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List of river systems by length

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TheNile as seen from a cruise boat betweenLuxor andAswan inEgypt

This is alist of the longest rivers on Earth. It includesriver systems over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in length.

Definition of length

There are many factors, such as the identification of the source,[1] the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[2] of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see alsocoastline paradox). In particular, there seems to exist disagreement as to whether theNile[3] or theAmazon[4] is the world's longest river. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in 2007 and 2008 some scientists claimed that the Amazon is longer[5][6][7] by measuring the river plus the adjacentPará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal.[8] Apeer-reviewed article published 2009 in theInternational Journal of Digital Earth concludes that the Nile is longer.[9]

Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. A river may have multiple channels, oranabranches. The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake or reservoir. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, andchannelization. In addition, the length ofmeanders can change significantly over time due to natural or artificialcutoffs, when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885, the length of theMississippi River fromCairo, Illinois, toNew Orleans, Louisiana, was reduced by 351 kilometres (218 miles).[10]

These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty. There is no strictly agreed upon standard for dealing with the nuances of measuring rivers and as such the true length of a river is not necessarily a single, discrete, correct number, nor is it static.

List of river systems longer than 1,000 km

For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. The information in different sources is between parentheses.

Legend of colors used in main table, by continent
Continent color key
AfricaAsiaAustraliaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth America
RankRiverLength (km)Length (miles)Drainage area
(km2)
[citation needed]		Averagedischarge
(m3/s)
[citation needed]		OutflowCountries in the drainage basin[citation needed]
1.Nile–White Nile–Kagera–Nyabarongo–Mwogo–Rukarara[n 1]6,650[3]
(7,088)[9]		4,130[3]
(4,404)[9]		3,254,555[12]2,490[13]MediterraneanEthiopia,Eritrea,Sudan,Uganda,Tanzania,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,Egypt,Democratic Republic of the Congo,South Sudan
2.Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ene–Mantaro[n 1]6,400[4]
(6,575)[9]		3,976[4]
(4,086)[9]		7,000,000[4]230,000[14]Atlantic OceanBrazil,Peru,Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Venezuela,Guyana
3.Yangtze–Jinsha–Tongtian–Dangqu
(Chang Jiang)		6,300
(6,418)		3,917
(3,988)		1,970,000[15][16]31,900[17][18][19]East China SeaChina
4.Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson–Beaverhead–Red Rock–Hell Roaring6,275
3,902
3,248,00021,300[20][10]Gulf of MexicoUnited States (98.5%),Canada (1.5%)
5.Yenisey–Angara–Selenga–Ider5,5393,4452,580,000[21]20,200[22]Kara SeaRussia (97%),Mongolia (2.9%)
6.Yellow River(Huang He)5,4643,395752,5462,571Bohai SeaChina
7.Ob–Irtysh5,4103,3642,990,000[21]13,100[22]Gulf of ObRussia,Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia
8.Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio Grande[23]4,880
3,030
3,182,064[24]27,225[24]Río de la PlataBrazil (46.7%),Argentina (27.7%),Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%),Uruguay (3.8%)
9.Congo–Lualaba-Luvua-Luapula-Chambeshi
(Zaïre)		4,700
2,922
3,680,00041,400[25]Atlantic OceanDemocratic Republic of the Congo,Central African Republic,Angola,Republic of the Congo,Tanzania,Cameroon,Zambia,Burundi,Rwanda
10.Amur–Argun

(Heilong Jiang)

