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List of presidents of the United States

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"Presidents of the United States" redirects here. For other uses, seePresident of the United States (disambiguation).

TheWhite House, official residence of the president of the United States

Thepresident of the United States is thehead of state andhead of government of theUnited States,[1]indirectly elected to a four-yearterm via theElectoral College.[2] Under theU.S. Constitution, the officeholder leads theexecutive branch of thefederal government and is thecommander-in-chief of theUnited States Armed Forces.[3]

The first president,George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.[4] The incumbent president isDonald Trump, whoassumed office on January 20, 2025.[5][6] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 47 presidencies. The discrepancy is due to the nonconsecutive terms ofGrover Cleveland (counted as the 22nd and 24th president) and Trump (counted as the 45th and 47th president).[7][8]

The presidency ofWilliam Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[9]Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[10] Since the ratification of theTwenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[11]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,Zachary Taylor,Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four wereassassinated (Abraham Lincoln,James A. Garfield,William McKinley, andJohn F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facingimpeachment and removal from office).[12]John Tyler was the firstvice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, setting the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with a new, distinct administration.[13]

Throughout most of its history,American politics has been dominated bypolitical parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the1st Congress convened,political factions began rallying around dominantWashington administration officials, such asAlexander Hamilton andThomas Jefferson.[14] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remainedunaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He remains the only U.S. president who never affiliated with a political party.[15]

