Medieval Welsh realms and their rulers
This is a list of rulers inWales (Welsh :Cymru ; andneighbouring regions ) during theMiddle Ages , between the 5th and 16th centuries. The rulers were monarchs who ruled their respectiverealms , as well as those who briefly ruled thePrincipality of Wales . These former territories are now within the boundaries of modern-day Wales and the neighbouringWelsh Marches inEngland (both in theUnited Kingdom ).
Before theEdwardian Conquest , completed in 1283, Wales consisted of several independent realms, the most important beingGwynedd ,Powys ,Deheubarth (which was formed from lands belonging toCeredigion ,Dyfed and latterlySeisyllwg ) andMorgannwg (formed fromGlywysing andGwent ). Boundary changes and the custom of dividing patrimonies between heirs meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales.
The names of those known to have ruled over one or more areas are listed below. Boundaries changed frequently. The only known native ruler of all of present-day Wales wasGruffudd ap Llywelyn (c. 1010–1063), a Prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, some Welsh princes sporadically claimed the medieval title of "Prince of Wales " between the 13th to 15th centuries. The title remains in use but is given toheirs apparent of English andBritish monarchs .
Map of medieval Wales History of the medieval kingdoms in Wales [ edit ] Owain Glyndwr's goldWelsh dragon flag Wales during the medieval age was a land of kingdoms and dynasties.Petty kingdoms , such as Ceredigion and Gwent, were establishedsome time after Britain ceased to be part of the Roman Empire in the late 5th century. By the time of theNorman invasion of Wales in the 11th century, most of these realms were combined or incorporated into greater territories, thus making up the four major kingdoms of Wales. Those kingdoms were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. Unlike the others, Deheubarth was formed later by the merging of Ceredigion, Dyfed, andYstrad Tywi . Some minor (petty) kingdoms stayed independent from the big four kingdoms, only to be taken over by theAnglo-Normans in the 13th century, such asRhwng Gwy a Hafren ,Meirionnydd , and others. Of the major kingdoms, Powys' 13th-century division ofWenwynwyn andFadog was one of the final surviving Welsh dynasties until after theEdwardian conquest of Wales . Later,Owain Glyndŵr became the final Welsh ruler from royalty in Wales; he emerged in Powys Fadog during the early 15th century as a Prince of Wales.[ 1] [ 2]
[ edit ] Kings of Brycheiniog [ edit ] Kings and Princes of Ceredigion [ edit ] Kings and Princes of Dyfed [ edit ] Princes of Dogfeiling [ edit ] Dogfael apCunedda Wledig (c. 410)[ 49] Elno ap Dogfael (c. 440)[ 50] Glas ap Elno (c. 470)[ 51] Elgud ap Glas ap Elno (c. 500)[ 52] Elaeth ab Elgud (c. 530)[ 53] Meurig ap Elaeth (c. 570)[ 19] Princes of Dunoding [ edit ] Dunod apCunedda Wledig (c. 400)[ 54] Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda (c. 430)[ 55] Dingad ap Eifion (c. 470)[ 56] Meurig ap Dingad (c. 500)[ 19] Eifion ap Meurig (c. 530)[ 55] Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig (c. 570)[ 57] Pobien Hen ap Isaac (c. 600)[ 58] Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen (c. 630)[ 58] Eifion ap Pobddelw (c. 670)[ 55] Brochwel ap Eifion (c. 700)[ 59] Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion (c. 730)[ 55] Ieuanawl ab Eigion (c. 770)[ 60] Caradog ap Ieuanawl (c. 800)[ 45] Blieddud ap Caradog (c. 830)[ 61] Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud (c. 870)[ 62] Pebid 'Penllyn'[ b] [ 63] Sulbych ap Pebid 'Penllyn'[ 64] Beblych ap Sulbych[ 65] Gorflwng ap Beblych[ 66] Cyndwlff ap Gorflwng[ 67] Pandwlff ap Cyndwlff[ 68] Ystader ap Pandwlff[ 69] Puter ab Ystader[ 70] Caper ap Puter[ 71] Pybyr ap Caper[ 72] Cadwr ap Pybyr[ 73] Deiniog ap Cadwr[ 74] Dyfnwal ap Deiniog[ 75] Brochwel ap Dyfnwal[ 59] Ednyfed ap Brochwel[ 76] Tudwal ab Ednyfed[ 77] Doned ap Tudwal[ 78] Coed ap Doned[ 79] Lleuddogw ap Coed[ 63] Meirion ap Lleuddogw[ 63] Princes of Rhufoniog [ edit ] Kingdom of Morgannwg [ edit ] Kingdom ofErgyng , in Wales and on the border of what is nowHerefordshire , England.[ 92]
Regional Kingdom ofEwyas (Ewias) in Wales and Herefordshire, England.[ 96]
Prince of Glywysing [ edit ] Kings and Lords in thecantref ofGwynllwg , inGlamorgan (Gwent).[ 112] [ 113]
The Kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the merging of the two kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. At times, the kingdoms were separate and independent.
