 1991	27 Oct 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Turkmenistan	Ashgabat
Tuvalu	Australia	1 Oct 1978	1 Oct 1978	United Kingdom	1978–present:Tuvalu, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Funafuti
Uganda	Africa	9 Oct 1962	9 Oct 1962	United Kingdom	1963–present: Republic of Uganda 1962–1963:Uganda, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom	Kampala
Ukraine	Europe	24 August 1991^{[note 52]}	24 Aug 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present: Ukraine	Kyiv
United Arab Emirates	Asia	2 Dec 1971	2 Dec 1971	United Kingdom	1971–present:United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom	Europe	1 Jan 1801^{[note 53]}	1 Jan 1801	Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland	1922–present:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801–1922:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (New State)	London
United States	The Americas	4 July 1776	19 Oct 1781	Great Britain	1776–present:United States of America, afederation	Washington, D.C.
Uruguay	The Americas	27 Aug 1828	27 Aug 1828	Empire of Brazil	1830–present:Oriental Republic of Uruguay 1828–1830: Oriental State of Uruguay	Montevideo
Uzbekistan	Asia	1 Sep 1991	1 Sep 1991	Soviet Union	1991–present:Republic of Uzbekistan(independence fromSoviet Union declared 1991;constitution adopted 1992)	Tashkent
Vanuatu	Australia	30 July 1980	30 July 1980	United Kingdom France	1980–present:Republic of Vanuatu	Port Vila
Vatican City	Europe	11 Feb 1929^{[note 54]}	11 Feb 1929	Italy	1929–present:Vatican City State	Vatican City
Venezuela	The Americas	13 Jan 1830	13 Jan 1830	Gran Colombia	1999–PresentBolivarian Republic of Venezuela(afederal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea) 1953–1999:Republic of Venezuela(afederal state) 1864–1953:United States of Venezuela(afederal state) 1830–1864:State of Venezuela(aunitary state)	Caracas
Vietnam	Asia	2 July 1976	2 July 1976	North Vietnam South Vietnam	1976–present:Socialist Republic of Vietnam (New State)^{[note 55]}	Hanoi
Yemen	Asia	22 May 1990	22 May 1990	North Yemen South Yemen	1990–present:Republic of Yemen (New State)^{[note 56]}	Aden (de facto, temporary) andSanaa (de jure)
Zambia	Africa	24 Oct 1964	24 Oct 1964	United Kingdom	1964–present:Republic of Zambia	Lusaka
Zimbabwe	Africa	11 Nov 1965	18 Apr 1980	United Kingdom	1980–present:Republic of Zimbabwe 1979-1980:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1970-1979:Republic of Rhodesia 1965-1970:Rhodesia, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom	Harare

List of countries by current form of government

[edit]

