 |
|---|
This is alist of political parties in Malaysia, including existing and historical ones.
Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act.
In Malaysian politics, afrog(Malay: katak politik)(Sabahan: Buhangkut politik) refers to an act where a politician crosses the bench from one party to another(changing support).[1] This term was first coined during the1994 Sabah state elections afterUnited Sabah Party losing its majority even the party won the state elections. Despite its usage nationwide, it is more familiar within the state ofSabah.[2] Since May 25, 2023, nine states ofMalaysia has approved the"Anti-Switching Parties Law" or"Anti-Hopping Parties Law" for both states legislative assembly and parliament includingSabah andSarawak.[3]
The Election Offences Act (1954) regulates the maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period (excluding before the nomination day and after election day). The permissiblecampaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act (1954) is RM 100,000 per candidate for state seats and RM 200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in the 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM 95 million. Due to the lack of records and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.
Thedeposit was RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 per cent or one-eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide a RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election.
Political donations are legal inMalaysia. There is no limit, and parties are not obliged to disclose the source of the funding, which makes political donations a vague subject but still entirely legal in the country. All political donations are allowed to be given into accounts of individuals and accounts of the political party. Anonymous donors and foreigners may request not to reveal their identities.
Political parties arefunded by contributions from:
This is the list of coalitions and parties that have representation in theParliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat &Dewan Negara) and/or thestate legislative assemblies, sorted by seats held in theDewan Rakyat, the lower house of theParliament of Malaysia. Unless noted, numbers exclude independents and loose allies linked to each party
| Coalition and Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Dewan Rakyat | Dewan Negara | State Assemblies | Vote share (2022) | Federal government | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakatan Harapan Alliance of Hope[A] | PH | Anwar Ibrahim | Progressivism | Centre-left | 82 / 222 | 14 / 70 | 139 / 607 | 37.46% | Government | ||
| Perikatan Nasional National Alliance[B] | PN | Muhyiddin Yassin | Religious nationalism National conservatism | Right-wing tofar-right | 74 / 222 | 15 / 70 | 210 / 607 | 30.35% | Opposition | ||
| Barisan Nasional National Front | BN | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | Conservatism | Centre-right toright-wing | 30 / 222 | 21 / 70 | 119 / 607 | 22.36% | Government | ||
| Gabungan Parti Sarawak Sarawak Parties Alliance[C] | GPS | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg | Sarawak nationalism Conservatism | Centre-right toright-wing | 23 / 222 | 6 / 70 | 76 / 607 | 3.94% | Government | ||
| Parti Gabungan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Alliance Party[D] | GRS | Hajiji Noor | Sabah nationalism Conservatism | Centre-right toright-wing | 6 / 222 | 4 / 70 | 42 / 607 | 2.99% | Government | ||
| Parti Warisan Heritage Party | Warisan | Shafie Apdal | Progressivismmultiracialism Nationalism | Centre | 3 / 222 | 0 / 70 | 14 / 607 | 1.82% | Government | ||
| Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat Social Democratic Harmony Party | KDM | Priscella Peter | Sabah regionalism | 1 / 222 | 0 / 70 | 2 / 607 | 0.34% | Government | |||
| Parti Bangsa Malaysia Malaysian Nation Party | PBM | Larry Sng | Multiracialism | 1 / 222 | 0 / 70 | 2 / 607 | 0.11% | Government | |||
| Malaysian United Democratic Alliance Ikatan Demokratik Malaysia[E] | MUDA | Amira Aisya Abdul Aziz (Acting) | Social democracy | Centre-left | 1 / 222 | 0 / 70 | 1 / 607 | 0.48% | Opposition | ||
AThe coalition contested seats inWest Malaysia using the symbol of thePeople's Justice Party while seats inEast Malaysia were contested using the symbols of the individual coalition parties. | |||||||||||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik | DAP | Anthony Loke Siew Fook | •Social democracy •National secularism | Centre-left | 1966 | Progressive Alliance | ||
| United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu | UPKO | Ewon Benedick | •Sabah regionalism •Malaysian nationalism | Centre-left | 1999 (1994) | N/A | [A] | |
| Parti Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Party | PKR | Anwar Ibrahim | •Social liberalism •Malaysian reformism | Centre-left | 2003 (1991) | N/A | [B] | |
| Parti Amanah Negara National Trust Party | AMANAH | Mohamad Sabu | •Islamic modernism •National progressivism | Centre-left | 2015 (1978) | N/A | [C] | |
A Originally registered asParti Demokratik Sabah (Sabah Democratic Party) in 1994, the party was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation in 1999 and renamed further to its current name in 2019. | ||||||||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parti Islam Se-Malaysia Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | Abdul Hadi Awang | Islamism[7] | Far-right | 1955 | Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwanul Muslimin) | ||
| Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Malaysian People's Movement Party | GERAKAN | Dominic Lau Hoe Chai | Liberalism | Centre | 1968 | Liberal International (observer) | ||
| Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia Malaysian United Indigenous Party | BERSATU | Muhyiddin Yassin | Malay nationalism | Right-wing | 2016 | N/A | ||
| Malaysian Indian People's Party Parti Rakyat India Malaysia | MIPP | Punithan Paramsiven | Malaysian Indians' interests | N/A | 2019 | N/A | ||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | UMNO | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | •Ketuanan Melayu •National conservatism | Right-wing | 1946 (1988) | N/A | A | |
| Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia | MIC | Vigneswaran Sanasee | •Malaysian Indian interest •Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1946 (1963) | N/A | B | |
| Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia | MCA | Wee Ka Siong | •Malaysian Chinese interest •Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1949 (1963) | N/A | C | |
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah United Sabah People's Party | PBRS | Arthur Joseph Kurup | Sabah nationalism | Right-wing | 1994 | N/A | ||
| People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk | myPPP | Loga Bala Mohan Jaganathan | Liberal conservatism Civic nationalism | Centre-right | 1953 (2023) | N/A | D | |
