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Under theConstitution of the Philippines, thepresident of the Philippines (Filipino:Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both thehead of state andgovernment, and serves as thecommander-in-chief of thecountry's armed forces.[3][4] The president isdirectly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "anatural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day ofthe election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". No elected president can seek re-election. Upon resignation, or removal from the office, thevice president assumes the post. A president's successor who hasn't served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency.[5]
The incumbent president isBongbong Marcos, whoassumed office on June 30, 2022.
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, which was considered theFirst Philippine Republic.[6][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during thePhilippine–American War (1899–1902).[3] The Americancolonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[11] which led to an Americangovernor-general exercising executive power.[18]
In 1935, theUnited States, pursuant to its promise of fullPhilippine sovereignty,[19] established theCommonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. Thefirst national presidential election was held,[note 3] andManuel L. Quezon (1935–1944) was elected to a six-year term with no provision for re-election[4] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.[3] However, a change in the government occurred three years later when theSecond Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the1943 Constitution, whichJapan imposed after theoccupied the Philippines in 1942 duringWorld War II.[22]José P. Laurel acted aspuppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;[23] hisde facto presidency,[24] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[10] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which wentinto exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after theJapan surrendered to theAllies in 1945; the Commonwealth was then restored in the Philippines in the same year with the election ofSergio Osmeña (1944–1946) as president.[3]
Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) then followed Osmeña when he won thefirst post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended onJuly 4 of that year. TheThird Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which wasFerdinand Marcos (1965–1986),[3] who performed aself-coup by imposingmartial law in 1972.[25] Thedictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of theNew Society (Filipino:Bagong Lipunan) and theFourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in thePeople Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of theFifth Republic.[3]
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[26] and Manuel Roxas[27]) and one in aplane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–1957[28]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office:Corazon Aquino (1986–1992), who ascended to the presidency upon the successfulPeople Power Revolution of 1986, andGloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Term start | Term end | Term length | Party | Election | Vice president | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .jpg) | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) | January 23, 1899 | April 19, 1901[a] | 2 years, 86 days | Nonpartisan | 1899[b] | None[c] | |
| Position abolished[d] (April 19, 1901 – November 15, 1935) | |||||||||
| 2 | _(cropped).jpg) | Manuel L. Quezon[e] (1878–1944) | November 15, 1935 | August 1, 1944[f] | 8 years, 260 days | Nacionalista | 1935 | Sergio Osmeña | |
| 1941[g] | |||||||||
| 3 | .jpg) | Jose P. Laurel[e] (1891–1959) | October 14, 1943 | August 17, 1945[h] | 1 year, 307 days | KALIBAPI | 1943[i] | None[j] | |
| 4 |  | Sergio Osmeña[e] (1878–1961) | August 1, 1944 | May 28, 1946 | 1 year, 300 days | Nacionalista | –[k] | None[l] | |
| 5 |  | Manuel Roxas (1892–1948) | May 28, 1946 | April 15, 1948[f] | 1 year, 323 days | Liberal | 1946 | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 6 |  | Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) | April 17, 1948 | December 30, 1953 | 5 years, 257 days | Liberal | –[k] | None[l] (until 1949) | |
| 1949 | Fernando Lopez (from 1949) | ||||||||
| 7 |  | Ramon Magsaysay (1907–1957) | December 30, 1953 | March 17, 1957[f] | 3 years, 77 days | Nacionalista | 1953 | Carlos P. Garcia | |