Africa

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Algeria	8 December 1996	Constitution of Algeria
Angola	21 January 2010	Constitution of Angola
Benin	2 December 1990	Constitution of Benin
Botswana	30 September 1966	Constitution of Botswana
Burkina Faso	11 June 1991	Constitution of Burkina Faso
Burundi	9 March 1992	Constitution of Burundi
Cape Verde	1992	Constitution of Cape Verde
Cameroon	18 January 1996	Constitution of Cameroon
Central African Republic	27 March 2016	Constitution of the Central African Republic
Chad	31 March 1996	Constitution of Chad
Comoros	23 December 2001	Constitution of the Comoros
Democratic Republic of Congo	18 February 2006	Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of Congo	2001	Constitution of the Republic of the Congo
Djibouti	15 September 1992	Constitution of Djibouti
Egypt	18 January 2014	Constitution of Egypt
Equatorial Guinea	17 November 1991	Constitution of Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea	23 May 1997	Constitution of Eritrea
Eswatini	2005	Constitution of Eswatini
Ethiopia	21 August 1995	1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
Gabon	2001	Constitution of Gabon
Gambia	16 January 1997	Constitution of The Gambia
Ghana	28 April 1992	Constitution of Ghana
Guinea	7 May 2010	Constitution of Guinea
Guinea-Bissau	6 May 1984	Constitution of Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast	8 November 2016	Constitution of Ivory Coast
Kenya	27 August 2010	Constitution of Kenya
Lesotho	1993	Constitution of Lesotho
Liberia	6 January 1986	Constitution of Liberia
Libya	3 August 2011	Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration Note: In 2014 theHouse of Representatives takes power.^{[note 57]}
Madagascar	14 November 2010	Constitution of Madagascar
Malawi	16 May 1994	Constitution of Malawi
Mali	12 January 1992	Constitution of Mali
Mauritania	12 July 1991	Constitution of Mauritania
Mauritius	12 March 1968	Constitution of Mauritius
Morocco	14 December 1962	Constitution of Morocco
Mozambique	21 December 2004	Constitution of Mozambique
Namibia	9 February 1990	Constitution of Namibia
Niger	25 November 2010	Constitution of Niger
Nigeria	29 May 1999	Constitution of Nigeria
Rwanda	26 May 2003	Constitution of Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe	5 November 1975	Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal	1 January 2001	Constitution of Senegal
Seychelles	1993	Constitution of Seychelles
Sierra Leone	1996	Constitution of Sierra Leone
Somalia	1 August 2012	Constitution of Somalia^{[note 58]}
South Africa	4 February 1997	Constitution of South Africa
South Sudan	9 July 2011	Constitution of South Sudan
Sudan	4 August 2019	Constitution of Sudan
Tanzania	25 April 1977	Constitution of Tanzania^{[note 59]}
Togo	6 May 2024	Constitution of Togo
Tunisia	25 July 2022	Constitution of Tunisia
Uganda	8 October 1995	Constitution of Uganda
Zambia	2016	Constitution of Zambia
Zimbabwe	9 May 2013	Constitution of Zimbabwe

Americas

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Antigua and Barbuda	31 October 1981	Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina	1 May 1853	Constitution of Argentina
Bahamas	1973	Law of the Bahamas
Barbados	30 November 1966	Constitution of Barbados
Belize	21 September 1981	Constitution of Belize
Bolivia	25 January 2009	Constitution of Bolivia
Brazil	5 October 1988	Constitution of Brazil
Canada	1867-1982	Constitution of Canada (uncodified constitution)
Chile	11 September 1980	Constitution of Chile
Colombia	4 July 1991	Constitution of Colombia
Costa Rica	7 November 1949	Constitution of Costa Rica
Cuba	10 April 1949	Cuban Revolution
Dominica	3 November 1978	Constitution of Dominica
Dominican Republic	26 January 2010	Constitution of the Dominican Republic^{[note 60]}
Ecuador	28 September 2008	Constitution of Ecuador
El Salvador	16 December 1983	Constitution of El Salvador
Grenada	7 February 1974	Constitution of Grenada^[47]
Guatemala	31 May 1985	Constitution of Guatemala
Guyana	6 October 1980	Constitution of Guyana
Haiti	20 June 2012	Constitution of 1987 (superseded)
Honduras	11 January 1982	Constitution of Honduras
Jamaica	1 January 1962	Constitution of Jamaica
Mexico	7 February 1917	Constitution of Mexico
Nicaragua	9 January 1987	Constitution of Nicaragua
Panama	11 October 1972	Constitution of Panama
Paraguay	20 June 1992	Constitution of Paraguay
Peru	31 December 1993	Constitution of Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis	23 June 1983	Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia	22 February 1979	Constitution of Saint Lucia^[48]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	27 October 1979	Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines^[49]
Suriname	30 September 1987	Constitution of Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago	1976	Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago^[50]
United States	4 March 1789	United States Constitution
Uruguay	18 July 1830	Constitution of Uruguay
Venezuela	20 December 1999	Constitution of Venezuela

