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List of rivers by discharge

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rivers with an average discharge of 5,000 m3/s or greater, as a fraction of the estimated global total.

This article listsrivers by their averagedischarge measured in descending order of their water flow rate. Here, only those rivers whose discharge is more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) are shown. It can be thought of as a list of the biggest rivers on Earth, measured by a specific metric.

For context, the volume of anOlympic-size swimming pool is 2,500 m3 (88,000 cu ft). The average flow rate at the mouth of the Amazon is sufficient to fill more than 83 such pools each second. The estimated global total for all rivers is 1.2 million m³/s (43 million cu ft/s),[1] of which the Amazon would be approximately 18%.

River103 m3/s
Amazon
223.7
Ganges
42.8
Congo
41.4
Orinoco
39.0
Yangtze
31.9
La Plata
27.2
Mississippi
21.3
Yenisei
20.2
Lena
18.3
St Lawrence
17.6
Top 10 largest primary rivers in the world by discharge[2]
NoContinentRiverAverage
discharge
(m3/s)
LengthDrainage area
(km2)
OutflowType
(km)(miles)
1South AmericaAmazon224,0006,9924,3456,915,000Atlantic OceanPrimary river[3][4][5]
2AsiaGangesBrahmaputraMeghna42,8002,9481,8321,731,334Bay of BengalPrimary river[6][7]
3AfricaCongo41,4004,3702,7163,822,000Atlantic OceanPrimary river[8][6]
4South AmericaOrinoco39,0002,2501,398989,000Atlantic OceanPrimary river[9][10]
5AsiaYangtze (Chang Jiang)31,9006,3003,9151,943,000East China SeaPrimary river[6][11]
6South AmericaNegro30,6412,2301,390691,000AmazonTributary river[12]
7South AmericaMadeira30,1733,3802,1001,376,000AmazonTributary river[12]
8South AmericaRío de la Plata27,2252901803,182,064Atlantic OceanPrimary river[13]
9AsiaBrahmaputra22,18239692466556,385Padma,Lower MeghnaPrimary river[14][15][16][17]
10North AmericaMississippi21,3003,7662,3403,248,000Gulf of MexicoPrimary river[18][19][20][21]
11AsiaYenisei20,2004,0902,5562,580,000Kara SeaPrimary river[22]
12South AmericaParaná19,7064,8803,0502,582,672Río de la PlataTributary river[13]
13AsiaLena18,3004,2942,6682,490,000Laptev SeaPrimary river[22][23]
14South AmericaJapurá (Caquetá)18,1222,8161,750267,730AmazonTributary river[24][12]
15North AmericaSt Lawrence17,6003,0581,9001,266,642Gulf of Saint LawrencePrimary river[25][26]
16South AmericaMarañón16,7081,7371,079358,000AmazonTributary river[27]
17AsiaMekong15,8564,0232,500811,000South China SeaPrimary river[28][5]
18AsiaIrrawaddy (Ayeyarwady)15,1122,2101,370413,710Andaman SeaPrimary river[29]
19South AmericaTapajós13,5401,9961,240492,481AmazonTributary river[30][12]
20South AmericaUcayali13,3852,6701,659351,549AmazonTributary river[31]
21AsiaOb13,1004,3452,7002,990,000Gulf of ObPrimary river[22]
22AsiaAmur12,3604,4442,7622,129,700Sea of OkhotskPrimary river[32][28][33][34]
23South AmericaTocantins11,7962,6991,677764,183Atlantic Ocean (Pará)Primary river[note 1][35][3]
24AfricaKasai (Kwa)11,3182,2721,405881,890CongoTributary river[36]
25South AmericaPurus11,2073,2111,995376,600AmazonTributary river[12]
27AsiaPearl (Xi)10,7002,4001,491437,000South China SeaPrimary river[37][38]
26North AmericaMackenzie9,8004,2412,6361,805,200Beaufort SeaPrimary river[22]
27South AmericaXingu9,6802,2401,392531,250AmazonTributary river[30][12]
28South AmericaMadre de Dios9,3501,347837282,000MadeiraTributary river[39]
29South AmericaPutumayo (Içá)8,5201,8131,121148,000AmazonTributary river[12]