A Originally registered in 1946, UMNO was deregistered in 1988 and the then Prime Minister registered a new party, UMNO Baru the same year. UMNO Baru is considered a successor party to the original UMNO. The suffixBaru or New was dropped from the name in July the same year | ||||||||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia Pan Malaysian Islamic Front | BERJASA | Zamani bin Ibrahim | •Islamic democracy •National conservatism | Centre-right | 1977 | N/A | ||
| Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia Malaysia Mighty Bumiputera Party | PUTRA | Ibrahim Ali | •National conservatism •Malaysian reformism | Far-right | 2019 | N/A | ||
| National Indian Muslim Alliance Party National Indian Muslim Alliance Party | IMAN | Mohammed Mosin Abdul Razak | •Islamic democracy •Social liberalism | 2019 | N/A | |||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarawak United Peoples' Party Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak | SUPP | Sim Kui Hian | National reformism | Centre-right | 1959 | N/A | ||
| Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu United Traditional Bumiputera Party | PBB | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg | Ketuanan Bumiputera Right-wing populism | Right-wing | 1973 | N/A | A | |
| Progressive Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Progresif | PDP | Tiong King Sing | N/A | Centre | 2002 (2017) | N/A | B | |
| Parti Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak People's Party | PRS | Joseph Salang Gandum | Sarawak nationalism National reformism | Centre-right | 2004 | N/A | ||
A The party is a result of a merger between Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (Sarawak Bumiputera Party), itself a merger established in 1968 between Parti Negara Sarawak (Sarawak National Party or PANAS established in 1960) and Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (Sarawak Native People's Front or BARJASA established in 1961), and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (Sarawak Native's Heritage Party or PESAKA established in 1961) | ||||||||
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parti Bersatu Sabah United Sabah Party | PBS | Maximus Ongkili Joachim Gunsalam (Acting) | •Bumiputera's rights and regionalism •Social conservatism | Right-wing | 1985 | |||
| Parti Liberal Demokratik Liberal Democratic Party | LDP | Chin Su Phin | Centre | 1989 | ||||
| Sabah Progressive Party Parti Maju Sabah | SAPP | Yong Teck Lee | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 1994 | N/A | ||
| Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu (Baru) United Sabah National Organisation (New) | USNO | Pandikar Amin Mulia | National conservatism | Centre | 2013 | N/A | ||
| Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Idea Party | GAGASAN | Hajiji Noor | •Sabah nationalism •Multiracialism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku Homeland Solidarity Party | STAR | Jeffrey Kitingan | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2016 | C | ||
| Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Hope Party | PHRS | Liew Yun Fah | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2016 | |||
| Parti Cinta Sabah Love Sabah Party | PCS | Anifah Aman | Sabah regionalism | Centre | 2013 | |||
| ||||||||
This is the list of active coalitions and parties that do not have representation in theParliament of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat andDewan Negara) and thestate legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS). Parties that are part of a coalition that is represented are not listed here even if the party itself is not represented. This list does not include parties that are active but have yet to be registered with the ROS or EC such as theGreen Party of Malaysia.
Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) and with the Election Commission (EC).
| Party | Abbr | Leader | Ideology | Position | Registered | International affiliation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parti Rumpun Sabah Sabah Clan Party | RUMPUN | Dato Dr. Hj. Ismail Idris | Islamic Democracy Sabah patriotism Sabah nationalism | Left-wing | 2024 | |||
| Parti Impian Sabah Sabah Dream Party | PISabah | Ybhg Michel Alok | Sabah nationalism Democratic socialism Left-wing nationalism | Left-wing | 2023 | |||
| Parti Rakyat Malaysia Malaysian People's Party | PRM | Mohd Hashim Saaludin | Democratic socialism Left-wing nationalism | Left-wing | 1955 (1989) | A | ||
| Malaysian Ceylonese Congress Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia | MCC | Mahendranathan Thuraiappah | N/A | N/A | 1958 (1970) | |||
| Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia | KIMMA | Syed Ibrahim Kader | Islamism Conservatism | Centre-right | 1976 | B | ||
| Parti Punjabi Malaysia Malaysian Punjabi Party | PPM | Datuk Gurjeet Singh Rhande | N/A | N/A | 1986 | C | ||
| Liberal Democratic Party Parti Liberal Demokratik | LDP | Chin Su Pin | Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism | Right-wing | 1989 | |||
| Malaysian United People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Malaysia | MUPP | Roy Nazry | Nationalism | Right-wing | 1994 (2011) | D | ||
| Parti Sosialis Malaysia Socialist Party of Malaysia | PSM | Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj | Socialism Left-wing populism | Left-wing | 1998 | |||
| Parti Cinta Malaysia Love Malaysia Party | PCM | Huan Cheng Guan | National conservatism | Right-wing | 2007 | N/A | ||
| Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia | MMSP | R.S. Thanenthiran | Dravidianism | Centre-right | 2009 | |||
| Parti Kebangsaan Sabah Sabah Nationality Party | PKS | Thomas Anggan | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Pertubuhan Perpaduan Rakyat Kebangsaan Sabah Sabah National People's Unity Organisation | PERPADUAN | Jack Giau | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Parti Sejahtera Angkatan Perpaduan Sabah Sabah Wellbeing & Unity Front Party | SAPU | Abdul Banning Mohd. | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Sabah Peace Party Parti Damai Sabah | SPP | Berman Angkap | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Parti Kerjasama Anak Negeri Sabah Native Co-operation Party | Anak Negeri | Henrynus Amin | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai Justices of Peace Coalition People's Party | PEACE | Julian Petrus Jout | Sarawak regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | |||
| Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Ideals Party | GAGASAN / PGRS | Dr. Ationg Tituh & Stephen Jimbangan | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2013 | United Nations (UN) | no representatives until 2023, afterHajiji Noor takeover this party. | |
| Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti | MIRA | K. Palanisamy | Liberal democracy Minority rights | N/A | 2013 | F | ||