Asia

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Afghanistan	15 August 2021	No Constitution Fall of Kabul reestablished theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Armenia	5 July 1995	Constitution of Armenia^{[note 61]}
Bahrain	14 February 2002	Constitution of Bahrain
Bangladesh	4 November 1972	Constitution of Bangladesh
Bhutan	18 July 2008	Constitution of Bhutan
Brunei	29 September 1959	Constitution of Brunei
Cambodia	21 September 1993	Constitution of Cambodia
People's Republic of China	4 December 1982	Constitution of China
India	26 November 1949	Constitution of India
Iran	3 December 1979	Constitution of Iran
Iraq	15 October 2005	Constitution of Iraq
Israel	1958	Basic Laws of Israel (uncodified constitution)^{[note 62]}
Japan	3 May 1947	Constitution of Japan
Jordan	11 January 1952	Constitution of Jordan
North Korea	25 December 1972	Constitution of North Korea
South Korea	17 July 1948	Constitution of South Korea
Kuwait	11 November 1962	Constitution of Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan	11 April 2021	Constitution of Kyrgyzstan
Laos	14 August 1991	Constitution of Laos
Lebanon	23 May 1926	Constitution of Lebanon
Malaysia	27 August 1957	Constitution of Malaysia
Maldives	7 August 2008	Constitution of the Maldives
Mongolia	13 January 1992	Constitution of Mongolia
Myanmar	29 May 2008	Constitution of Myanmar
Nepal	20 September 2015	Constitution of Nepal
Oman	6 November 1996	Basic Statute of Oman
Pakistan	14 August 1973	Constitution of Pakistan
Palestine^{[Asia 1]}	28 May 1964	Palestinian National Covenant
Philippines^{[Asia 2]}	2 February 1987	Constitution of the Philippines
Qatar	9 April 2004	Constitution of Qatar
Saudi Arabia	1 March 1992	Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
Singapore	9 August 1965	Constitution of Singapore
Sri Lanka	7 September 1978	Constitution of Sri Lanka
Syria	13 March 2025	Interim Constitution of Syria
Tajikistan	6 November 1994	Constitution of Tajikistan
Thailand	6 April 2017	Constitution of Thailand
Timor-Leste	20 May 2002	Constitution of East Timor
Turkmenistan	18 May 1992	Constitution of Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates	2 December 1971	Constitution of the United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan	8 December 1992	Constitution of Uzbekistan
Vietnam	1 January 2014	Constitution of Vietnam
Yemen	16 May 1990	Constitution of Yemen

Table notes

^Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, seeHistory of the State of Palestine.
^Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, seeTimeline of Philippine Sovereignty andSovereignty of the Philippines.

Europe

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Albania	28 November 1998	Constitution of Albania
Andorra	2 February 1993	Constitution of Andorra
Austria	1 October 1920	Constitution of Austria
Belarus	15 March 1994	Constitution of Belarus
Belgium	7 February 1831	Constitution of Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina	14 December 1995^{[note 63]}	Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria	12 July 1991	Constitution of Bulgaria
Croatia	22 December 1990^{[note 63]}	Constitution of Croatia
Czechia	16 December 1992	Constitution of Czechia
Denmark	25 May 1849	Constitution of Denmark
Estonia	28 June 1992	Constitution of Estonia
Finland	1 March 2000	Constitution of Finland
France	4 October 1958	Constitution of France
Germany	23 May 1949	Basic Law of Germany
Greece	11 June 1975	Constitution of Greece
Hungary	18 April 2011	Constitution of Hungary
Iceland	17 June 1944	Constitution of Iceland
Ireland	29 December 1937	Constitution of Ireland
Italy	22 December 1947	Constitution of Italy
Kosovo	15 June 2008	Constitution of Kosovo
Latvia	7 November 1922	Constitution of Latvia^{[Europe 1]}
Liechtenstein	5 October 1921	Constitution of Liechtenstein
Lithuania	25 October 1992	Constitution of Lithuania^{[note 64]}
Luxembourg	17 October 1868	Constitution of Luxembourg
Malta	21 September 1964	Constitution of Malta
Moldova	29 August 1994	Constitution of Moldova
Monaco	17 December 1962	Constitution of Monaco
Montenegro	19 October 2007	Constitution of Montenegro
Netherlands	24 August 1815	Constitution of the Netherlands
North Macedonia (until 2019 Republic of Macedonia)	17 November 1991	Constitution of North Macedonia
Norway	17 May 1814	Constitution of Norway
Poland	2 April 1997	Constitution of Poland
Portugal	25 April 1976	Constitution of Portugal
Romania	21 November 1991	Constitution of Romania
San Marino	1600	Constitution of San Marino
Serbia	8 November 2008	Constitution of Serbia^{[note 63]}
Slovakia	1 October 1992	Constitution of Slovakia^{[note 65]}
Slovenia	23 December 1991	Constitution of Slovenia
Spain	6 December 1978	Constitution of Spain
Sweden	1 January 1974	Instrument of Government
Switzerland	18 July 1999	Swiss Federal Constitution
Ukraine	28 June 1996	Constitution of Ukraine
United Kingdom	1 January 1801	Acts of Union 1800
Vatican City	26 November 2000	Fundamental Law of Vatican City State