30EuropeVolga8,3803,5312,1941,380,000Caspian SeaPrimary river[40]
31South AmericaMamoré8,1501,9301,199611,800MadeiraTributary river[39]
32South AmericaMagdalena8,0581,540963257,438Caribbean SeaPrimary river[41]
33North AmericaOhio7,9571,579981528,200MississippiTributary river[42]
36AfricaNiger7,9004,2002,6002,117,000Gulf of GuineaPrimary river[43]
37South AmericaGuaviare7,5291,7601,090151,607OrinocoTributary river[9]
38North AmericaColumbia7,4072,0441,243668,217Pacific OceanPrimary river[28][44]
39OceaniaFly7,3551,06064975,800Gulf of PapuaPrimary river[45][46]
40South AmericaUruguay7,0581,8381,140353,451Río de la PlataTributary river[13]
41North AmericaYukon6,8603,1871,980854,700Bering SeaPrimary river[47]
42South AmericaNapo6,6601,075665100,518AmazonTributary river[48]
43AsiaSalween6,6003,2892,044324,000Andaman SeaPrimary river[49]
44EuropeDanube6,5102,8601,777801,463Black SeaPrimary river[50]
45South AmericaAraguaia6,4202,6271,632377,000TocantinsTributary river[51][24]
46AsiaKapuas6,0121,14371098,749South China SeaPrimary river[52]
47South AmericaJuruá6,0043,2832,040190,573AmazonTributary river[12]
48AfricaUbangi5,9362,2721,405651,915CongoTributary river[36]
49North AmericaNiagara5,8855836684,000Lake OntarioTributary river[53]
50South AmericaMeta5,6941,200742103,000OrinocoTributary river[9]
51AsiaIndus5,5893,1802,0001,081,718Arabian SeaPrimary river[28][54]
52AsiaAldan5,5012,2731,412729,000LenaTributary river[55][24]
53OceaniaMamberamo5,5001,17572778,992Pacific OceanPrimary river[56]
54South AmericaBranco5,400775479195,000Rio NegroTributary river
55North AmericaDetroit5,3004428595,052Lake EriePrimary river[note 2]
56South AmericaJavari5,2251,184732109,680AmazonTributary river[57][58]
57North AmericaSt. Clair5,2006540583,000Lake St. ClairTributary river[59]
58OceaniaSepik5,0001,14670080,321Bismarck SeaPrimary river[60][61]
59South AmericaCaroní4,98195259595,442OrinocoTributary river[9]
60South AmericaEssequibo4,9511,014627150,769Atlantic OceanPrimary river[28]
61South AmericaJuruena4,9371,240770192,628TapajósTributary river[12]
62AfricaOgooué4,9351,200747223,856Atlantic OceanPrimary river[62]
63AsiaAngara4,8331,7791,1001,079,000YeniseiTributary river[63]
64South AmericaParaná do UrariáCanumã4,8041,351839133,212AmazonTributary river[64]
65EuropePechora4,8001,8091,124322,000Barents SeaPrimary river[65]
66AsiaMeghna4,7531,04064669,871Lower MeghnaTributary river[7][16][66]
67AsiaChindwin4,7401,207750114,000IrrawaddyTributary river[67]
68AsiaRajang4,71577047852,009South China SeaPrimary river[52][68]
69South AmericaParaguay4,6962,6211,6291,120,154ParanaTributary river[13]
70AsiaBarito4,5141,09055081,675Java SeaPrimary river[52][69]
71AfricaRuki4,5001,300804173,790CongoTributary river[70]
72South AmericaUaupés4,3451,05065064,370Rio NegroTributary river[71]
73AsiaRed (Hong)4,3001,149714143,600Gulf of TonkinPrimary river[72]
74AsiaMahakam4,27898060977,095Makassar StraitPrimary river[52][73]
75AfricaZambezi4,2172,5741,5991,331,000Indian OceanPrimary river[74][75]
76AsiaNizhnyaya Tunguska4,1392,9891,848473,000YeniseiTributary river[63]
77South AmericaAtrato4,13875046636,231Caribbean SeaPrimary river[76][77]
78AsiaKolyma4,1002,1291,317644,000East Siberian SeaPrimary river[22]
79EuropeKama4,1001,8051,122507,000VolgaTributary river[40]
80South AmericaTrombetas4,0971,060656156,960AmazonTributary river[64]
81South AmericaApaporis4,0921,37084754,300JapuráTributary river[78]