| 8 |  | Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) | March 18, 1957 | December 30, 1961 | 4 years, 287 days | Nacionalista | –[k] | None[l] (until 1957) | |
| 1957 | Diosdado Macapagal (from 1957) | ||||||||
| 9 |  | Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) | December 30, 1961 | December 30, 1965 | 4 years | Liberal | 1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez | |
| 10 | .jpg) | Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989) | December 30, 1965 | February 25, 1986[m] | 20 years, 57 days | Nacionalista (until 1978) | 1965 | Fernando Lopez (until 1973) | |
| 1969 | |||||||||
| None[n] (1973–1984) | |||||||||
| 1973[o] | |||||||||
| 1977[o] | |||||||||
| KBL (from 1978) | |||||||||
| 1981 | |||||||||
| Vacant[p] (from 1984) | |||||||||
| 11 |  | Corazon Aquino (1933–2009) | February 25, 1986 | June 30, 1992 | 6 years, 126 days | UNIDO (until 1987) | 1986[q] | Salvador Laurel | |
| Independent (from 1987) | |||||||||
| 12 | _(cropped).jpg) | Fidel V. Ramos (1928–2022) | June 30, 1992 | June 30, 1998 | 6 years | Lakas | 1992 | Joseph Estrada | |
| 13 | _(cropped2).jpg) | Joseph Estrada (born 1937) | June 30, 1998 | January 20, 2001[r] | 2 years, 204 days | LAMMP | 1998 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | |
| 14 | _(cropped).jpg) | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) | January 20, 2001 | June 30, 2010 | 9 years, 161 days | Lakas | –[s] | Vacant[t] (until 2001) | |
| Teofisto Guingona Jr.[u] (2001–2004) | |||||||||
| 2004 | Noli de Castro (from 2004) | ||||||||
| 15 | .jpg) | Benigno Aquino III (1960–2021) | June 30, 2010 | June 30, 2016 | 6 years | Liberal | 2010 | Jejomar Binay | |
| 16 | .jpg) | Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945) | June 30, 2016 | June 30, 2022 | 6 years | PDP–Laban | 2016 | Leni Robredo | |
| 17 | .jpg) | Bongbong Marcos (born 1957) | June 30, 2022 | Incumbent | 3 years, 146 days | PFP | 2022 | Sara Duterte | |
Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish:Presidente Supremo;Tagalog:Kataastaasang Pangulo) of theKatipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (theCry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the termKatipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as theTagalog Republic (Tagalog:Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish:Republica Tagala). (Although the wordTagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place ofFilipino which had colonial origins.)[30][31][32][33][34]
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply thatMacario Sakay andMiguel Malvar should also be included.[35] Malvar continuedEmilio Aguinaldo's leadership of theFirst Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902.Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are still both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.[36][37]
Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during theMalolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties toJosé Abad Santos, the then-Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish agovernment-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.[38]
| Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Term start | Term end | Term length | Party | Election | Vice President | Government | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) [34][39][40][41] | August 24, 1896[v] | March 22, 1897[w] or May 10, 1897[x] | 210 days or 259 days | Nonpartisan | – | None |  Sovereign Tagalog Nation | |
| Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) | March 22, 1897[y] | November 1, 1897[z] | 224 days | Nonpartisan | 1897 | Mariano Trias |  Tejeros Revolutionary Government | |
| November 2, 1897[aa] | December 14, 1897[ab] | 42 days | – |  Republic of Biak-na-Bato | |||||
| May 24, 1898 | June 23, 1898[ac] | 30 days | – |  Dictatorial Government | |||||
| June 23, 1898[ad][42] | January 23, 1899[ae] | 214 days | – | Revolutionary Government | |||||
 | Francisco Makabulos (1871–1922) | April 17, 1898 | May 19, 1898[af] | 32 days | Nonpartisan | – | None | Central Executive Committee | |
 | Miguel Malvar (1865–1911) [43] | April 19, 1901[ag] | April 16, 1902[ah] | 362 days | Nonpartisan | – | None[ai] | First Republic | |
 | Macario Sakay (1870–1907) [44][45][46] | May 6, 1902[aj] | July 14, 1906[ak] | 4 years, 69 days | Katipunan[al] | – | Francisco Carreón |  Tagalog Republic | |
 | José Abad Santos (1886–1942) [38] | March 17, 1942 | May 1, 1942 | 45 days | Independent | – | None |   Commonwealth | |