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a]PortraitName
(birth–death)		Term[16]Party[b][17]ElectionVice President[18]
1Painting of George WashingtonGeorge Washington
(1732–1799)
[19]		April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797		Unaffiliated1788–89John Adams[c]
1792
2Painting of John AdamsJohn Adams
(1735–1826)
[21]		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801		Federalist1796Thomas Jefferson[d]
3Painting of Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[23]		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809		Democratic-
Republican		1800Aaron Burr
1804George Clinton
4Painting of James MadisonJames Madison
(1751–1836)
[24]		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817		Democratic-
Republican		1808George Clinton[e]
Vacant after
April 20, 1812
1812Elbridge Gerry[e]
Vacant after
November 23, 1814
5Painting of James MonroeJames Monroe
(1758–1831)
[26]		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825		Democratic-
Republican		1816Daniel D. Tompkins
1820
6Painting of John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[27]		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829		Democratic-
Republican[f]		1824John C. Calhoun[g]
National Republican
7Painting of Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[30]		March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837		Democratic1828John C. Calhoun[h]
Vacant after
December 28, 1832
1832Martin Van Buren
8Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[31]		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841		Democratic1836Richard Mentor Johnson
9William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[32]		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841[e]		Whig1840John Tyler
10John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[33]		April 4, 1841[i]
–
March 4, 1845		Whig[j]–Vacant throughout
presidency
Unaffiliated
11Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. PolkJames K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[36]		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849		Democratic1844George M. Dallas
12Black-and-white photographic portrait of Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[37]		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850[e]		Whig1848Millard Fillmore
13Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[38]		July 9, 1850[k]
–
March 4, 1853		Whig–Vacant throughout
presidency
14Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[40]		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857		Democratic1852William R. King[e]
Vacant after
April 18, 1853
15Black-and-white photographic portrait of James BuchananJames Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[41]		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861		Democratic1856John C. Breckinridge
16Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[42]		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865[e]		Republican1860Hannibal Hamlin
National Union[l]1864Andrew Johnson
17Black-and-white photographic portrait of Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[44]		April 15, 1865[m]
–
March 4, 1869		National Union[n]–Vacant throughout
presidency
Democratic
18Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[45]		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877		Republican1868Schuyler Colfax
1872Henry Wilson[e]
Vacant after
November 22, 1875
19Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[46]		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881		Republican1876William A. Wheeler
20Black-and-white photographic portrait of James A. GarfieldJames A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[47]		March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881[e]		Republican1880Chester A. Arthur
21Sepia photographic portrait of Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[48]		September 19, 1881[o]
–
March 4, 1885		Republican–Vacant throughout
presidency
22Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
1st term
[50]		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889		Democratic1884Thomas A. Hendricks[e]
Vacant after
November 25, 1885
23Black-and-white photographic portrait of Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[51]		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893		Republican1888Levi P. Morton
24Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
2nd term
[50]		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897		Democratic1892Adlai Stevenson I
25Black-and-white photographic portrait of William McKinleyWilliam McKinley
(1843–1901)
[52]		March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901[e]		Republican1896Garret Hobart[e]
Vacant after
November 21, 1899
1900Theodore Roosevelt
26Photographic portrait of Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[53]		September 14, 1901[p]
–
March 4, 1909		Republican–Vacant through
March 4, 1905
1904Charles W. Fairbanks
27Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[55]		March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913		Republican1908James S. Sherman[e]
Vacant after
October 30, 1912
28Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[56]		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921		Democratic1912Thomas R. Marshall
1916
29Black-and-white photographic portrait of Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[57]		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923[e]		Republican1920Calvin Coolidge
30Black-and-white photographic portrait of Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[58]		August 2, 1923[q]
–
March 4, 1929		Republican–Vacant through
March 4, 1925
1924Charles G. Dawes
31Black-and-white photographic portrait of Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[60]		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933		Republican1928Charles Curtis
32Photographic portrait of Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[61]		March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945[e]		Democratic1932John Nance Garner
1936
1940Henry A. Wallace
1944Harry S. Truman
33Photographic portrait of Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[62]		April 12, 1945[r]
–
January 20, 1953		Democratic–Vacant through
January 20, 1949
1948Alben W. Barkley
34Photographic portrait of Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[64]		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961		Republican1952Richard Nixon
1956
35Photographic portrait of John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[65]		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963[e]		Democratic1960Lyndon B. Johnson
36Photographic portrait of Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[66]		November 22, 1963[s]
–
January 20, 1969		Democratic–Vacant through
January 20, 1965
1964Hubert Humphrey
37Photographic portrait of Richard NixonRichard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[68]		January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974[h]		Republican1968Spiro Agnew[h]
1972
Vacant:
October 10 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford[t]
38Photographic portrait of Gerald FordGerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[69]		August 9, 1974[u]
–
January 20, 1977		Republican–Vacant through
December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller[t]
39Photographic portrait of Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter
(1924–2024)
[70]		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981		Democratic1976Walter Mondale
40Photographic portrait of Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[71]		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989		Republican1980George H. W. Bush
1984
41Photographic portrait of George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[72]		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993		Republican1988Dan Quayle
42Photographic portrait of Bill ClintonBill Clinton
(b. 1946)
[73]		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001		Democratic1992Al Gore
1996
43Photographic portrait of George W. BushGeorge W. Bush
(b. 1946)
[74]		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009		Republican2000Dick Cheney
2004
44Photographic portrait of Barack ObamaBarack Obama
(b. 1961)
[75]		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017		Democratic2008Joe Biden
2012
45Photographic portrait of Donald TrumpDonald Trump
(b. 1946)
1st term
[76]		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021		Republican2016Mike Pence
46Photographic portrait of Joe BidenJoe Biden
(b. 1942)
[77]		January 20, 2021
–
January 20, 2025		Democratic2020Kamala Harris
47Photographic portrait of Donald TrumpDonald Trump
(b. 1946)
2nd term
[76]		January 20, 2025
–
Incumbent		Republican2024JD Vance

See also

Notes

  1. ^Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president, instead of the first and second, but Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump are counted twice because their two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomesacting president under theTwenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. ^Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became theFederalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.[20]
  4. ^The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.[22]
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnoDied in office[25]
  6. ^Early during John Quincy Adams' term, theDemocratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. WhenAndrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson"opposition, and organized themselves as theNational Republican Party.[28]
  7. ^John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded theNullifier Party in 1828 to oppose theTariff of 1828 and advance the cause ofstates' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[29]
  8. ^abcResigned from office[25]
  9. ^John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[34]
  10. ^John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[35]
  11. ^Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[39]
  12. ^When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisanelectoral alliance withWar Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on theNational Union Party ticket.[43]
  13. ^Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[44]
  14. ^While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a coalition of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson began reassociating with the Democratic Party.[44]
  15. ^Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[49]
  16. ^Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[54]
  17. ^Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[59]
  18. ^Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[63]
  19. ^Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.[67]
  20. ^abAppointed as vice president under terms of theTwenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2[25]
  21. ^Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. Even though Ford served out the remainder of Nixon's second term, he was never elected to the presidency or vice presidency.[69]