4,4442,7631,855,00012,360[26]Sea of OkhotskRussia, China, Mongolia
11.Lena4,4002,7362,490,000[21]18,300[22]Laptev SeaRussia
12.Mekong(Lancang Jiang)4,3502,705810,00016,010[18]South China SeaChina,Myanmar,Laos,Thailand,Cambodia,Vietnam
13.Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay4,2412,6371,805,200[21]9,800[22]Beaufort SeaCanada
14.Niger4,2002,6112,117,700[27]8,570[27]Gulf of GuineaNigeria (26.6%),Mali (25.6%),Niger (23.6%),Algeria (7.6%),Guinea (4.5%),Cameroon (4.2%),Burkina Faso (3.9%),Côte d'Ivoire,Benin,Chad
15.Brahmaputra–Yarlung Tsangpo3,9692,466712,03527,000[28][29][30]GangesIndia (58.0%), China (19.7%),Nepal (9.0%),Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/China (4.2%),Bhutan (2.4%)
16.Murray–Darling–Culgoa–Balonne–Condamine3,672[31]2,2821,061,000767Southern OceanAustralia
17.Tocantins–Araguaia3,6502,270950,00017,600[32]Atlantic Ocean (Marajó Bay),Amazon DeltaBrazil
18.Volga3,6452,2661,380,0008,380[33]Caspian SeaRussia
19.Shatt al-Arab–Euphrates–Murat3,5962,236938,173[34]3,350[34]Persian GulfIraq,Turkey,Syria,Iran
20.Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–Caine–Rocha3,3802,1001,485,20031,200[32]AmazonBrazil, Bolivia, Peru
21.Purús3,2111,995376,600[35]11,207[35][32]AmazonBrazil, Peru
22.Yukon3,1851,980[10]854,700[36][21]7,000[36]Bering SeaUnited States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)
23.Indus–Sênggê Zangbo3,1801,9761,081,718[37]5,533[37]Arabian SeaPakistan (93%), India and China
24.São Francisco3,180*
(2,900)		1,976*
(1,802)		610,0003,300Atlantic OceanBrazil
25.Syr Darya–Naryn3,0781,913219,000703Aral SeaKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan
26.Salween(Nu Jiang)3,0601,901324,0006,700[38][39][40]Andaman SeaChina (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%)
27.Saint Lawrence–Niagara–Detroit–Saint Clair–Saint Marys–Saint Louis–North(Great Lakes)3,0581,900[10]1,030,00012,500[41]Gulf of Saint LawrenceCanada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)
28.Rio Grande3,0571,900[10]570,00082Gulf of MexicoUnited States (52.1%),Mexico (47.9%)
29.Lower Tunguska2,9891,857473,0003,600YeniseiRussia
30.Colorado-Green (western U.S.)2,9451,830[42]390,0001,200Gulf of CaliforniaUnited States, Mexico
31.Danube–Breg(Donau, Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, Dunaj)2,888*1,795*801,463[43]6,452[43]Black SeaRomania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%),Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%),Slovakia (5.8%),Bulgaria (5.2%),Croatia (4.5%),Ukraine (3.8%),Bosnia and Herzegovina,Moldova,Montenegro,Czech Republic,Switzerland,Slovenia[44]
32.Irrawaddy River–N'Mai River–Dulong River–Kelaoluo–Gada Qu2,809*1,745.8*404,200*15,112[45]Andaman SeaChina,Myanmar
33.Zambezi(Zambesi)2,740*1,703*1,330,0004,880Mozambique ChannelZambia (41.6%),Angola (18.4%),Zimbabwe (15.6%),Mozambique (11.8%),Malawi (8.0%),Tanzania (2.0%),Namibia,Botswana
34.Vilyuy2,7201,700454,0001,480LenaRussia
35.Padma-Ganges-Alaknanda(Ganga)2,704[46]1,6901,024,00016,000[28][47]Bay of BengalIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal
36.Amu Darya–Panj2,6201,628534,7391,400Aral SeaUzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Tajikistan,Afghanistan
37.Japurá(Caquetá)2,615*1,625*289,000[32]18,122[35][32]AmazonBrazil, Colombia
38.Nelson–Saskatchewan–South Saskatchewan–Bow2,5701,5971,111,890[21]3,500[22]Hudson BayCanada, United States
39.Paraguay(Rio Paraguay)2,5491,584900,0004,300ParanáBrazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
40.Kolyma2,5131,562647,000[21]4,100[22]East Siberian SeaRussia
41.Pilcomayo2,5001,553270,000200ParaguayParaguay, Argentina, Bolivia
42.UpperOb–Katun2,4901,5471,040,000ObRussia
43.Ishim2,4501,522177,00056IrtyshKazakhstan, Russia
44.Orange2,4321,511973,000365Atlantic OceanSouth Africa,Namibia,Botswana,Lesotho
45.Ural2,4281,509237,000475Caspian SeaRussia, Kazakhstan