 | Jorge B. Vargas (1890–1980) | January 23, 1942 | October 14, 1943 | 1 year, 264 days | KALIBAPI | – | None |  Philippine Executive Commission | |
 | Arturo Tolentino (1910–2004) [47][48] | July 6, 1986[am] | July 8, 1986 | 2 days | KBL | 1986 | None | Fourth Republic | |
| No. | President | Born | Age atstart of presidency | Age atend of presidency | Post-presidency timespan | Lifespan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died | Age | ||||||
| 1 | Emilio Aguinaldo | March 22, 1869 | 29 years, 307 days January 23, 1899 | 32 years, 1 day March 23, 1901 | 62 years, 320 days | February 6, 1964 | 94 years, 321 days |
| 2 | Manuel Quezon | August 19, 1878 | 56 years, 180 days February 15, 1935 | 65 years, 348 days August 1, 1944 | Died in office | August 1, 1944 | 65 years, 348 days |
| 3 | Jose P. Laurel | March 9, 1891 | 52 years, 219 days October 14, 1943 | 54 years, 161 days August 17, 1945 | 14 years, 81 days | November 6, 1959 | 68 years, 242 days |
| 4 | Sergio Osmeña | September 9, 1878 | 65 years, 327 days August 1, 1944 | 67 years, 261 days May 28, 1946 | 15 years, 144 days | October 19, 1961 | 83 years, 40 days |
| 5 | Manuel Roxas | January 1, 1892 | 54 years, 147 days May 28, 1946 | 56 years, 105 days April 15, 1948 | Died in office | April 15, 1948 | 56 years, 105 days |
| 6 | Elpidio Quirino | November 16, 1890 | 57 years, 153 days April 17, 1948 | 63 years, 44 days December 30, 1953 | 2 years, 61 days | February 29, 1956 | 65 years, 105 days |
| 7 | Ramon Magsaysay | August 31, 1907 | 46 years, 121 days December 30, 1953 | 49 years, 198 days March 17, 1957 | Died in office | March 17, 1957 | 49 years, 198 days |
| 8 | Carlos P. Garcia | November 4, 1896 | 60 years, 134 days March 18, 1957 | 65 years, 56 days December 30, 1961 | 9 years, 166 days | June 14, 1971 | 74 years, 222 days |
| 9 | Diosdado Macapagal | September 28, 1910 | 51 years, 93 days December 30, 1961 | 55 years, 93 days December 30, 1965 | 31 years, 112 days | April 21, 1997 | 86 years, 205 days |
| 10 | Ferdinand E. Marcos | September 11, 1917 | 48 years, 110 days December 30, 1965 | 68 years, 167 days February 25, 1986 | 3 years, 215 days | September 28, 1989 | 72 years, 17 days |
| 11 | Corazon Aquino | January 25, 1933 | 53 years, 31 days February 25, 1986 | 59 years, 157 days June 30, 1992 | 17 years, 32 days | August 1, 2009 | 76 years, 188 days |
| 12 | Fidel V. Ramos | March 18, 1928 | 64 years, 104 days June 30, 1992 | 70 years, 104 days June 30, 1998 | 24 years, 31 days | July 31, 2022 | 94 years, 135 days |
| 13 | Joseph Estrada | April 19, 1937 | 61 years, 72 days June 30, 1998 | 63 years, 276 days January 20, 2001 | Living | Living | 88 years, 218 days |
| 14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | April 5, 1947 | 53 years, 290 days January 20, 2001 | 63 years, 86 days June 30, 2010 | Living | Living | 78 years, 232 days |
| 15 | Benigno Aquino III | February 8, 1960 | 50 years, 142 days June 30, 2010 | 56 years, 143 days June 30, 2016 | 4 years, 359 days | June 24, 2021 | 61 years, 136 days |
| 16 | Rodrigo Duterte | March 28, 1945 | 71 years, 94 days June 30, 2016 | 77 years, 94 days June 30, 2022 | Living | Living | 80 years, 240 days |
| 17 | Bongbong Marcos | September 13, 1957 | 64 years, 290 days June 30, 2022 | Incumbent | Incumbent | Living | 68 years, 71 days |
| Vice President | President served under | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | Manuel L. Quezon | 1935–1944 | Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death |
| Elpidio Quirino | Manuel Roxas | 1946–1948 | Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in1949 |
| Carlos P. Garcia | Ramon Magsaysay | 1953–1957 | Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after thelatter's death; ran and won a full term in1957 |
| Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | 1957–1961 | Macapagal defeated Garcia in1961 |
| Joseph Estrada | Fidel V. Ramos | 1992–1998 | Estrada ran for a full term in1998 |
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Joseph Estrada | 1998–2001 | Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after thelatter's resignation; ran and won a full term in2004 |
3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel,Binay, andRobredo) all made unsuccessful runs for the presidency.
The following list includes only cabinet secretaries who served full-time. Vice presidents who served concurrently as cabinet secretaries are not included.