Table notes

^The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they wereillegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist throughgovernments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after thedissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, notsuccessor states of the USSR. For more information, seeState continuity of the Baltic states.

Oceania

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Australia	1 January 1901	Constitution of Australia
Fiji	6 September 2013	Constitution of Fiji
Kiribati	1979	Constitution of Kiribati
Marshall Islands	1 May 1979	Constitution of the Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia	10 May 1979	Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru	31 January 1968	Constitution of Nauru
New Zealand	6 February 1840 1979-2016	Treaty of Waitangi where theBritish Crown established a right to govern from indigenousMāori tribes^[51] Constitution of New Zealand
Palau	1 January 1981	Constitution of Palau
Papua New Guinea	16 September 1975	Constitution of Papua New Guinea
Samoa	28 October 1960	Constitution of Samoa
Solomon Islands	31 May 1978	Constitution of Solomon Islands
Tonga	4 November 1875	Constitution of Tonga
Tuvalu	1986	Constitution of Tuvalu
Vanuatu	30 July 1980	Constitution of Vanuatu

Transcontinental states

[edit]

Country	Date of current form of government	Birth of current form of government
Azerbaijan	12 November 1995	Constitution of Azerbaijan
Cyprus	16 August 1960	Constitution of Cyprus^[52]^[53]^[54]
Egypt	18 January 2014	Constitution of Egypt
Georgia	24 August 1995	Constitution of Georgia (country)
Indonesia	18 August 1945	Constitution of Indonesia
Kazakhstan	30 August 1995	Constitution of Kazakhstan
Panama	11 October 1972	Constitution of Panama
Russia	12 December 1993	Constitution of Russia.
Turkey	7 November 1982	Constitution of Turkey.

Notes

[edit]

^Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 11 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of Jan 2024), Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
^controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan
^Despite bearing the name "confederation", the Argentine Confederation was viewed internationally by its contemporaries as a single sovereign state, with a central government in charge of foreign relations.
^On 9 July 1816, theCongress of Tucumán issued the formalDeclaration of Independence
^Full sovereignty. Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
^Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of theMargraviate of Austria (later theDuchy of Austria and then theArchduchy of Austria) in 970 AD, this being a state of theHoly Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century, whenAustrian Empire emerged as a full sovereign state, later, this state (then known asCisleithania) would become one of the constituent states of theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). TheRepublic of German-Austria denied any successorship to theEmpire of Austria. Thus, in modern international law, Austria emerged as a new state in 1918. Later, the country was annexed by Germany in 1938, which in theory would cause it to lose its sovereignty and extinguish its international legal personality. Austria separated from Germany at the end of World War II in 1945. However theMoscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void, so the current Austrian state is considered to be the same state in continuity with the one that emerged in 1918.
^The medievalPrincipality of Polotsk became anextinct state after its dissolution in 1307. The first state to use the name Belarus existed from March to December 1918. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
^Treaty of Rio de Janeiro)
^Full sovereignty. Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
^TheKingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became anextinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
^People's Republic of China consider itself the successor state of theRepublic of China, the latter considers itself the successor state of theGreat Qing. The latter emerged fromGreat Jin. History of Chinese dynasties (with the rules of modern international law on state succession): The mythologicalXia (if it existed) became an extinct state when it was conquered byShang. Shang also became an extinct state when it was annexed byZhou. In turn, Zhou became extinct as a state when it was annexed byQin. Despite the change of dynasties, Qin andHan are considered the same state. Han became an extinct state when it collapsed intoThree Kingdoms, with the three states emerging as new states (a situation similar to what occurred with Austria-Hungary and Yugoslavia in the 20th century).Cao Wei,Jin,Liu Song,Southern Qi,Liang, andChen are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when conquered bySui.Northern Wei,Western Wei,Northern Zhou, Sui,Tang,Later Liang,Later Tang,Later Jin,Later Han, andLater Zhou,Song are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when it was annexed by theGreat Yuan.Great Ming emerged as a new state when separated from Great Yuan but became extinct when conquered byGreat Qing. Despite the regime change to a republic and later to a socialist republic, the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are considered to be the same state as the former Qing dynasty.
^Qing conquered and annexed Great Ming in 1644, making Great Ming an extinct state.
^Costa Rica celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. Costa Rica did not participate of the attempts to recreate Central America as a unified country.
^TheRepublic of Spanish Haiti became anextinct state after its reconquest by Haiti. Modern state of Dominican Republic dates from 1844
^Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty ofAncient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
^A federal state that emerged from the union of Egypt and Syria; however, Syria left the union in 1961. The only remaining federated state, Egypt, is considered the successor state. This is because the United Arab Republic was a member of the United Nations from February 21, 1958, until September 2, 1971 (ten years after Syria left the union and became a sovereign state again), when its changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
^El Salvador celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. TheFederation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations. The seat of power in the last attempt was located in Honduras.
^Approximate date of the establishment of the Zagwe dynasty.Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of theKingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of theEthiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancientKingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
^Germans dates their national identity to the establishment ofEast Francia and to theHoly Roman Empire. However, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1806, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Throughout the 19th century, confederations were formed between these sovereign states until they all united into a federation in 1867. This federal state that emerged from the merger of these smaller states is considered a new state (a process similar to what happened with the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century and with Yemen, Vietnam, and Tanzania throughout the 20th century). The German Democratic Republic (East Germany orGDR), was completely abolished after theGerman reunification in 1990 and became an extinct state (in fact, it was the most recent case in history). Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into theFederal Republic of Germany, not a GDRsuccessor state.
^Honduras celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. TheFederation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations.
^Hungarians date their national identity back to the establishment of theKingdom of Hungary in theMiddle Ages, later, this state would become one of the constituent states of theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Thus, in modern international law, modern Hungary emerged as a new state in 1918, alongside Austria and the now-extinct states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (both extinct in the 1990s)
^Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to theMedian Empire and theAchaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
^Iraq is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to theSumerian Civilization and other ancientMesopotamian civilizations. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iraqi state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1932
^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931. Internationally recognized independence, by nations that aren't members of theCommonwealth of Nations
^Beginning of the reign of thefirst Japanese emperor proven to have existed historically
^The firstFranco-Monégasque Treaty
^Mongolia celebrates its independence day on December 29th, as on this day in 1911, the country declared its independence from China. However, in 1915, Mongolia again lost its sovereignty, becoming an autonomous state within the Republic of China. In 1921, in the context of theMongolian Revolution of 1921, the country regained its independence; however, China questioned this sovereignty until 1945.
^Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding ofPrince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
^The Dutch trace their national identity back to the establishment of the Republic of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1581 (recognized as an independent nation from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648). However, the last successor state to this country, the Kingdom of Holland, became an extinct state due to annexation by Napoleon Bonaparte's First French Empire. Thus, under modern international law, the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is a new state.
^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
^Nicaragua celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The last failed attempt to unify these countries occurred in 1921-1922. However, Nicaragua did not join the other countries in this attempt; the last time it joined a federation was between 1896 and 1898, in theGreater Republic of Central America.
^Independence fromSeljuk Empire