46.Juruá2,4101,499190,573[35]6,004[35][32]AmazonPeru, Brazil
47.Arkansas2,3481,459505,000
(435,122)		1,066MississippiUnited States
48.Songhua2,309[48]1,435557,1802,410AmurChina
49.Olenyok2,2921,424219,0001,210Laptev SeaRussia
50.Dnieper2,2871,421516,3001,670Black SeaUkraine,Belarus, Russia
51.Aldan2,2731,412729,0005,501LenaRussia
52.Ubangi–Uele[49]2,2701,410651,915[50]5,936[50]CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo,Central African Republic,Republic of Congo
53.Negro2,250[51]1,398720,11434,573[52]AmazonBrazil, Venezuela, Colombia
53.Columbia-Snake2,2501,398[53]671,0007,500Pacific OceanCanada (30%), United States (70%)
55.Tapajós-Teles Pires2,2101,290494,25413,540[32]AmazonBrazil
56.Pearl–Xi-Xun-Qian-Hongshui-Nanpan2,2001,376437,00010,700[54]South China SeaChina (98.5%),Vietnam (1.5%)
57.Red (USA)2,1881,36078,592875MississippiUnited States
58.Kasai2,1531,338880,20010,000CongoAngola, Democratic Republic of the Congo
59.Ohio–Allegheny2,1021,306490,6037,957MississippiUnited States
60.Orinoco2,1011,3061,014,797[55]39,000[55][56]Atlantic OceanVenezuela, Colombia, Guyana
61.Tarim2,1001,3051,020,000Lop NurChina
61.Xingu2,1001,305520,29210,023AmazonBrazil
63.Jubba–Shebelle2,064[57]1,282749,000Indian OceanEthiopia,Somalia
64.Brazos-Double Mountain Fork-North Fork-Blackwater Draw2,0601,280[10]116,000237.5Gulf of MexicoUnited States
65.NorthernSalado2,0101,249203,000ParanáArgentina
66.Içá(Putumayo)2,0051,246120,545[35]8,520[35][32]AmazonBrazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
67.Vitim1,9781,229225,0001,937LenaRussia
68.Chenab1,974675160,000977.3IndusIndia, Pakistan
69.Tigris1,9501,212375,0001,014Shatt al-ArabTurkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran
70.Don1,8701,162425,600935Sea of AzovRussia, Ukraine
71.Stony Tunguska1,8651,159240,0001,750YeniseyRussia
72.Pechora1,8091,124312,041[21]4,823[22][21]Barents SeaRussia
73.Kama1,8051,122507,0004,100[33]VolgaRussia
74.Limpopo1,8001,118413,000313.4Indian OceanMozambique,Zimbabwe,South Africa,Botswana
75.Chulym1,7991,118134,000ObRussia
76.Guaviare1,7601,090151,6077,529[56]OrinocoColombia
77Marañón1,7371,079364,87316,708AmazonPeru
78.Indigirka1,7261,072360,4001,810East Siberian SeaRussia
79.Platte1,6901,050219,900199.3MissouriUnited States
80.Senegal1,6411,020419,659680Atlantic OceanGuinea,Senegal,Mali,Mauritania
81.Khatanga–Kotuy1,6361,017364,000[21]3,200[22]Laptev SeaRussia
82.UpperJubba-Ganale Dorya1,634[57]1,015214,441[57]316[57]Jubba RiverEthiopia (69%), Somalia (27%), Kenya (5%)
83.Uruguay1,6101,000353,451[24]7,058[24][58]Atlantic OceanUruguay, Argentina, Brazil
84.Churchill1,6091,000281,3001,200Hudson BayCanada
85.Blue Nile1,600994326,4001,548NileEthiopia,Sudan
85.Okavango(Cubango)1,600994530,000475Okavango DeltaNamibia,Angola,Botswana
85.Volta1,600994407,0931,210Gulf of GuineaGhana,Burkina Faso,Togo,Côte d'Ivoire,Benin
88.Beni1,599994283,3508,900MadeiraBolivia
89.Shilka-Onon1,592989206,000440AmurRussia (86%), Mongolia (14%)
90.Tobol1,591989426,000805IrtyshKazakhstan, Russia
91.Alazeya1,59098864,700320East Siberian SeaRussia
92.Kafue1,576979155,000320ZambeziZambia (99.6%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (0.4%)
93.Yalong1,571976128,4441,810YangtzeChina
94.Magdalena1,550963263,8588,058[59]Caribbean SeaColombia
95.Han1,532952174,3001,632YangtzeChina
96.Kura/Mt'k'vari1,515941188,400575Caspian SeaTurkey,Georgia,Azerbaijan
97.Oka1,500932245,0001,310[33]VolgaRussia
97.UpperMurray1,500[60]932260,000LowerMurrayAustralia
99.Yana-Sartang1,492927238,0001,110Laptev SeaRussia
100.Pecos1,490926115,0007.5Rio GrandeUnited States
101.Murrumbidgee River1,485[31]92384,917120Murray RiverAustralia
102.UpperYenisey–Little Yenisey (Kaa-Hem)1,480920360,000YeniseyRussia, Mongolia
103.Godavari1,465910312,8123,061Bay of BengalIndia
104.Sangha-Ngoko-Dja1,459907233,740CongoCameroon (45%), Republic of Congo (31%), Central African Republic (25%)