| Secretary | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elpidio Quirino | Secretary of Finance | Manuel Quezon | 1934– 1936 |
| Secretary of Interior | 1935–1938 | ||
| Manuel Roxas | 1941 | ||
| Ramon Magsaysay | Secretary of National Defense | Elpidio Quirino | 1935–1944 |
| Fidel V. Ramos | Corazon Aquino | 1988–1991 |
| Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Undersecretary of theDepartment of Trade and Industry | Corazon Aquino | 1987–1992 |
| Senator | District | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel L. Quezon | 5th | 1916–1935 | First president to serve asSenate president (1916–1935) |
| Jose P. Laurel | 1925–1931 | Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957) Only senator to serve asmajority floor leader (1925–1931) | |
| Sergio Osmeña | 10th | 1922–1935 | First president to serve aspresident pro tempore (1922–1934) |
| Manuel Roxas | At-large | 1945–1946 | Second president to serve as Senate president (1916–1935) |
| Elpidio Quirino | 1st | 1925–1935 | Second and last president to serve as president pro tempore (1945–1946) |
| At-large | 1945–1946 | ||
| Carlos P. Garcia | 1945–1953 | First president to serve as minority floor leader (1946–1953) | |
| Ferdinand E. Marcos | 1959–1965 | Second president to serve as minority floor leader (1960–1962) Third and last president to serve as Senate president (1963–1965) | |
| Joseph Estrada | 1987–1992 | ||
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 1992–1998 | ||
| Benigno Aquino III | 2007–2010 | Did not finish term, won presidency | |
| Bongbong Marcos | 2010–2016 |
| Legislator | District | Lower House Name | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel L. Quezon | Tayabas1st | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1909 | First president to serve asmajority floor leader (1907–1909) |
| Sergio Osmeña | Cebu2nd | 1907–1916 | First President to serve asspeaker (1907–1916) | |
| House of Representatives | 1916–1922 | |||
| Manuel Roxas | Capiz1st | 1922–1935 | Second president to serve as majority floor leader. Second president to serve as speaker (1922–1934) | |
| National Assembly | 1935–1938 | |||
| Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur1st | House of Representatives | 1919–1925 | |
| Ramon Magsaysay | Zambalesat-large | 1946–1950 | ||
| Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol3rd | 1925–1931 | ||
| Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga1st | 1949–1957 | ||
| Ferdinand E. Marcos | Ilocos Norte2nd | 1949–1959 | ||
| Benigno Aquino III | Tarlac2nd | 1998–2007 | Only president to serve asdeputy speaker (2004–2006) | |
| Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City1st | 1998–2001 | ||
| Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte2nd | 1992–1995; 2007– 2010 |
| Governor | Province | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel Quezon | Tayabas | 1906–1907 | |
| Sergio Osmeña | Cebu | 1904–1907 | |
| Manuel Roxas | Capiz | 1919–1922 | |
| Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | 1933–1941 | |
| Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte | 1983–1986; 1998–2007 | Only president to serve as vice governor (1980–1983) |
| Mayor | City/Municipality | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Estrada | San Juan | 1969–1986 | First former president to serve as Mayor (2013–2019) |
| Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City | 1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016 | Only president to serve as vice mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013) Second former president elected as mayor (2025) |
| Name | Municipality/City | Province | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel Quezon | Lucena | Tayabas | 1906 |
| Manuel Roxas | Capiz | Capiz | 1917–1919 |
| Name | Position | Year(s) served | President | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jose P. Laurel | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court | 1936–1942 | Manuel Quezon | Only president to serve on theSupreme Court |
| Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel Quezon | Resident Commissioner of the Philippines | None (Under American rule) | 1909–1916 |
| Name | Year(s) served |
|---|---|
| Emilio Aguinaldo | 1899–1901 |
| Name | Year(s) served |
|---|---|
| Corazon Aquino | 1986–1992 |
| Name | Portrait | Rank | Branch | Year(s) served | Wars/Battles | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emilio Aguinaldo |  | Generalissimo | Philippine Revolutionary Army | 1896–1901 | Philippine Revolution, Philippine–American War | Became Commanding General of the entire Revolutionary Army after the assassination of Gen.Antonio Luna in June 1899. |
| Manuel Quezon |  | Major | Philippine Republican Army | 1899–1901 | Philippine–American War | Served under Gen.Tomas Mascardo and also aide-de-camp to President Aguinaldo |
| Manuel Roxas | .jpg) | Brigadier General | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1941–1945 | World War II | Covertly provided intelligence reports to guerilla units while acting as chief advisor to President Laurel. |
| Ramon Magsaysay |  | Captain | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1942–1945 | World War II | 31st Infantry Division, present during theBattle of Bataan (1942). Later becameSecretary of National Defense under President Quirino. |
| Ferdinand E. Marcos |  | 1st Lieutenant | USAFFE | 1942–1945 | World War II | 21st Infantry Division, present during the Battle of Bataan and the subsequentDeath March (1942) |
| Major | USAFIP-NL | 14th Infantry Regiment | ||||
| Fidel V. Ramos |  | General | Philippine Constabulary | 1950–1988 | Korean War, Vietnam War | Only former president to serve aschief of staff of theArmed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986) |
Subnotes
Other notes
| First Republic (1899–1901) | |
|---|---|
| Commonwealth (1935–1946) |
|
| Second Republic (1943–1945) | |
| Third Republic (1946–1973) |
|
| Martial law era (1973–1981) | |
| Fourth Republic (1981–1986) |
|
| Fifth Republic (1986–present) | |