^On 15 November 1988, thePalestine Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of theState of Palestine and attained its autonomy as thePalestinian National Authority in 1994 in theWest Bank andGaza Strip, the territories that areoccupied by Israel since 1967.Parts ofWest Bank arecontrolled by Israel, except for theArea A of thePalestinian National Authority. TheGaza Strip has beenoccupied by Hamas since the2007 war afterIsraeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005.TheWest Bank wasoccupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and theGaza Strip wasoccupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967.
^Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country
^Paraguay refused to join theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata and theArgentine Confederation [futureArgentina ], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
^TheFirst Philippine Republic was anunrecognized state and became anextinct state after being terminated by theUnited States. TheSecond Philippine Republic was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire became an extinct state after the American reconquest of the archipelago. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
^Independence recognized via theTreaty of Manila (1946).
^As a new state, not as a nation
^Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon
^Russia dates its national identity back to theKievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of theGolden Horde. A new Russian sovereign state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of theSoviet Union. With thedissolution of the Soviet Union, thenation again had a sovereignstate, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by presidentBoris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-generalJavier Pérez de Cuéllar.
^Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of theEmirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did theEmirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from theEmirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made areal union withHejaz. In 1932, Hejaz and Nejd were merged, creating a new state, according to the International Law
^As a new state, not as a nation. The current Serbian state emerged in 1992, after the dissolution ofYugoslavia. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but it was a new state. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest by other states or by joining other states (of their own volition) in a federation. It is important not to confuse the concept ofstate with that of thenation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was aStateless nation
^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
^Spain is a unitary state that emerged from thepolitical union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. In International Law, Spain emerged as a new state in 1479, with the dynastic union betweenCastille andAragon. The two kingdoms began to act externally as a single political entity because they shared the same sovereign and, above all, the same foreign policy. The outside world (non-Spanish foreign leaders) saw a single diplomatic actor: "theHispanic Monarchy" or "Spain." Internally, however, Castile and Aragon remained separate until 1716, with their own institutions, laws, and administrations. International Law is not interested in internal administrative configurations, but in the presence of a single sovereign subject in external relations. WhenPhilip V of Spain legally unified the kingdoms between 1707 and 1716 in theNueva Planta decrees, abolishingfueros and local courts, there was no change to the international system: the sovereign was the same, the territory was the same, the treaties remained valid, and the powers recognized absolute continuity. Thus, for International Law, a new State was not born; what occurred was merely an internal reorganization.
^During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was occupied by France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went toRio de Janeiro, in the Portuguese colony ofBrazil
^Sudan dates its national identity to theKingdom of Kerma,Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.eNubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
^Syria was one of the founding members of the United Nations, having joined the organization on October 24, 1945. By uniting with Egypt to form theUnited Arab Republic into a political union, theSecond Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became anextinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The UAR continued as a single UN member state. On October 13, 1961, following the dissolution of the UAR, Syria resumed its status as ansovereign state and regained its position as a separate member of the United Nations. However, Syrians celebrate 17 April as their independence day, as it was on 17 April 1946 that thenation ceased to be a colony of France.
^The United Nations considers Tanzania a new state, resulting from the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
^The national identity of Tunisia dates back to theAncient Carthage. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Tunisian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1956
^The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of theOttoman Empire. Despite being known in English as theTurkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their languageKurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
^Republican Turks, led by GeneralMustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate theTurkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans)
^Ukraine dates its national identity back to theKievan Rus, however this state became anextinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of theGolden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medievalKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, theCossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by theRussian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of theSoviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
^TheUnited Kingdom is a unitary state that emerged from thepolitical union of different states throughout history.Northern Ireland has been part of this political union since 1922, when the rest ofIreland declared its independence from the United Kingdom. Ireland had united with Great Britain in 1800 to form theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, creating a new state according to the International Law. TheKingdom of Great Britain itself emerged from the political union between theKingdom of England (which had already conquered and annexed thePrincipality of Wales centuries before) and theKingdom of Scotland, also creating a new state in the process according to international law.
^The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via theLateran Treaty between the Holy See and theKingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation,^[46] not as a vestige of the much largerPapal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much ofCentral Italy.
^The United Nations recognizes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as a new state created by unification.
^Yemen is a new state created by the merger of two predecessor states. Legally, both states dissolved to create a single state. When North and South Yemen signed the Unification Agreement (1990), each extinguished its independent international legal personality. This is the central characteristic of a merger union.
^Since the beginning of theSecond Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such asNew General National Congress and localTuareg groups, and foreign groups such asISIL.
^With the ongoingSomali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
^Amendment toConstitution of Tanzania in 1997 ended status asone-party state
^In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
^2015 Armenian constitutional referendum]] created aparliamentary republic
^Most recent law: 2018
^^a ^b ^cAccording to theBadinter Arbitration Committee, theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominatedFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as arump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat assuccessor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in theSuccession Agreement signed in June 2001.
^Theannexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of theConstitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and wasde facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
^Adopted before theDissolution of Czechoslovakia