105.Vaal1,458906196,438125OrangeSouth Africa
106.Sutlej1,450900395,0002,946.66ChenabChina, India, Pakistan
107.Ili(Yili)1,439870140,000480Lake BalkhashChina, Kazakhstan
108.Olyokma1,436892210,0002,110LenaRussia
109.UpperColumbia[61]1,430889[53]292,316[61]3,364[62]ColumbiaUnited States, Canada
110.UpperTocantins1,427887310,000TocantinsBrazil
111.Belaya1,420882142,000858KamaRussia
111.Cooper–Barcoo1,420880297,950[63]36[63]Lake EyreAustralia
113.Dniester1,411 (1,352)877 (840)72,100310Black SeaUkraine,Moldova
114.Taz1,401871150,0001,450Taz EstuaryRussia
115.Benue1,400870319,0003,477NigerCameroon,Nigeria
115.Chari1,400[64]870548,7471,059Lake ChadChad,Cameroon,Niger,Nigeria
115.Parnaíba1,400870344,112Atlantic OceanBrazil
115.Warburton–Georgina1,400870408,005[63]60[63]Lake EyreAustralia
119.Colorado (Texas)1,387862103,00073.9Gulf of MexicoUnited States
120.Yamuna1,376855366,2232,950GangesIndia
121.Apaporis1,37085157,430.64,092[65]JapuráColombia (93%), Brazil (7%),
121.Nen(Nonni)1,370851270,000SonghuaChina
121.Vyatka1,370851129,000890KamaRussia
124.Fraser1,368850220,0003,475Pacific OceanCanada, United States[66]
125.Grande1,360845143,000ParanáBrazil
126.Kızıl River1,355734115,000400Black SeaTurkey
127.Madre de Dios1,347837125,0004,915BeniPeru, Bolivia
128.Liao-Xiliao-Laoha1,345836232,000500Bohai SeaChina
129.Lachlan River1,339[31]83284,70049Murrumbidgee RiverAustralia
130.Narmada1,333[67]82898,7961,447Arabian SeaIndia
131.Hai1,329826318,200717Bohai SeaChina
132.Branco-Uraricoera1,326824192,3936,469Rio NegroBrazil (96%), Guyana (7%), Venezuela (1%)
133.Iguaçu1,32082067,5371,746ParanáBrazil, Argentina
134.Taseyeva-Chuna1,319820128,000740AngaraRussia
135.Javari1,309814109,680[68]5,225[68]AmazonBrazil (78%), Peru (22%)
136.Northern Dvina–Sukhona1,302809350,496[21]3,416[21]White SeaRussia
137.Inírida1,30080853,816.93,385[65]GuaviareColombia
137.Iriri1,300808141,9433,028XinguBrazil
137.Neva-Vuoksi1,300808282,3002,628Gulf of FinlandRussia,Finland, Belarus
140.Ruki1,296805173,8004,450CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo
141.Krishna1,290800258,9482,213Bay of BengalIndia
142.Lomami[69]1,280795110,000CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo
143.Ottawa1,271790146,3001,950Saint LawrenceCanada
144.Rio Grande de Santiago-Lerma1,270789119,543320Pacific OceanMexico
145.Guaporé(Itenez)1,260780341,0002,430MamoréBrazil, Bolivia
146.Red (Canada)-Assiniboine-Souris1,260780287,500244Lake WinnipegCanada (56%), US (44%)
147.Elbe–Vltava1,252778148,268711North SeaGermany,Czech Republic
148.Zeya1,242772233,0001,810AmurRussia
149.Juruena1,240771192,6284,936.7TapajósBrazil
150.UpperMississippi1,236768450,0004,800MississippiUnited States
151.Rhine1,233768185,000[70]2,330North SeaGermany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%),Luxembourg (1.4%), Austria (1.3%), Belgium (0.4%),Liechtenstein (0.1%), Italy (0.03%)
152.Athabasca1,23176595,300783MackenzieCanada
153.Markha1,23176599,000405VilyuyRussia
154.Canadian1,223760123,220182.2ArkansasUnited States
155.North Saskatchewan1,220758122,800238SaskatchewanCanada
156.Kansas-Republican1,218757155,690205MissouriUS
157.Vistula–Narew-Bug1,213754194,4241,080Baltic SeaPoland, Belarus, Ukraine
158.Awash1,200[71]74669,197[57]152[57]Lake AbbeEthiopia, Djibouti
158.Shire1,200746160,000486ZambeziMozambique,Malawi
158.Ogooué (or Ogowe)1,200746223,8565,890[25]Atlantic OceanGabon,Republic of the Congo
161.Fimi-Lukenie1,194742133,432KasaiDemocratic Republic of the Congo
162.Mobile1,192741115,0001,900Gulf of MexicoUS
163.Lukuga1,184736244,500LualabaTanzania (62%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (26%), Zambia (6%), Burundi (5%), Rwanda (2%)
164.Min-Dadu1,182734133,0002,850YangtzeChina
165.Markha1,18173499,000405VilyuyRussia
166.Aripuanã1,175730147,2244,064MadeiraBrazil
167.Milk1,17372962,00017.5