| Sarawak People's Energy Party Parti Tenaga Rakyat Sarawak | TERAS | Banyi Beriak | N/A | Centre | 2013 | G | ||
| People's Alternative Party Parti Alternatif Rakyat | PAP | A. David Dass | Liberal democracy | Centre | 2014 | |||
| Sabah People's Hope Party Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah | HR | Liew Yun Fah | Sabah regionalism | Centre-right | 2016 | no representatives until 2022, after this party finally got representative from Kukusan and cooperate withGRS. | ||
| Malaysian United Party Parti Bersama Malaysia | MUP | Tan Gin Theam | Liberal democracy | Centre | 2016 | |||
| Penang Front Party Parti Barisan Pulau Pinang | PFP | Razalif Mohd Zain | Penang regionalism | Centre-right | 2016 | |||
| Malaysian Advancement Party Parti Kemajuan Malaysia | KEMAJUAN | Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | Egalitarianism Humanism | N/A | 2019 | |||
| Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak People's Aspiration Party | ASPIRASI | Lina Soo | •Sarawak regionalism •State separatism | Centre-left | 1996 (2020) | N/A | ||
B PRM was originally registered as Partai Ra'ayat. It was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Socialist Party) in 1970 and then renamed again to its current name in 1989. In 2003 the party officially merged withParti Keadilan Nasional to formParti Keadilan Rakyat. Some members of the original PRM re-organised PRM as a functional political party in 2005 after some disagreement on the ideology and direction of the newly merged party, PKR. | ||||||||
Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies (ROS) but not with the Election Commission (EC). They are therefore unable or able to contest in elections using their own symbols.
These organisations have never been or are no longer registered as political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. Parties that were registered inBritish Malaya but operated solely in the territory ofSingapore are also excluded from this list. Parties that have been renamed but still exist today as registered political parties are also excluded from this list. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties.
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nanyang Communist Party Parti Komunis Nanyang | CPN | 1925–1930 | South Sea Communist Party is also referred to as Nanyang Communist Party or simply called as SSCP or CPN which operates and is headquartered inSingapore. SSCP or CPN has been published since 1925, and on the instructions of theComintern then uncleHo Chi Minh was sent as aComintern representative for the establishment of communist parties national to harmonize the culture of the local community with the ideology of communism, such as the Indochina Communist Party,Communist Party of Indonesia,Chinese Communist Party andCommunist Party of Thailand. |
| Communist Party of Malaya Parti Komunis Malaya | CPM | 1930–1989 | The party operated legally from 1945 to 1948 before it was banned. After it was banned, the party went underground as theMalayan National Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1989, the party signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian and Thai governments ending its armed rebellion. The current status of the party as an organisation remains unclear. |
| Young Malays Union Kesatuan Melayu Muda | KMM | 1937–1945 | The first overtly political Malay national organisation. The party was dissolved after thesurrender of Japan in 1945 but her members formed the nucleus of many post-war political parties. |
| Pahang Malays Association Persatuan Melayu Pahang | PMP | 1938–1949 | The first overtly semi-political Malays national organisation in Pahang. The association was dissolved and absorbed into UMNO branches and it can be said that all the former leaders of the Pahang Malay Association continued their activities as UMNO leaders. |
| Syarikat Bekerjasama Am Saiburi Saiburi General Cooperative Union | SABERKAS | 1945–1954 | Originally organised as an underground Malay nationalist movement in Thai occupiedKedah (Saiburi in Thai), it was legalised as a political organisation in 1945 just prior to the return of Kedah to the British authorities in 1946.[13] It joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party in 1952 and was eventually merged with the other component parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya Malays Nationalist Party | PKMM | 1945–1948 | The first post-war pan-Malayan Malay nationalist party formed by former activists of the Young Malays Union advocating a form ofleft-wing nationalism calledMarhaenism. The party was banned with the outbreak of theMalayan Emergency. |
| Malayan Democratic Union Kesatuan Demokratik Malaya | MDU | 1945–1948 | The first post-war non-ethnic political party primarily but not exclusively operating inSingapore, an integral part ofBritish Malaya then. The party was voluntarily dissolved after their failure to block the formation of theFederation of Malaya in favour of theMalayan Union and the outbreak of theMalayan Emergency.[15] |
| All-Malaya Council of Joint Action | AMCJA | 1946–1948 | A coalition of left-wing non-Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing Malay dominated coalition,PUTERA. The coalition ceased to exist after the dissolution of MDU, the primary component party, in 1948.[16] |
| Angkatan Pemuda Insaf Aware Youth Corps | API | 1946–1947 | Originally the youth wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was subsequently banned in 1947. |
| Angkatan Wanita Sedar Awakened Women's Union | AWAS | 1946–1948 | Originally the women's wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was banned with the outbreak of theMalayan Emergency. |
| Overseas Chinese Youth Association Persatuan Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Sarawak | OCYA | 1946–1959 | |
| New Democratic Youth League of Malaya Liga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya | NDYL | 1946–1948 | A member of the AMCJA, it was banned during the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat Centre of Peoples' Power | PUTERA | 1947–1948 | A coalition of left-wing Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing non-Malay dominated coalition, AMCJA. The coalition ceased to exist after the banning of PKMM, the primary component party, in 1948. |
| Barisan Tani Se-Malaya Pan-Malayan Farmers' Front | BATAS | 1947–1948 | A left-wing party for organising Malayan peasants. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency and the party's leader, Musa Ahmad, eventually became the chairman of the Communist Party of Malaya.[17] |
| Majlis Agama Tertinggi Se-Malaya Pan-Malayan Supreme Religious Council | MATA | 1947–1948 | Established by radical Malay clerics to challenge the Sultan's control of Islam. It was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. It gradually adopted a more pan-Malay nationalist approach and eventually was absorbed by Hizbul Muslimin.[18] |