82South AmericaAripuanã4,087870540145,000MadeiraTributary river[12]
83North AmericaGrijalvaUsumacinta4,0281,000620134,400Gulf of MexicoPrimary river[28]
84OceaniaStrickland4,00082451236,740FlyTributary river[79]
85South AmericaTeles Pires3,9781,6381,013141,718TapajósTributary river[80]
86North AmericaFraser3,9441,375854231,593Pacific OceanPrimary river[28]
87OceaniaDigul3,86785353045,900Arafura SeaPrimary river[81]
88South AmericaHuallaga3,7961,13870495,000MarañónTributary river[82]
89AsiaGodavari3,5711,465910312,812Bay of BengalPrimary river[83]
90North AmericaNelson3,5392,5751,6001,125,520Hudson BayPrimary river[84][85]
91South AmericaCaura3,50072344949,530OrinocoTributary river[9]

[84]

92AfricaBenue3,4771,440895319,000NigerTributary river[86]
93AsiaKaladan3,47645027840,000Bay of BengalPrimary river[87]
94South AmericaJutaí3,4621,20074274,000AmazonTributary river[12]
95North AmericaSlave3,451434270616,400Great Slave LakeTributary river[88]
96AsiaLohit3,43846028550,000BrahmaputraTributary river[66]
97EuropeNorthern Dvina3,4161,441895357,052White SeaPrimary river[85][34]
98North AmericaLa Grande3,400893555209,000James BayPrimary river[89][90]
99South AmericaInírida3,3851,30080453,795GuaviareTributary river[78]
100AsiaShatt al-ArabEuphratesTigris3,350204127938,173Persian GulfPrimary river[91][92]
101OceaniaPurari3,30063039033,670Gulf of PapuaPrimary river[93]
102OceaniaKikori3,27440525023,309Gulf of PapuaPrimary river[87]
103AsiaKhatanga3,2001,6361,012364,000Laptev SeaPrimary river[22]
104OceaniaPulau3,13356935337,164Arafura SeaPrimary river[94][93]
105AfricaNile3,0756,8534,2583,349,000Mediterranean SeaPrimary river[95]
106AsiaMusi3,05475947159,942South China SeaPrimary river[96]
107South AmericaTigre3,04794058145,073MarañónTributary river[82][97]
108AsiaSubansiri3,00344227535,763BrahmaputraTributary river[66]
109AsiaGhaghara2,9931,080671127,950GangesTributary river[98]
110AsiaIrtysh2,9804,2482,6271,673,470ObTributary river
111AsiaYamuna2,9491,376855366,223GangesTributary river[98]
112South AmericaSão Francisco2,9432,8301,758641,000Atlantic OceanPrimary river
113AsiaSrepok2,94045027979,015MekongTributary river[99]
114AfricaKwango2,9321,100680270,904KasaiTributary river[100]
115AsiaPanjnad2,9107144395,000IndusTributary river[101]
116EuropeRhine2,9001,233820198,735North SeaPrimary river[102]
117South AmericaBeni2,8751,100680131,500Madre de DiosTributary river[39]
118AsiaGan2,865599372103,107YangtzeTributary river[11]
119AsiaMin2,850735457133,000YangtzeTributary river[103]
120AsiaXiang2,848948589102,148YangtzeTributary river[11]
121EuropeNeva2,7707446287,094Gulf of FinlandPrimary river[28][104]
122South AmericaPastaza2,76974045841,000MarañónTributary river[82]
123South AmericaIriri2,7451,300810130,000XinguTributary river
124South AmericaCuyuni2,71961838485,635EssequiboTributary river[105]
125AsiaMali Hka2,69332020023,221IrrawaddyTributary river[106]
126North AmericaMissouri2,6733,7672,3411,371,010MississippiTributary river[107][34]
127AfricaCross2,64748930453,590Gulf of GuineaPrimary river[28]
128AsiaBatang Hari2,64380049746,504South China SeaPrimary river[96]
129AsiaAmu Darya2,6182,4001,491534,739Aral SeaPrimary river[108]
130South AmericaCasiquiare2,57434021082,800Rio NegroTributary river[71]
131AsiaYellow2,5715,4643,395752,000Yellow SeaPrimary river
132AsiaMahanadi2,562900560141,600Bay of BengalPrimary river[109]
133AsiaPyasina2,550818508182,000Kara SeaPrimary river
134AsiaKoshi2,50072945369,300GangesTributary river[98]