Missouri

United States, Canada
168.Mun -Chi1,162722119,180725Mekong RiverThailand
168.White1,162722[72]71,910834.8MississippiUnited States
170.Chindwin1,158720114,6854,740AyeyarwadyMyanmar
171.Sankuru1,150715150,000KasaiDemocratic Republic of the Congo
171.Wu1,15071580,3001,108YangtzeChina
173.Red (Asia)1,149714143,7004,300[73]Gulf of TonkinChina, Vietnam
174.James (Dakotas)1,14371054,24018.3MissouriUnited States
175.Kapuas1,14371098,7496,012[74]South China SeaIndonesia
176.Paraíba do Sul1,13769656,000Atlantic OceanBrazil
177.Yobe-Hadejia1,135705183,009Lake ChadNigeria (68%), Niger (32%)
178.Desna1,13070288,900360DnieperRussia,Belarus,Ukraine
178.Helmand1,130702150,000Hamun-i-HelmandAfghanistan, Iran
178.Tietê1,13070272,168937ParanáBrazil
178.Vychegda1,130702121,0001160Northern DvinaRussia
182.Sepik1,12670077,700[75]5,000[75]Pacific OceanPapua New Guinea,Indonesia
182.Sobat-Pibor1,126700225,000412White NileSouth Sudan (60%), Ethiopia (29%), Kenya (10%), Uganda (2%)
184.Orkhon1,124698132,83566SelengaMongolia
185.Cimarron1,12369849,10032.9ArkansasUnited States
186.Anadyr1,120696191,0002,020Gulf of AnadyrRussia
187.Jialing River1,119695160,000YangtzeChina
188.Liard1,115693277,1002,434MackenzieCanada
189.Omolon1,114692113,000KolymaRussia
190.Mamberamo River1,11269178,9925,923Pacific OceanIndonesia
191.Cumberland1,10568746,830862MississippiUnited States
192.Omo1,104[57]68686,657915.5Lake TurkanaEthiopia
193.Bani1,100684146,570NigerMali (80%), Ivory Coast (15%), Burkina Faso (5%), Guinea (0.1%)
193.Huallaga1,10068490,0003,800MarañónPeru
193.Kwango1,100684263,5002,700KasaiAngola, Democratic Republic of the Congo
193.Draa1,10068495,000Atlantic OceanMorocco
197.Gambia1,09468078,000Atlantic OceanThe Gambia,Senegal,Guinea
198.Tyung1,09267949,800VilyuyRussia
199.Barito River1,09068081,6755,497Java SeaIndonesia
200.Maya1,087675171,0001,180AldanRussia
201.Yellowstone1,080671114,260390MissouriUnited States
201.Ghaghara1,080671127,9502,990GangesIndia, Nepal, China
203.Huai River1,078670270,0001,110YangtzeChina
204.Aras1,072665102,000285KuraTurkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran
205.Chu1,06766362,500noneKyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan
205.Sanaga-Djérem1,067663140,0002,072Bight of BiafraCameroon, Nigeria, Central African Republic
207.Seversky Donets1,053 (1,078)654 (670)98,900159DonRussia, Ukraine
208.Bermejo1,050652125,000ParaguayArgentina, Bolivia
208.Cunene1,050652108,943Atlantic OceanAngola (85%), Namibia (15%)
208.Fly1,05065275,8006,500Gulf of PapuaPapua New Guinea,Indonesia
208.Kuskokwim1,050652120,0001,900Bering SeaUnited States
212.Tennessee1,049652105,8701,998OhioUnited States
213.Oder–Warta1,045649118,861550Baltic SeaPoland, Germany, Czech Republic
214.Apure1,038645167,0002,300OrinocoVenezuela (99.8%), Colombia (0.2%)
215.Logone1,03364278,000492ChariChad (53%), Cameroon (34%), Central African Republic (14%)
216.Aruwimi[69]1,030640116,1002,200CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo
217.Chambal1,024636143,219456YamunaIndia
207.Pur1,024636112,000Taz EstuaryRussia
219.Daugava1,02063487,900678Gulf of RigaLatvia,Belarus, Russia
220.Gila1,015631151,0007Colorado (western U.S.)United States
221.Essequibo1,014630156,828[76]5,136[76]Atlantic OceanGuyana, Venezuela
222.Loire1,012629115,271840Atlantic OceanFrance
223.Khopyor1,01062861,100150DonRussia
224.Tagus(Tajo/Tejo)1,00662580,100444Atlantic OceanSpain, Portugal
225.Flinders River1,004[31]624109,000122[63]Gulf of CarpentariaAustralia
226.Koksoak1,000621136,262[21]2,800Ungava BayCanada
226.Usumacinta1,000621134,400Gulf of MexicoMexico, Guatemala