| Gerakan Angkatan Muda Young Generation Movement | GERAM | 1947–1948 | Led byAziz Ishak andA Samad Ismail, it was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with the AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. The movement was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Pemuda Radikal Melayu Radical Malay Youth Party | PERAM | 1948 | Established byMohamed Mustaza, a former Secretary General of the PKMM, to replace the role played by API which was banned in 1947.[19] PERAM was itself banned after the declaration of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Hizbul Muslimin Malayan Muslim People's Party | HAMIM | 1948 | Inspired by theMuslim Brotherhood and led by UstazAbu Bakar al-Baqir, it was an attempt to transform MATA into a full-fledged political party. It ceased to exist after several of its leaders were arrested during the Malayan Emergency.[18] |
| Malacca Labour Party Parti Buruh Melaka | MLP | 1948–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was first organised within the territorial limits of Malacca in 1948[20] but only gained registration in 1951. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Peninsular Malays Union Persatuan Melayu Semenanjung | PEMAS | 1949–1965 | Formed as an alternative toUMNO for poorerMalays, the party were deregistered on the height ofIndonesia-Malaysia confrontation |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League Liga Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Demokratik Sarawak | SOCDYL | 1951–1954 | Radical left-wing offshoot of the Sarawak Overseas Chinese Youth Association. It was merged into theSarawak Liberation League in 1954. |
| Radical Party Parti Radikal | RP | 1951–1952 | Led byLim Chong Eu, the party was founded to contest theGeorge Town Municipal Council elections. The party was dissolved in 1952 when Lim joined theMalayan Chinese Association.[21] |
| Alliance Party Parti Perikatan | 1951–1973 | A coalition of theUnited Malays National Organisation, theMalayan Chinese Association and theMalayan Indian Congress. The coalition was expanded to include other parties after the13 May Incident and was subsequently registered as theBarisan Nasional (National Front). | |
| Independence of Malaya Party Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya | IMP | 1951–1953 | Established by founding president of theUnited Malays National Organisation,Onn Jaafar, to be a multi-ethnic party. The party did not do well electorally and was dissolved in 1953. |
| Labour Party of Penang Parti Buruh Pulau Pinang | LPP | 1951–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits ofPenang to contest the George Town Municipal Elections. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Selangor Labour Party Parti Buruh Selangor | SLP | 1951–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits ofSelangor. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Perak Labour Party Parti Buruh Perak | PLP | 1952–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits ofPerak. In 1952[22] it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Negri Sembilan Labour Party Parti Buruh Negri Sembilan | NSLP | 1952–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits ofNegri Sembilan to contest theSeremban Town Council elections in 1953.[23] In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| Pan-Malayan Labour Party Parti Buruh Se-Malaya | PMLP | 1952–1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party was formed as a confederation of labour parties from Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. With the loosening of regulations, it eventually centralised its organisation to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.[14] |
| National Association of Perak Parti Kebangsaan Perak | NAP | 1953–1959 | Formed and led by the first Menteri Besar of Perak,Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz, the party was a multi-ethnic party that cooperated with theIndependence of Malaya Party and later withParti Negara. The party was renamed the Perak National Democratic Association and eventually absorbed by theUnited Malays National Organisation and theMalayan Chinese Association after the death of the founder.[24] |
| Province Wellesley Labour Party Parti Buruh Seberang Prai | PWLP | 1953–1959 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits ofPenang and competed against theLabour Party of Penang in the George Town Municipal Council elections in 1953.[25] The party did not join thePan-Malayan Labour Party and existed separately until its eventual merger with the LPM. |
| Parti Negara National Party | PN | 1953–1962 | The successor party to the Independence of Malaya Party, it took a more Malay nationalistic stance compared to its predecessor but maintained a multi-ethnic composition. The party was dissolved after the death of its founding president,Onn Jaafar. |
| Malaysia People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia | myPPP | 1953–2019 | A multiracial political party inMalaysia which was one of the component members of theNational Front orBarisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1973 to 2018. After losing the2018 election, the party has been split into two factions – one led by Maglin Dennis D'Cruz who supported myPPP remaining part of the BN coalition and the other led by party presidentM. Kayveas who insisted on myPPP leaving the BN coalition. The latter emerged victorious in the immediate power struggle and myPPP subsequently exited the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Registrar of Societies (RoS) has deregistered MyPPP, which is facing leadership problems, effective 14 Jan 2019. |
| Labour Party of Malaya Parti Buruh Malaya | LPM | 1954–1972 | With the easing of restrictions, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party re-organised itself from a confederation of labour parties into a centralised party. |
| Sarawak Liberation League Liga Pembebasan Sarawak | SLL | 1954–1956 | A radical left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it was merged into theSarawak Advanced Youth Association in 1956 after being proscribed by the colonial authorities. |
| Sarawak Advanced Youth Association Persatuan Pemuda Progresif Sarawak | SAYA | 1956–1971 | A militant left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it eventually coalesced with other radical left-wing groups and formed the nucleus of theNorth Kalimantan Communist Party. |
| Malayan Socialist Youth League Liga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya | MSYL | 1956–1958 | Organised as the youth wing of the Labour Party of Malaya, it was eventually proscribed and banned shortly after theindependence of Malaya. |
| Malayan Party Parti Malaya | MP | 1956–1964 | AMalacca based party, it was established to retain Malacca's status as a Crown Colony. With the formation ofMalaysia in 1963, most members defected to the Alliance Party and the party eventually faded out. |
| Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front Fron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya | FSRM | 1957–1969 | A coalition initially comprising theLabour Party of Malaya andPartai Ra'ayat, it became the major Opposition party in the newly independent Malaya until theConfrontation resulted in its persecution and eventual demise. |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parti Negara Sarawak National Party of Sarawak | PANAS | 1960–1968 | Abumiputera dominated multi-ethnic political party, it was second political party to registered inSarawak, it was established to contest municipal and district council elections. In 1968 the party merged with theBarisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak to formParti Bumiputera. |
| United National Kadazan Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu | UNKO | 1961–1964 | Established byDonald Stephens, the first indigenous party inSabah was modeled afterUMNO inMalaya to represent the interests of theKadazandusun community. The party split in 1962 with a group led byG. S. Sundang going on to form theUnited Pasok Momogun Organisation. |
| United Sabah National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu | USNO | 1961–1996 | Established byMustapha Harun, it was established as a multi-ethnic party but was dominated by the MuslimBajau community. The party was eventually dissolved in 1996 with her members either joiningUMNO orParti Bersatu Sabah after the dissolution. |
| Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak Sarawak Native People's Front | BARJASA | 1961–1968 | A Muslim bumiputera party primarily representing the interests of the ethnicMalay andMelanau community, it merged withParti Negara Sarawak in 1968 to formParti Bumiputera. |
| Sarawak National Party Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak | SNAP | 1961–2013 | A multi-ethnic party, it joined theSarawak Alliance but was expelled in 1965. It joined theBarisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was again expelled in 2004.[26][27][28] It then joined thePakatan Rakyat coalition in 2010 but withdrew just before the 2011 Sarawak state election.[29] Various internal power struggles culminated in the de-registration of the party in 2013. |
| North Borneo Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Borneo Utara | NBDP | 1962 | A Chinese-based party that was established inJesselton, it merged later that same year with theSandakan basedUnited Party to form theBorneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party). |
| United Party Parti Bersatu | UP | 1962 | A Chinese-based party that was established inSandakan, it merged later that same year with theJesselton basedNorth Borneo Democratic Party to form theBorneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party). |
| United Pasok Momogun National Organisation Persatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Momogun Bersatu | Pasok Momogun / UPMO | 1962–1964 | A breakaway from theUnited National Kadazan Organisation, it eventually reunited with its parent party to form theUnited Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation and formed theSabah Alliance with theUnited Sabah National Organisation and theSabah National Party. |
| Borneo Utara National Party Parti Kebangsaan Borneo Utara | BUNAP | 1962–1963 | A merger of theNorth Borneo Democratic Party and theUnited Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after theindependence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. |
| Sarawak Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sarawak | SCA | 1962–1974 | A Chinese-based party set up by formerParti Negara Sarawak, it was part of the Sarawak Alliance. In 1970, most of its members crossed over to theSarawak United Peoples' Party. SCA fell into inactivity and was wounded up by its remnant members. |
| Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak Sarawak Native's Heritage Party | PESAKA | 1962–1973 | A party established byTun Jugah to representIban interests, it was in direct competition with theSarawak National Party. It merged withParti Bumiputera in 1973 to form theParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. |
| United Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Bersatu | UDP | 1962–1968 | Established byLim Chong Eu, a former president of theMalayan Chinese Association, it won a single seat in the1964 general election. It was dissolved in 1968 when Lim joined forces with a few other notable politicians to formParti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia. |
| Sabah Indian Congress Kongres India Sabah | SIC | 1962–1975 | A small party representing the interests of the Indian community in Sabah, it was part of the Sabah Alliance and held one of the nominated seats in the Sabah State Assembly until 1974 when the State Government fell toParti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. It subsequently ceased being active.[30] |
| Sabah National Party Parti Kebangsaan Sabah | SANAP | 1963–1965 | Formerly theBorneo Utara National Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after theindependence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. In 1965, it absorbed the social organisation, theSabah Chinese Association, and renamed itself as the latter. |
| National Convention Party Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan | NCP | 1963–1965 | Established byAbdul Aziz Ishak, a former Federal Minister inTunku Abdul Rahman'sfirst andsecond administration, the party was a component of theMalayan Peoples' Socialist Front. It was weakened after the arrest of Aziz under theInternal Security Act in 1964 and subsequently dissolved. |
| United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation Persatuan Pasaokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu | UPKO | 1964–1967 | A merger of theUnited Kadazan National Organisation and theUnited Pasok Momogun National Organisation, it formed the Sabah Alliance with theUnited Sabah National Organisation and theSabah National Party. By 1967, the party was absorbed the United Sabah National Organisation and had ceased to exist as an organised force. |
| Machinda Party Parti Machinda | MACHINDA | 1964–1967 | Formed by dissidents of theSarawak United Peoples' Party who were discomforted by the increasing communist influence and led byMichael Buma, the party participated in theMalaysian Solidarity Convention. Internal conflict over the participation of the party in the MSC eventually caused the party's dissolution in 1967[31] |
| Sabah Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sabah | SCA | 1965–1979 | Renamed from theSabah National Party after absorbing the smaller non-political Sabah Chinese Association, it was part of the Sabah Alliance until it left in 1976. In 1978, most of its leaders and members have left to form theSabah Chinese Consolidated Party and the party was eventually deregistered in 1979. |