Descendants of Rhodri Mawr [ edit ] The former petty Kingdom ofPengwern , today located in theMidlands , possibly around theWrekin , England.[ 135]
Welsh regional kingdoms [ edit ] Overlord of Wales (King of Wales ) as a modern territory by 1055.[ 138]
Kings and Princes of the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.[ 138] [ 139]
Kings and Princes of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion [ edit ] [ edit ] King of an enlarged Gwynedd (also Rhos and Rhufoniog), including Ceredigion (Deheubarth ), Meirionnydd andDyffryn Clwyd , making his realmNorth West andWest Wales .[ 150]
[ edit ] Kingdoms in the west and northwest of Wales.[ 151]
[ edit ] North and Mid to Southwest Wales.[ 139] [ 151]
[ edit ] King of all of Wales, except for Morgannwg and Gwent (south and southeast of Wales).[ 158]
Southeast of Wales.[ 161]
South and Southeast of Wales.[ 161]
[ edit ] The three royal houses of Wales' regions were first divided byRhodri the Great in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royaldynasties .Anarawd reigned inGwynedd (Aberffraw ), andCadell foundedDeheubarth (Dinefwr ), then another sonMerfyn reigned inPowys (Mathrafal emerged as acadet branch of Dinefwr in the 11th century).[ 155] [ 169]
Aberffraw Kings of Gwynedd [ edit ] Aberffraw King of Ceredigion [ edit ] Aberffraw Prince of Anglesey [ edit ] Aberffraw Princes of Gwynedd [ edit ] The Kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the Kingdoms of Ceredigion (also known as Seisyllwg) and Dyfed by Hywel Dda in 910.[ 159]
Dinefwr Kings of Deheubarth [ edit ] Dinefwr Princes of Deheubarth [ edit ] Mathrafal Princes of Powys [ edit ] Mathrafal Prince of Powys Fadog [ edit ] Mathrafal Princes of Powys Wenwynwyn [ edit ] [ edit ] TheLords of Welsh areas once belonging tomonarchies . They were ruled by the direct descendants and heirs of Kings in Wales from around the time of theNorman invasion of Wales (1000s), some of which lasted until after theconquest of Wales by Edward I (c. 1300s), and in a few instances, Welsh baronies lasted later into the Principality of Wales.[ 198] [ 199] [ 200] [ 201]
Listed Lords of Nedd-Avan (Avene,Welsh :Afan ), dynasty ofGlamorgan , Morgannwg (not the NormanLordship of Glamorgan ).[ 202] [ 113]
Lords of Arwystli and Cedewain [ edit ] The regional territories as a dynasty combined the territories ofArwystli andCedewain . The area was later incorporated into Powys Wenwynwyn.[ 207] [ 208]
The rulers ofGwynllwg (Wentloog ) and upperGwent became the Lords ofCaerleon .[ 209] [ 210]
Lords of Ceredigion [ edit ] Lordship ofCeredigion , from theHouse of Dinefwr ,Deheubarth .[ 211] [ 212]
Mechain, Powys.[ 196] [ 213]
Lord of theMenai commote onAnglesey .[ 214]
The vassal Lordship of Merioneth (Meirionnydd ) from Gwynedd, also Lords ofEifionydd andArdudwy . Descendants of KingOwain Gwynedd .[ 215]
Descendants of Madog apCadwgan ap Bleddyn , Prince of Powys. Lordship c. 1118 until the final Lord in the 1500s, before the use of the surname Nanney for the family.[ 217] [ 201] [ 218]
Lords of Oswestry (Shropshire , England), from Powys, prior to the Baronetcy of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion (English feudal barony ).[ 219] [ 220]
Lords of Powys Fadog [ edit ] Northern Powys,House of Mathrafal .[ 169] [ 196] [ 195]
Lords of Powys Wenwynwyn [ edit ] Southern Powys, House of Mathrafal. The lordship also had lands in Arwystli,Cyfeiliog ,Mawddwy , andCaereinion .[ 169] [ 196] [ 225]
The region ofRhwng Gwy a Hafren (Radnorshire ), between the RiversWye andSevern , ruled byLords . Associated withBrycheiniog andBuellt , they ruled thecantrefs ofMaelienydd andElfael .[ 227] [ 228] [ 26]
Lords of Senghenydd [ edit ] The Lordship ofSenghenydd was then a vassal of theLordship of Glamorgan .[ 230]
Lordship ofColeshill ,Prestatyn , andRhuddlan , also considered Princes.[ 232]
[ edit ] Thelate medieval territory of the Principality of Wales and the members of Welsh royalty who ruled that area or attempted to regain their dynastic inheritances during the Principality. They were titled (official) or claimants (unofficial/pretender ) as thePrince of Wales .[ 234] [ 235] [ 236] Carmarthenshire . There was the exception of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, who ruled most of the territory of the Principality and alsoMontgomeryshire , but not as a Prince of Wales; by 1230 he styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon (Prince of Gwynedd).[ 237] [ 238]
Personal arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn II)
[ edit ] [ edit ] LlywelynFawr ap Iorwerth (c. 1195–1240, English:Llywelyn I, the Great ), Prince ofGwynedd , Prince ofNorth Wales ;[ 237] [ 240] Dafydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1240–1246, Dafydd II, English:David ), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales);[ 241] Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1246–1282, English:Llywelyn II, the Last ), Prince of Wales (Gwynedd ,Aberffraw );[ 242] Dafydd ap Gruffydd (c. 1282–1283, Dafydd III), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales).[ 243] [ edit ] ^ (IrishBróccan ) Claimed as founder of the ruling dynasty;[ 5] ^ 18 generations between Pebid and Meirionfound in the Hanesyn Hen under Gwehelyth Penllyn ^ Turvey 2010 , pp. 8–10, 18, 118.^a b c "CUNEDDA WLEDIG (fl. 450?), British prince" .Dictionary of Welsh Biography National Library of Wales .^ Bartrum 1993 , p. 19.^ Bartrum 1993 , pp. 71–75.^ Price, Glanville (2000).Languages in Britain and Ireland . 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