References

[edit]

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Colonization,decolonization, andseparatism

By region

Exploration	Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica —World oceans
Colonization andImperialism	List of empires Americas Antarctica Africa European colonies Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Extraterrestrial
Decolonization andAnti-imperialism	Sovereign states formation dates Americas in South America Africa Asia Europe Ottoman Spain Ukraine Oceania

General
topics

Exploration	Maritime history (European) Age of Discovery
Colonization	Antiquity —Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism Chronology History Empires Detribalization Settler colonialism wars Current:Non-self-governing Dependent
Colonial empires in themodern era	Overseas, major:British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas, minor:American Australian Austro-Hungarian Belgian Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) Danish New Zealand Norwegian Swedish Mostly contiguous:American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African
Decolonization andSeparatism	Independence Declaration Diplomatic recognition Facts on the ground Referendum Limited Namibia exception Non-recognition Partition Unilateral Nation-building Non-interventionism Political status Right to homeland Rebellion List Rump state Secession Self-determination League of Nations mandate Separatism Active Political parties Historical Sovereignty Special Committee on Decolonization Territorial integrity Wars of national liberation List
Related concepts	Anabaptism Analysis of European colonialism and colonization Endangered language Christianity and colonialism Criticisms of globalization Decolonization of knowledge Decolonization of public space Indigenous peoples Internal colonialism Neocolonialism Opposition to immigration Plantation Postcolonialism Settler Terra nullius Uncontacted peoples Zionism

v t e Lists of countries bypolitical rankings
Freedom	Freedom in the World Press World Press Freedom Index State Media Economic Economic Freedom of the World Global Enabling Trade Report Index of Economic Freedom
Corruption	Bribe Payers Index Corruption Perceptions Index Global Corruption Barometer
Competitiveness	Composite Index of National Capability WEF Global Competitiveness Report
History	Flag adoption date Formation date Largest empires Timeline of geopolitical changes before 1500 1500–1899 1900–1999 2000–present
Rights	Global Gender Gap Report LGBT rights by country or territory Privacy International World Justice Project Rule of Law Index Censorship by country Freedom of speech by country Internet censorship and surveillance by country
Democracy	Free and fair elections Democracy indices V-Dem Democracy Indices The Economist Democracy Index Bertelsmann Transformation Index Aspects Presidentialism metric Gallagher index Effective number of parties Direct democracy index
Other	Central bank independence indices Commitment to Development Index Consultation on rule-making Ease of doing business index Environmental Performance Index Fragile States Index Global Innovation Index Global Liveability Ranking Global Peace Index Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Good Country Index Human Development Index Judicial independence metric Incarceration rate Legatum Prosperity Index OECD Better Life Index Political terror scale Satisfaction with Life Index
List of international rankings Lists by country