| Malaysian Solidarity Convention Konvensyen Solidariti Malaysia | MSC | 1965 | A coalition led by thePeople's Action Party of Malaya consisting also of theUnited Democratic Party, thePeople's Progressive Party, theSarawak United Peoples' Party and theMachinda Party to challenge what they perceived as the growth of communalism in Malaysia. The MSC was short-lived as PAP, the main convenor, was de-registered following the withdrawal of Singapore from Malaysia. |
| United Malaysian Chinese Organisation Persatuan Cina Malaysia Bersatu | UMCO | 1966–1970 | Formed by former founding member of theMalayan Chinese Association and founding Secretary General of theUnited Democratic Party, Chin See Yin,[32] the party failed to obtain electoral support in the1969 general election and was dissolved in the aftermath of the13 May Incident. |
| Parti Bumiputera Bumiputera Party | PB | 1967–1973 | A merger of theParti Negara Sarawak andBarisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, the party eventually merged withParti Pesaka Anak Sarawak to formParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu in 1973. |
| Parti Marhaen Malaysia Malaysian Marhaen Party | PMM | 1968–1974 | Formed after the release ofParti Rakyat Malaysia founder,Ahmad Boestamam, the party was a result of Boestamam's disagreement with his former party's adoption ofscientific socialism as its ideology. After the failure of the party to win electoral support in the1974 general election, it merged withParti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia. |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Sabah Action Party Parti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu | USAP | 1970–1974 | Formed by formerUnited Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation youth leader,Kalakau Untol, the party was short lived and dissolved after Kulakau joinedParti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia in 1974. |
| North Kalimantan Communist Party Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara | NKCP | 1971–1990 | Formally established with the consolidation of activist and guerilla forces operating previously as theSarawak Advanced Youth Association, communist elements of theSarawak United Peoples' Party, the Sarawak Peoples' Guerilla Force, and the North Kalimantan Peoples' Army. The NKCP fought a low intensity insurgency against the Malaysian government until a peace agreement was signed in 1990. |
| Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia Malaysian Social Justice Party | PEKEMAS | 1972–1982 | Established by dissidents ofParti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia after the party joinedBarisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974, 1978, and 1982 general elections. The party did not manage to win much electoral support and lost members toParti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia and theDemocratic Action Party. After its failure to win any seats in the1982 general election, the party was eventually dissolved. |
| Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner) | CPM–RF | 1973–1983 | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau theCommunist Party of Malaya when the 8th Regiment inSadao broke from the main party.[33] It merged with theCommunist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) in 1983 to form theCommunist Party of Malaysia. |
| Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis) | CPM–ML | 1974–1983 | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau of theCommunist Party of Malaya when the 2nd district of the 12th Regiment broke from the main party.[33] It merged with theCommunist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) in 1983 to form theCommunist Party of Malaysia. |
| Parti Bisamah Sarawak Sarawak Unity Party | BISAMAH | 1974–1978 | Founded by formerSNAP activist,Nelson Kundai Ngareng, the party was renamedParti Umat Sarawak (Sarawak People's Party) in 1977. It contested the1978 general election but failed to win any seats and was dissolved shortly thereafter. |
| Independent People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk Bebas | IPPP | 1974–1976 | Established by dissidents of thePeople's Progressive Party after the party joinedBarisan Nasional, the party contested in the1974 general election but failed to gain any seats. The party became defunct shortly thereafter. |
| Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air Homeland Awareness Union | KITA | 1974–1979 | A multi-ethnic party by erstwhile members ofParti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia and thePAS who disagreed with the decision of their former parties to joinBarisan Nasional. The party was led by former PAS MP,Hashim Gera, and contested the 1974 and 1978 general elections. Having failed to gain electoral support, the party dissolved shortly their 1978 outing. |
| Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak Peoples' National Party | NEGARA | 1974–1999 | A small Sarawak based political party that was originally rumoured to have been funded by theParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu to split the Opposition votes. It put up a strong challenge in the1991 Sarawak state election together withParti Bansa Dayak Sarawak on a campaign promise to appoint a Dayak Chief Minister but was badly defeated. |
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah Sabah People's United Front | BERJAYA | 1976–1991 | Set up by the first Chief Minister of Sabah,Donald Stephens, andUSNO Secretary-General,Harris Salleh, the party challenged USNO's dominance of Sabah politics and successfully won the1976 Sabah state election. The party formed the state government for two terms before losing the1985 election toParti Bersatu Sabah. In 1991, the party together with USNO merged to form the Sabah chapter of theUnited Malays National Organisation. |
| Parti Perhimpunan Sabah Bersatu United Sabah Assembly Party | PUSAKA | 1977–1978 | A short lived party established by Kalakau Untol, the party was dissolved when Kalakau joinedParti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. |
| Sarawak People's Organisation Pertubuhan Rakyat Sarawak | SAPO | 1978–1982 | Formed by formerSNAP Miri branch secretary,Raymond Szetu Mei Thong to protest the party's entry in toBarisan Nasional in 1976. The party won a seat in the1978 general election but lost it in the following term. The party then ceased to exist as an organised force thereafter. |
| Social Democratic Party Parti Sosial Demokratik | SDP | 1978–1986 | Established by dissidents of theDemocratic Action Party and led byYeap Ghim Guan, the party was unable to gain electoral support and re-united with the parent party in 1986. |