135AfricaSangha2,471790489213,400CongoTributary river[36]
136AsiaSonghua2,4631,434887557,180AmurTributary river
137AsiaGhorautra2,463905624,060MeghnaTributary river[66]
138AsiaKayan2,45457635833,005Celebes SeaPrimary river[110]
139North AmericaLiard2,4341,115693277,100MackenzieTributary river
140South AmericaGuainía2,43364040028,900Rio NegroTributary river[71]
141South AmericaGuapore2,4301,260783341,000MamoréTributary river
142South AmericaItuí2,42255834743,403JavariTributary river[57][12]
143South AmericaApure2,4001,038645121,400OrinocoTributary river[9]
144South AmericaRio Grande2,4001,360841143,000ParanáTributary river
145South AmericaParagua2,38955034039,605CaroníTributary river[111]
146AsiaVitim2,3791,9401,210225,000LenaTributary river[63]
147South AmericaCauca2,3641,18073059,840MagdalenaTributary river
148South AmericaYarí2,36062038331,650JapuráTributary river
149South AmericaUrubamba2,33072444860,300UcayaliTributary river[82]
150South AmericaJacuí2,32772344982,618Lagoa dos PatosPrimary river[112][113]
151South AmericaSan Juan2,30438024016,465Pacific OceanPrimary river[41]
152South AmericaUatumã2,29170143667,920AmazonTributary river[64]
153South AmericaIçana2,27967642035,675Rio NegroTributary river[114]
154South AmericaJamanxim2,21766641458,771TapajósTributary river[71][115]
155AsiaKrishna River2,2131,400870258,948Bay of BengalPrimary river[116]
156AfricaAruwimi2,2001,287799116,100CongoTributary river[117]
157North AmericaRed River2,1872,1901,360239,195AtchafalayaTributary river[118]
158South AmericaVentuari2,16052032240,861OrinocoTributary river[119]
159South AmericaCuraray2,15580050026,775NapoTributary river[82]
160North AmericaTennessee2,1401,049652105,870OhioTributary river[120]
161North AmericaSt. Marys2,13512075127,700Lake HuronTributary river
162South AmericaTapauá2,13564040063,185PurusTributary river[12]
163AsiaJialing2,1201,345836160,000YangtzeTributary river[103]
164North AmericaMobile2,1187245112,530Gulf of MexicoPrimary river[121]
165North AmericaPeace2,1101,9231,195306,000SlaveTributary river
166AsiaOlyokma2,1101,436892210,000LenaTributary river
167AsiaYuan2,10686453793,287YangtzeTributary river[122]
168South AmericaJi-Paraná2,10082051076,127MadeiraTributary river[123]
169AfricaSanaga2,0721,067663132,990Gulf of GuineaPrimary river[117]
170AfricaLomami2,0621,450900104,162CongoTributary river[124]
171AsiaHongshui2,049669.6416.1141,674XiTributary river
172AfricaLulonga2,04020012076,950CongoTributary river[125]
173AsiaGandaki2,02581450646,300GangesTributary river
174AsiaAnadyr2,0201,150710191,000Gulf of AnadyrPrimary river[87]
175OceaniaBamu2,00031019319,346Gulf of PapuaPrimary river[126][127]

List of primary rivers by discharge

[edit]

The global annualrunoff into theoceans (38,500–44,200 km3/year) is dominated by runoff into the South Atlantic from eastern South America, into the western Pacific from east Asia, and into the Indian Ocean from India, and southeast Asia. Depending on the estimate, theAmazon alone accounts for 15–18% of the annual freshwater runoff into the oceans.[128][129][130]

Discharge rates to theoceans:
  1. Atlantic Ocean (48.4%)
  2. Pacific Ocean (26.0%)
  3. Indian Ocean (13.9%)
  4. Arctic Ocean (11.7%)
Total globalrunoff rate bycontinent:
  1. Asia (31.8%)
  2. South America (28.6%)
  3. North America (16.3%)
  4. Africa (8.60%)
  5. Oceania (7.90%)
  6. Europe (6.80%)
Based on combination of model simulations and observed streamflow (hybrid).