Notes

The Mississippi River just north ofSt. Louis
Saint Lawrence River along the New York-Quebec border
  • When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk.
  • Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether the course south of theIlha de Marajó at the Amazon's mouth is to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the separateTocantins River.New evidence, (dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high-altitude scientific venture in theAndes, claims that "the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100 km, with its longestheadwater being the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on theNevado Mismi mountain's northern slopes and flowing into theRío Apurímac".[77] However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (seeJacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km.
  • Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown.

River systems that may have existed in the past

Amazon–Congo

TheAmazon basin formerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until theAndes rose and reversed the drainage.[78]

TheCongo basin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley pastKinshasa, includingwaterfalls aroundManyanga. That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that the Congo River wasrejuvenated by much of its lower course being removed, likeliest when Africa split from South America whenGondwanaland broke up due tocontinental drift, and before that, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon,[78] producing a river around 6000 miles or 10,000 km long.

West Siberian Glacial Lake drainage

Main article:West Siberian Glacial Lake

This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in thelast ice age. Its longest headwater was theSelenga river ofMongolia: it drained through ice-dammed lakes and theAral Sea and theCaspian Sea to theBlack Sea.

Lobourg

During the lastglacial maximum, much of what is now the southern part of theNorth Sea was land, known to archaeologists asDoggerland. At this time, theThames, theMeuse, theScheldt, and theRhine probably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known bypalaeogeographers as theLoubourg or Lobourg River System.[79] There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now theEnglish Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modernYorkshire. If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-dayStraits of Dover.[80]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^abThe Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km,[3] and the Amazon the second longest, with a length of at least 6,400 km.[4] In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853 km.[6][11][7] They achieved this result by adding the waterway from the Amazon's southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins.[citation needed] The dispute is: "Is the channel south of Isla de Marajó to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the Rio Tocantins?"[citation needed]Apeer-reviewed article, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088 km for the Nile and 6,575 km for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions.[9]According to theEncyclopædia Britannica, as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate.[4][8] Note that disputed values have been put in parentheses.
References
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  2. ^for more on this, seecoastline paradox
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