| Parti Anak Jati Sarawak Sarawak Native's Party | PAJAR | 1978–1982 | Established by dissidents of theParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu led byAlli Kawi, it emerged as a major contender in Sarawak and fielded many candidates in the1978 Sarawak election but faded away after a poor electoral showing. |
| Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu Sarawak United Democratic Party | SUDP / BERSATU | 1978–1988 | Contested in both the1983 and1987 Sarawak elections but faded away after a poor electoral showing in both elections. |
| United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu | PASOK | 1978–2008 | Set up by former Sabah Deputy Chief MinisterG. S. Sundang, the party did not see much electoral success but have nurtured many politicians in its ranks that eventually gained prominency in Sabah. The party was de-registered in 2008 after failing to resolve a leadership crisis. |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party Parti Cina Bersatu Sabah | SCCP | 1980–1990 | A breakaway fromSabah Chinese Association after the party's poor showing in the1976 state election. In 1989, its leaders abandoned the party and crossed over to the newly formedLiberal Democratic Party. |
| Malaysian Communist Party Parti Komunis Malaysia | MCP | 1983–1988 | Formed on 5 December 1983 through the merger of twoCommunist Party of Malaya splinter groups; theCommunist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction and theCommunist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist. Conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 'friendship villages'. |
| Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia Muslim People's Party of Malaysia | HAMIM | 1983–1998 | Formed by the former president of thePAS,Asri Muda, it joinedBarisan Nasional and was part of the ruling coalition of the state ofKelantan until the state fell to PAS again in 1990. The party's last electoral foray was in 1995 after which it eventually fell into inactivity and later de-registered. |
| Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Sarawak Native People's Party | PBDS | 1983–2004 | Formed byLeo Moggie Irok after a failed attempt to win the presidency of theSarawak National Party, it was the main representative of theDayak community inBarisan Nasional until its splintering and subsequent de-registration in 2004. |
| Sarawak United Labour Party Kongres Buruh Bersatu Sarawak | PLUS | 1983–1991 | A smallSibu based political party, it contested both the1986 and1990 general elections but failed to win any representation. It disbanded shortly thereafter. |
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah Sabah United Bumiputera People's Party | BERSEPADU | 1984–? | Founded by former Sabah state ministerRauf Othman who was expelled fromBERJAYA and then joined but leftUSNO. It contested in the1985 Sabah state election but failed to capture any seats. |
| Parti Nasionalis Malaysia Malaysian Nationalist Party | NASMA | 1985–1989 | The first Malay majority multi-racial party in the Peninsular sinceParti Negara, it was embroiled in a leadership tussle within the first year, which triggered mass resignations. Entering the1986 general Election in a weakened state, it did not capture any seat and faded away shortly after. |
| Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Malaysia Malaysian National Momogun Party | MOMOGUN | 1985–? | A Sabah-based party that contested only in the1986 general election, it later changed its name toParti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah (Sabah National Momogun Party). Momogun has since become dormant. |
| Democratic Malaysian Indian Party Parti Demokratik India Malaysia | DMIP | 1985–1997 | A breakaway from theMalaysian Indian Congress led by a former Vice-President of the party,V. Govindaraj. After a ten-year effort to joinBarisan Nasional ended in failure, the party was dissolved a Govindaraj returned to his original party. |
| Sabah Chinese Party Parti Cina Sabah | PCS | 1986 | Set up by formerParti Bersatu Sabah State Assembly Member Francis Leong, it applied to joinBarisan Nasional but was turned down. A few months after registration, PCS proposed to merge withSabah Chinese Consolidated Party, with the latter declining the offer, and the party was subsequently dissolved. |
| Malaysian Solidarity Party Parti Solidariti Malaysia | PCS | 1986–1990 | Set up by formerMalaysian Chinese Association Secretary-General,Yeoh Poh San, the party was part of theGagasan Rakyat coalition but dissolved after the resignation of Yeoh and other Committee members after the1990 general election. |
| Harakah Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Movement | HAK | 1986 | A coalition composed of thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party,Parti Rakyat Malaysia,Parti Nasionalis Malaysia, and theSocial Democratic Party set up to contest the1986 general election againstBarisan Nasional.[34] |
| Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak Sarawak Malaysian People's Association | PERMAS | 1987–1991 | Formed in the aftermath of the1987 Ming Court Affair by dissidents against the Chief Minister of Sarawak,Abdul Taib Mahmud, the party managed to win a total of 20 seats with its ally,Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in the1987 Sarawak election but was unable to unseat theBarisan Nasional. It failed to retain any of its seats in the1991 election and the party dissolved shortly thereafter. |
| Community Coalition Congress Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat | CCC | 1988–2010 | Established as the Chinese Concultative Council of thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party to face the1986 general election, it was formally registered as a political party in 1988. It did not participate directly in any general election and was subsequently superseded by PAS Supporters' Assembly, an official wing of the larger party. |
| Parti Melayu Semangat 46 Spirit of 46 Malay Party | S46 | 1989–1996 | Formed by the losing faction inUMNO's contentious party elections in 1987, it was led byTengku Razaleigh Hamzah. It was part of theGagasan Rakyat andAngkatan Perpaduan Ummah coalitions that contested the1990 general election. By the mid 1990s it had grown severely weakened and in 1996 the party was dissolved when Razaleigh returned to UMNO. |
| Parti Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Party | PRS | 1989–1991 | Founded by formerBERJAYA leaderJames Ongkili to challenge and defeat the then-dominantParti Bersatu Sabah in Sabah but he ultimately left the party to join PBS which was led by his uncle,Joseph Pairin Kitingan. |
| Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Front | AKAR | 1989–2001 | Founded by a splinter ofParti Bersatu Sabah headed byMark Koding, it joinedBarisan Nasional in 1991. In 1998, it amended its name toAngkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu (United People's Justice Front). In 1996, a leadership tussle between its top two leadersPandikar Amin Mulia andJeffrey Kitingan led to the latter returning to PBS with a large group. Eventually, Pandikar and party remnants decided to dissolve the party and joinUMNO. |