Largest rivers in the world by volume discharge:
RiverAverage discharge (km3/year) at mouth
01Amazon
7,152.8
02GangesBrahmaputra
1,420.98
03Congo
1,308
04Orinoco
1,230
05Yangtze
1,003
06La Plata
883.6
07Mississippi
709.76
08Yenisei
637
09Lena
577
10St Lawrence
555
11Mekong
500.39
12Irrawaddy
476.9
13Ob
414
14Amur
390
15Pearl
336
16Mackenzie
310
17Volga
274.16
18Magdalena
263.99
19Niger
250
20Columbia
233.76
21Yukon
220
22Salween
211
23Fly
205
24Danube
204
25Kapuas
189.6
26Ogooue
186
27Essequibo
178
28Indus
176.38
29Mamberamo
158.23
30Sepik
157
NoContinentRiverStationAverage discharge (m3/s)Outflow
MeanMinMax
1South AmericaAmazonAmazon Delta220,800180,000340,000Atlantic Ocean[3]
2AsiaGangesBrahmaputraMeghnaGanges Delta43,95010,000160,000Bay of Bengal[6][7]
3AfricaCongo (Zaire)Banana41,40032,00057,670Atlantic Ocean[8]
4South AmericaOrinocoOrinoco Delta39,0008,00085,000Atlantic Ocean[9][10]
5AsiaYangtzeYangtze Delta31,90011,30049,500East China Sea[6][11]
6South AmericaRío de la PlataLa Plata Estuary27,22512,00050,000Atlantic Ocean[13]
7North AmericaMississippiMississippi Delta21,3005,00056,000Gulf of Mexico[19][20][131]
8AsiaYeniseiYenisei Estuary20,2004,20078,500Kara Sea[22]
9AsiaLenaLena Delta18,3003,59072,000Laptev Sea[22]
10AsiaMekongMekong Delta15,8563,00039,000South China Sea[28]
11AsiaIrrawaddyIrrawaddy Delta15,1126,46038,000Andaman Sea[29]
12AsiaObOb Estuary13,1006,23046,000Gulf of Ob[22]
13North AmericaSaint LawrenceQuébéc12,5009,22514,835Gulf of Saint Lawrence[26][132]
14AsiaAmurAmur Estuary12,3605,34019,000Sea of Okhotsk[32][28][133]
15AsiaPearl (Xi)Pearl Delta10,7003,60020,000South China Sea[37][134]
16North AmericaMackenzieMackenzie Delta9,8004,09015,800Beaufort Sea[22]
17EuropeVolgaVolga Delta8,3805,50019,600Caspian Sea[40]
18South AmericaMagdalenaBarranquilla8,0582,46516,463Caribbean Sea[41]
19AfricaNigerNiger Delta7,9001,20035,000Gulf of Guinea[43]
20North AmericaColumbiaAstoria7,4072,23019,100Pacific Ocean[28][135]
21OceaniaFlyOgwa7,3553,68012,762Gulf of Papua[136]
22North AmericaYukonPilot Station6,8601,36021,100Bering Sea[47]
23AsiaSalweenMoulmein6,6002,30032,600Andaman Sea[49]
24EuropeDanubeCeatal Izmail6,5101,79015,900Black Sea[50]
25AsiaKapuasKapuas Delta6,0123,0009,000South China Sea[52]
26AsiaIndusIndus Delta5,5891,10018,000Arabian Sea[28][137]
27OceaniaMamberamoMamberamo Delta5,500Pacific Ocean[138]
28OceaniaSepikAngoram5,0002,60011,000Bismarck Sea[60][139]
29South AmericaEssequiboBartica4,9511,8508,700Atlantic Ocean[28]
30AfricaOgoouéLambaréné4,9351,6109,440Atlantic Ocean[140]
31EuropePechoraOksino4,80064317,182Barents Sea[65]
32AsiaRajangRajang Delta4,7151,1008,000South China Sea[52][141]
33AsiaBaritoBarito Delta4,514Java Sea[52]
34AsiaRed (Hong)Red River Delta4,3001,2009,500Gulf of Tonkin[142]
35AsiaMahakamMahakam Delta4,2781,0008,000Makassar Strait[52]
36AfricaZambeziMarromeu4,21792018,600Indian Ocean[143][144]
37South AmericaAtratoAtrato Delta4,138Caribbean Sea[76]
38AsiaKolymaKolyma Delta4,100East Siberian Sea[22]
39North AmericaGrijalvaUsumacintaGrijalva Delta4,028Gulf of Mexico[28]
40North AmericaFraserVancouver3,94457517,000Pacific Ocean[28]
41OceaniaDigulDigul Delta3,86710,600Arafura Sea[81]
42OceaniaEilanden (Pulau)Eilanden Delta3,783Arafura Sea[81]
43AsiaGodavariGodavari Delta3,571Bay of Bengal[145]
44North AmericaNelsonPort Nelson3,5391,0007,000Hudson Bay[84][85][146]
45AsiaKaladanKaladan Delta3,476Bay of Bengal[87]
46EuropeNorthern DvinaUst-Pinega3,416White Sea[85][34]
47North AmericaLa GrandeLa Grande 13,400James Bay[89][90]