References

  1. ^Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
  5. ^Hajela (2024).
  6. ^Freile (2024).
  7. ^AP (2024).
  8. ^Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
  9. ^McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
  10. ^Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
  11. ^Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
  12. ^Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
  13. ^Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
  14. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197;Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  15. ^LOC (2);Jamison (2014).
  16. ^LOC;whitehouse.gov.
  17. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  18. ^LOC.
  19. ^McDonald (2000).
  20. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272;Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  21. ^Pencak (2000).
  22. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
  23. ^Peterson (2000).
  24. ^Banning (2000).
  25. ^abcNeale (2004), p. 22.
  26. ^Ammon (2000).
  27. ^Hargreaves (2000).
  28. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228;Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  29. ^Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892;Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
  30. ^Remini (2000).
  31. ^Cole (2000).
  32. ^Gutzman (2000).
  33. ^Shade (2000).
  34. ^Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  35. ^Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
  36. ^Rawley (2000).
  37. ^Smith (2000).
  38. ^Anbinder (2000).
  39. ^Abbott (2005), p. 639.
  40. ^Gara (2000).
  41. ^Gienapp (2000).
  42. ^McPherson (b) (2000).
  43. ^McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
  44. ^abcTrefousse (2000).
  45. ^McPherson (a) (2000).
  46. ^Hoogenboom (2000).
  47. ^Peskin (2000).
  48. ^Reeves (2000).
  49. ^Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
  50. ^abCampbell (2000).
  51. ^Spetter (2000).
  52. ^Gould (a) (2000).
  53. ^Harbaugh (2000).
  54. ^Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
  55. ^Gould (b) (2000).
  56. ^Ambrosius (2000).
  57. ^Hawley (2000).
  58. ^McCoy (2000).
  59. ^Senate.
  60. ^Hoff (a) (2000).
  61. ^Brinkley (2000).
  62. ^Hamby (2000).
  63. ^Abbott (2005), p. 636.
  64. ^Ambrose (2000).
  65. ^Parmet (2000).
  66. ^Gardner (2000).
  67. ^Abbott (2005), p. 633.
  68. ^Hoff (b) (2000).
  69. ^abGreene (2013).
  70. ^whitehouse.gov (a).
  71. ^Schaller (2004).
  72. ^whitehouse.gov (b).
  73. ^whitehouse.gov (c).
  74. ^whitehouse.gov (d).
  75. ^whitehouse.gov (e).
  76. ^abwhitehouse.gov (f).
  77. ^whitehouse.gov (g).

Works cited

General

Expert studies

Presidential biographies

Online sources

External links

Presidents and
presidencies
  1. George Washington (1789–1797)
  2. John Adams (1797–1801)
  3. Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
  4. James Madison (1809–1817)
  5. James Monroe (1817–1825)
  6. John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
  7. Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
  8. Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
  9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
  10. John Tyler (1841–1845)
  11. James K. Polk (1845–1849)
  12. Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
  13. Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
  14. Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
  15. James Buchanan (1857–1861)
  16. Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
  17. Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
  18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
  19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
  20. James A. Garfield (1881)
  21. Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
  22. Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
  23. Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
  24. Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
  25. William McKinley (1897–1901)
  26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
  27. William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
  28. Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
  29. Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
  30. Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
  31. Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
  32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
  33. Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
  34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
  35. John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
  36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
  37. Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
  38. Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
  39. Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
  40. Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
  41. George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
  42. Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
  43. George W. Bush (2001–2009)
  44. Barack Obama (2009–2017)
  45. Donald Trump (2017–2021)
  46. Joe Biden (2021–2025)
  47. Donald Trump (2025–present)
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