| Gagasan Rakyat People's Might | GR | 1989–1996 | A coalition comprising theDemocratic Action Party,Parti Melayu Semangat 46,Parti Rakyat Malaysia,Parti Bersatu Sabah, and theAll Malaysian Indian Progressive Front to contest the1990 general election. Disputes between the DAP and S46 eventually caused the coalition to fall apart and the coalition was dissolved after a poor showing in the1995 general election. |
| Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah Muslim Unity Movement | APU | 1989–1996 | A coalition comprising theParti Melayu Semangat 46,PAS,BERJASA, and theParti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia to contest the1990 general election. It won control of the Kelantan state government but was formally disbanded after1995 general election. |
| Kongres Rakyat Malaysia Malaysian People Congress | KRM | 1986–? | Never contested in any general election |
| Malaysian Unity Movement Parti Perpaduan Anak Malaysia | MUM | 1986–? | Never contested in any general election |
| Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat Community Unity Party | PPM | 1989–? | Never contested in any general election |
| Parti Merdeka Malaysia Malaysian Independence Party | PMM | 1989–? | Never contested in any general election |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Action Party Parti Tindakan Bersatu | UAP | 1990–? | A small ethnic Chinese based party in Sabah. |
| Parti Kesejahteraan Insan Tanah Air Homeland People's Wellbeing Party | KITA | 1995 (2011)-2012 | Originally registered asAngkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia or AKIM (Malaysian People's Justice Front), it was later renamed on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman,Zaid Ibrahim. |
| Malaysian Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Malaysia | MDP | 1998–2008 | Established byDemocratic Action Party dissidents,Wee Choo Keong andYeap Ghim Guan, the party contested the1999 and2004 elections but failed to win any seat. In 2008, Wee joinedParti Keadilan Rakyat and the party was dissolved. |
| Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu Federated Sabah People's Front | BERSEKUTU | 1998–2010 | Established by former Sabah Chief Minister,Harris Salleh, the party contested the1999 general election but failed to win any seats. In 2010, the party was dissolved and Harris went on to form theSabah People's Front. |
| Barisan Alternatif Alternative Front | BA | 1998–2004 | A coalition formed between theKeADILan,DAP,PAS, andPRM, it contested the1999 and2004 elections. Tensions between DAP and PAS caused the pact to fragment and by 2004, it had ceased to exist. |
| Angkatan Insaf Rakyat Conscious People's Movement | AIR | 1999 | A coalition formed by splinter parties and groups ofPAS and led byAKIM, it consisted of AKIM,HAMIM,BERJASA, and two other smaller groups. |
| Parti Reformasi Insan Malaysia Malaysian People's Reform Party | PRIM | 1999–2009 | Founded byP. Uthayakumar after he leftParti Keadilan Nasional in 1999, the party failed to obtain registration. PRIM activists formed the core of theHINDRAF. HINDRAF was banned in 2007 and its leaders, including Uthayakumar was arrested under theInternal Security Act. Upon Uthayakumar's release, he formed theHuman Rights Party. |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysian Dayak Congress Kongres Dayak Malaysia | MDC | 2005–2013 | Formed by supporters ofDaniel Tajem who fought DrJames Masing in a bitter power struggle inParti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in 2003–2004. This resulted in the de-registration of PBDS with Masing's supporters formingParti Rakyat Sarawak. MDC however failed to obtain registration and her key leaders contested subsequent elections as Independents or representatives of other parties likeParti Keadilan Rakyat. In 2013, one group managed to successfully registerParti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru. |
| Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia | MINDRAF | 2005–2009 | Formed by a veteran journalist Manuel Lopez to consolidate the objectives of theHINDRAF into a political movement, it failed to obtain registration and was hampered by the arrest of four major HINDRAF activists under theInternal Security Act. In 2009, the released detainees and party activists had formed theHuman Rights Party instead. |
| Parti Mahasiswa Negara National Students' Party | PMN | 2008 | A multi-ethnic political party led by activists of thePAS friendlyAll Malaysia Muslim Undergraduates Movement (Gabungan Mahasiswa Islam Se-Malaysia) and supported by activists of theNational Undergraduates Action Front (Barisan Bertindak Mahasiswa Negara), andMalaysian Students Solidarity (Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia), it failed to obtain registration as it was deemed to be against the provisions of theUniversities and University Colleges Act 1971 that forbade students from active participation in politics. |
| Pakatan Rakyat People's Pact | PR | 2008 -2015 | A coalition betweenPKR, theDAP, thePAS and theSNAP that was formed after the2008 general election. It failed to obtain registration but continued to operate as an electoral pact in the2013 general election. In 2015, tensions between the DAP and PAS caused the coalition to fracture with PKR, DAP and the new PAS splinter party,AMANAH forming a new coalition calledPakatan Harapan while PAS went on to form its own coalition calledGagasan Sejahtera. |
| Human Rights Party Malaysia Parti Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia | HRP | 2009–2019 | A multi-ethnic political party led byhuman rights andequal rights activistP. Uthayakumar HRP registration application however was never approved and it is being considered as disbanded in due course as even the original movement it was based,HINDRAF had been deregistered in 2019. |
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sabah People's Front Barisan Bersatu Sabah | SPF | 2010–2012 | A splinter party of theFederated Sabah People's Front. However, in 2012, SPF was taken over by some formerSarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) members led by dissident leader Sng Chee Hua and turned into the newSarawak Workers Party (SWP). Meanwhile, the party former president Berman Angkap formed and became the president of newSabah Peace Party (SPP) in 2013. |
| Parti Sarawak Bersatu United Sarawak Party | PSB | 2014–2024 | The PSB was actually a splinter party ofSarawak United People's Party (SUPP) set-up by the Second Finance Minister for Sarawak,Wong Soon Koh along with his supporters following a leadership tussle of the party then and it started as a pro-Barisan Nasional (BN) political pact |
| Sovereign states |
|
|---|---|
| States with limited recognition | |
| Dependencies and other territories | |