48AsiaShatt al-ArabEuphratesTigrisShatt al-Arab Delta3,350Persian Gulf[92][91]
49OceaniaPurariPurari Delta3,300Gulf of Papua[93]
50OceaniaKikoriKikori Delta3,274Gulf of Papua[87]
51AsiaKhatangaKhatanga Estuary3,200Laptev Sea[22]
52AsiaMusiMusi Delta3,0541,4004,200South China Sea[96]
53South AmericaSão FranciscoSão Francisco Estuary2,943Atlantic Ocean
54EuropeRhineRhine Delta2,90080013,000North Sea[147]
55AfricaNileDongola2,8105307,620Mediterranean Sea[5]
56EuropeNevaSaint Petersburg2,7704,550Gulf of Finland[28][148]
57AfricaCrossCross Estuary2,647Gulf of Guinea[28]
58AsiaBatang HariBatang Hari Delta2,643South China Sea[96]
59AsiaYellowYellow Delta2,57136,000Yellow Sea
60AsiaPyasinaPyasina Delta2,550Kara Sea
61AsiaAmu DaryaKerki2,525Aral Sea
62AsiaKayanTanjung Selor2,454Celebes Sea[149]
63South AmericaJacuíPorto Alegre2,327Lagoa dos Patos[112]
64South AmericaSan JuanBefore delta2,304Pacific Ocean[41]
65AsiaKrishnaKrishna Delta2,213Bay of Bengal
66AsiaMahanadiMahanadi Delta2,119Bay of Bengal
67North AmericaMobileMobile Estuary2,1182829,018Gulf of Mexico[121]
68AfricaSanagaSanaga Delta2,0724735,700Gulf of Guinea[117]
69AsiaAnadyrAnadyr Estuary2,020Gulf of Anadyr[87]
70OceaniaBamuBamu Estuary2,000Gulf of Papua[126][127]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Amazon river water flows into itsestuary throughSanta Mario River Channel
  2. ^If considered a river. The Detroit River may also be seen as astrait connectingLake St. Clair withLake Erie and separating theLower Peninsula of Michigan from theOntario Peninsula.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Sybil P. Parker (1993)McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science & Engineering, p. 645.
  2. ^Main river (also called primary river): A river that collects the water of all the watercourses in a drainage basin. Primary rivers flow directly into the ocean (Amazon, Mississippi, Nile) or into an endorheic lake (Volga, Amu Darya, Chari).
  3. ^abcThéry, Hervé; Maurence, Pascale (1997).HYDROLOGIE DU BASSIN AMAZONIEN(PDF). Belin.ISBN 2-7011-1532-9.
  4. ^Charles J., Vörösmarty; Berrien, Moore III; Annette L., Grace; M. Patricia, Gildea; Jerry M., Melille; Bruce, Peterson; Edward, B. Rastetter; Paul, A. Steudler (1989)."Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America".Global Biogeochemical Cycles.3 (3):241–265.Bibcode:1989GBioC...3..241V.doi:10.1029/GB003i003p00241.
  5. ^abcGupta, Avijit (2007).Large rivers: geomorphology and management. John Wiley and Sons. p. 31.ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3. Retrieved18 April 2011.
  6. ^abcdeIgor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009).Hydrological Cycle Volume III. EOLSS Publications.ISBN 978-1-84826-026-9.
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  120. ^"Lower Tennessee".
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  122. ^"Yuan Jiang".
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  141. ^Sien Aun, Edwin Sia (2019).Microbial Ecology and Nutrient Dynamics of the Rajang River(PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 January 2022. Retrieved7 March 2022.
  142. ^Krystian W. Pilarczyk (January 2003)."Bank erosion Mekong Delta and Red River".
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  149. ^Hanergy Holding Group (March 2013).Indonesia East Kalimantan Kayan River Basin Hydropower and Aluminum smelting Project (Slide deck).Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved24 September 2021 – via Scribd.
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